Bøger i Synthese Library serien

Inspired by the work of Nancy Cartwright that shows how the practices and apparatuses of science help us to understand science and to build theories in the philosophy of science, this volume critically examines the philosophical concepts of evidence, laws, causation, and models and their roles in the process of scientific reasoning.

In this book, I attempt to lay the axiomatic foundations of metaphysics by developing and applying a (formal) theory of abstract objects. The cornerstones include a principle which presents precise conditions under which there are abstract objects and a principle which says when apparently distinct such objects are in fact identical.

Written before the collapse of the socialist system in Eastern Europe, this book offers a quite objective and serious systematic analysis of the Marxian labor theory of value, Marx's main scientific legacy. After reconstructing the 'prototype' of this theory, it proceeds to a careful and detailed analysis of its foundational problems.

Proceedings of the Conference for Formal Methods in the Methodology of Emperical Sciences, Warsaw, June 17-21, 1974, Poland.

Efforts to fmd ways of formulating empirically testable, operational criteria for the application of concepts, especially concepts which refer to objects directly not observable, like dispositions, attitudes, character or personality traits. In the first part some general methods of concept formation are presented and their merits discussed.

Though the subject of this work, "nominalism and contemporary nom inalism", is philosophical, it cannot be fully treated without relating it to data gathered from a great variety of domains, such as biology and more especially ethology, psychology, linguistics and neurobiology.

The idea of truthlikeness fell in disrepute also as a result of the careless, often confused and metaphysically loaded way in which many philosophers used - and still use - such concepts as 'degree of truth', 'approximate truth', 'partial truth', and 'approach to the truth'.

Patrick Suppes is a philosopher and scientist whose contributions range over probability and statistics, mathematical and experimental psychology, the foundations of physics, education theory, the philosophy of language, measurement theory, and the philosophy of science.

Patrick Suppes is a philosopher and scientist whose contributions range over probability and statistics, mathematical and experimental psychology, the foundations of physics, education theory, the philosophy of language, measurement theory, and the philosophy of science.

A volume of essays on the themes of tradition, oral communication versus literal communication, Wittgenstein, and computers. Under conditions of primary orality traditions fulfilled the specific cognitive role of conserving information -- a role subsequently taken over by writing, and today by electronic data processing.

What was then projected as the third part of a modest discussion of then current issues has, through some fifteen revisions, now expanded into its own three parts. Of the project as originally conceived, the first part, itself grown too large, was published (prematurely, I now believe) in 1965 (Stratification of Behaviour).

Even more than we dared to expect during the preparatory stages, the papers in this volume prove that our thinking about science has taken a new turn and has reached a new stage. A c1earcut example - we borrow it from the paper by Risto Hilpinen - concerns the study of science as a process, Rnd not only as a result.

We are grateful to the authors who wrote papers specially for this volume and kindly gave their permission for printing them together.

A Selection of Papers Contributed to Sections IV, VI, and XI of the Fourth International Congress for Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science, Bucharest, September 1971

Many philosophers have considered logical reasoning as an inborn ability of mankind and as a distinctive feature in the human mind; others are at least able to follow a logical argument and even to detect logical fallacies.

The essays in this volume are based on addresses presented during a colloquium on free logic, modal logic and related areas held at the University of California at Irvine, in May of 1968. WOODRUFF / Logic and Truth Value Gaps 121 DANA SCOTT / Advice on Modal Logic 143 INDEX OF NAMES 175 KAREL LAMBER T AND BAS C.

This callectian 'Of essays is, generally speaking, a cantinuatian of the themes that I have discussed in my baak Z metodologicz­ nych problemow interpretacji humanistycznej.l Naturally, by continuatian I mean a resumptian 'Of certain questions that were already dealt with in the previous baok. But I treated them rather summarily there, and naw I will present them in greater detail. While daing so, I will have to face new issues, which were ignared previously, but which have ta be salved, at least tentatively, in 'Order ta make it passible for me ta elabarate more fully the suggestions made a few years aga. Along with this reason, a sec and 'One can be added ta explain why in these Essays an the Theary 'Of Scientific Cognitian I tackle new problems, treated na mare than marginally in Z metodologicznych problemow interpretacji humanistycznej. The current elaboration of my earlier, incipient suggestians is based an the assumptions which may well serve as a starting paint for an investigation 'Of mare general questions funda­ mental far epistemalogy and frequently far mula ted within its scope. Ta make at least a partial use of the oppartunity, I cancentrated an some of these questians, especially in the later chapters 'Of this baok.

The general treatment of problems connected with the causal conditioning of phenomena has traditionally been the domain of philosophy, but when one examines the relationships taking place in the various fields, the study of such conditionings belongs to the empirical sciences.

In the Introduction to the Polish-language version of the present book I expressed the hope that Polish studies in semiotics would before long be numerous enough to make possible another anthology on semiotics in Poland containing material published since 1970.

3 in philosophy, and therefore in metaphilosophy, cannot be based on rules that avoid spending time on pseudo-problems. They have to be as precise as possible and as simple as possible.

Jaakko Hintikka was born on January 12th, 1929. All of the essays touch upon topics Hintikka has taken an direct or indirect interest in, ranging from technical problems of mathematical logic and applications of formal methods through philosophical logic, philosophy of language, epistemology and history of philosophy to philosophical aesthetics.

Of course one of the motives to revise it was also the fact that much time has passed since I finished writing the Polish version and obviously certain decisions and ideas contained in the first edition seem not quite relevant now.

Papers on the Occasion of the Quincentennial of Uppsala University, 1978

This volume constitutes the Proceedings of a workshop on formal seman­ tics of natural languages which was held in Tiibingen from the 1st to the 3rd of December 1977. Its main body consists of revised versions of most of the papers presented on that occasion. Three supplementary papers (those by Gabbay and Sma by) are included because they seem to be of particular interest in their respective fields. The area covered by the work of scholars engaged in philosophical logic and the formal analysis of natural languages testifies to the live­ liness in those disciplines. It would have been impossible to aim at a complete documentation of relevant research within the limits imposed by a short conference whereas concentration on a single topic would have conveyed the false impression of uniformity foreign to a young and active field. It is hoped that the essays collected in this volume strike a reasonable balance between the two extremes. The topics discussed here certainly belong to the most important ones enjoying the attention of linguists and philosophers alike: the analysis of tense in formal and natural languages (van Benthem, Gabbay), the quickly expanding domain of generalized quantifiers (Goldblatt), the problem of vagueness (Kamp), the connected areas of pronominal reference (Smaby) and presupposition (von Stechow) and, last but not least, modal logic as a sort of all-embracing theoretical framework (Bressan). The workshop which led to this collection formed part of the activities celebrating the 500th anniversary of Tiibingen University.

SUSSMANN 1982 University of Munich viii INTRODUCTION The distinct positions present at the symposium may be roughly divided into three schools that differ in their philosophical interpretation of physics and their meta- ..

Prior's view on intensionality and truth is based on the principle that sentences never name, that what sentences say cannot be otherwise signified, that a sentence says what it says whatever the type of its occurrence, and that sentential quantification is neither eliminable, substitutional, nor referential.

This edited book focuses on concepts and their applications using the theory of conceptual spaces, one of today's most central tracks of cognitive science discourse.

Axiomatic Formal Ontology is a fairly comprehensive systematic treatise on general metaphysics. Its main theme is the construction of a general non-set-theoretical theory of intensional entities. Other important matters discussed are the metaphysics of modality, the nature of actual existence, mereology and the taxonomy of entities.

From the point of view of non-classical logics, Heyting's implication is the smallest implication for which the deduction theorem holds. This book studies properties of logical systems having some of the classical connectives and implication in the neighbourhood of Heyt ing's implication.