Grammatik, syntaks og morfologi

Taboo topics in deaf communities include the usual ones found in spoken languages, as well as ones particular to deaf experiences, both in how deaf people relate to hearing people and how deaf people interact with other deaf people. Attention to these topics can help linguists understand better the consequences of field method choices and lead them to adopt better ones. Taboo expressions in American Sign Language are innovative regarding the linguistic structures they play with. This creativity is evident across the grammar in non-taboo expressions, but seems to revel in profane ones. When it comes to the syntax, however, certain types of structures occur in taboo expressions that are all but absent elsewhere, showing grammatical possibilities that might have gone unnoticed without attention to taboo. Taboo expressions are innovative, as well, in how they respond to changing culture, where lexical items that are incoherent with community sensibilities are 'corrected'.

Untersuchungsgegenstand sind die Grammatik, die Modal-, Temporal- und Aspekt-Semantik, die Pragmatik und die Funktion der beiden modalpassivischen Konstruktionen sein-Modalpassiv und Gerundiv im Deutschen am Beispiel von drei für den Gebrauch dieser beiden Konstruktionen einschlägigen Domänen, nämlich der Presse-, Politik- und Rechtssprache. Von ihrer syntaktisch-semantischen und textlinguistischen Grundausrichtung schlägt die korpusbasierte Arbeit den Bogen zur variationslinguistischen Pragmatik, linguistischen Sprachgebrauchsanalyse und Sprachgebrauchskritik.

This book describes about unlike usual differential dynamics common in mathematical physics, heterogenesis is based on the assemblage of differential constraints that are different from point to point. The construction of differential assemblages will be introduced in the present study from the mathematical point of view, outlining the heterogeneity of the differential constraints and of the associated phase spaces, that are continuously changing in space and time. If homogeneous constraints well describe a form of swarm intelligence or crowd behaviour, it reduces dynamics to automatisms, by excluding any form of imaginative and creative aspect. With this study we aim to problematize the procedure of homogeneization that is dominant in life and social science and to outline the dynamical heterogeneity of life and its affective, semiotic, social, historical aspects. Particularly, the use of sub-Riemannian geometry instead of Riemannian one allows to introduce disjointed and autonomous areas in the virtual plane. Our purpose is to free up the dynamic becoming from any form of unitary and totalizing symmetry and to develop forms, action, thought by means of proliferation, juxtaposition, and disjunction devices. After stating the concept of differential heterogenesis with the language of contemporary mathematics, we will face the problem of the emergence of the semiotic function, recalling the limitation of classical approaches (Hjelmslev, Saussure, Husserl) and proposing a possible genesis of it from the heterogenetic flow previously defined. We consider the conditions under which this process can be polarized to constitute different planes of Content (C) and Expression (E), each one equipped with its own formed substances. A possible (but not unique) process of polarization is constructed by means of spectral analysis, that is introduced to individuate E/C planes and their evolution. The heterogenetic flow, solution of differential assemblages, gives rise to forms that are projected onto the planes, offering a first referring system for the flow, that constitutes a first degree of semiosis.

Cet ouvrage fait suite à deux volumes déjà publiés en 2016 et 2020. Ces trois volumes constituent un véritable dictionnaire consacré à une sous-classe de marqueurs discursifs, ceux formés sur le verbe dire. Ces marqueurs discursifs, actuellement objets de nombreuses études linguistiques, sont ces ¿petits mots¿ qui nous servent à articuler notre parole, à l¿organiser, à la structurer, ainsi c¿est vite dit, comme tu dis, je me disais aussi ou dis voir, pour ne citer que quelques cas parmi la liste recensée de 226 marqueurs en dire. D¿un fonctionnement souvent complexe, ils instaurent une véritable mise en scène à l¿intérieur du discours, et tout traducteur sait à quel point il est difficile parfois d¿en fournir une équivalence dans d¿autres langues, même proches. Ce troisième volume en examine dix-huit, ce qui, sur l¿ensemble des trois volumes, porte le nombre des entrées à quatre-vingt-sept. L¿étude propose pour chaque marqueur une présentation des différentes valeurs identifiées et une analyse linguistique abordant ses propriétés syntaxiques, sémantiques, pragmatiques et, dans une moindre mesure, intonatives. La partie descriptive vise surtout les étudiants de langue de niveau supérieur (Écoles d¿interprétariat et/ou de langues), alors que les linguistes confirmés pourront consulter la partie proprement théorique.

Una curiosità per le radici della fraseologia anima i ventiquattro contributi riuniti in questo volume, articolati in quattro sezioni. Nella prima (Parte I. Fraseologia e Cultura), alcuni contributi si propongono di sondare, in diacronia e in prospettiva filogenetica, la talvolta lontana provenienza di questo patrimonio espressivo così caratteristico di ciascuna lingua. Più orientate, invece, verso una conoscenza in fieri, le parti successive ragionano su quali strumenti performanti concepire per osservare in statu nascendi (II. Fraseologia nel linguaggio economico, giuridico e politico), conservare (III. Fraseografia) e tramandare (IV. Fraseodidattica) tali espressioni così eloquenti e saporite.

In diesem Buch geht es um die faszinierende Fähigkeit der menschlichen Sprache, mit Hilfe winziger (mikrosemantischer) Morpheme als Hilfsmittel komplizierte logische (mathematische) Bedeutungen auszudrücken. Sprachen markieren Bedeutungen mit identischen Schlussfolgerungen, indem sie identische Partikel verwenden, und diese Partikel schleichen sich so in eine Vielzahl von Ausdrücken ein. Aufgrund ihrer Multitasking-Fähigkeit, scheinbar disparate Bedeutungen auszudrücken, werden sie als Superpartikel bezeichnet. Diese Partikel sind perfekte Fenster in die Verzahnung mehrerer grammatischer Module und die Art der Interaktion dieser Module im Laufe der Zeit. Fest verankert in dem Modul, in dem die grammatischen Knochen gebaut und zusammengesetzt werden (enge Morphosyntax), erhalten Superpartikel je nach der Struktur, in der sie vorkommen, unterschiedliche Interpretationen (im begrifflich-intentionalen Modul - Semantik). Darüber hinaus sind einige der Interpretationen, die diese Partikelauslösen, inferentiell und gehören nach der Standardrechnung in den Bereich der Pragmatik. Wie können so winzige Partikel, die selten länger als eine Silbe sind, so mächtige und übergreifende Wirkungen im intermodularen grammatischen Raum haben? Dies ist der platonische Hintergrund, vor dem dieses Buch steht.

"Sound-in-Form" is my main life's work. It shows a complete new method which I perfected over the last 25 years. It reveals a universal method that allows us to analyse an comprehend the meaning of scripts. It show the method how to interpret the meanings of vowel's and consonants and how to combine their meanings. Its results will reveal a hidden natural logic that proves how its true meaning are locked inside while they reveal exactly its intended directions of thought. It is written in 2 main parts: "the Development of the Word" which reveals the theory and "the Applied Word" which investigates its results mainly in several different scripts. The underlying method how to interpret universal meanings of vowels and consonants makes words visible with their true meanings. In the second part it proves how various scripts translate these universal meanings into a local interpretation. I have collected all to me existing methods for interpreting meanings of vowels and consonants (except for the method of numerology). The last part of the book also explains the Confucian ideas driven behind the Chinese and Japanese scripts. Some people I am sure will surely recognize in this method which reveals the underlying natural language of how Words are formed in its quickly achieved results something like a proof of the existence of the Word of God. In theosophy they already revealed how the Word is like The Logos, a system of consciousness. Remember how some day some mathematicians had discovered the principles of fractals, which forms can show repeated fractures just like rocks, flowers and trees appearing from very simple fractures. My own method, once worked out properly, even further will make this idea even work for all mentionable objects, could methodically reveal all sorts of forms and formations that were expressed in words as forms that can be created over time and space.

The book explores finite and nonfinite clausal verb complementation in World Englishes. It provides an assessment of the influence of language contact, simplicity and transparency, geographical proximity, and evolutionary phase on this alternation. On the one hand, a quantitative analysis of GloWbE data through different statistical tests proves the effects of these factors on the choice between finite that-clauses and nonfinite -ing clauses. A number of intra-linguistic factors are also considered as potential explanatory factors. On the other hand, a detailed, manual, qualitative analysis results in the discovery of a series of new verb complementation structures available in English varieties around the world.

The second book of my trilogy is called "The Changeling of Seasons", and is considered 'the Book of Formation(s)'. It further develops the abstract patterns of the Tarot decks (of book 1) in comparison to the Elements and puts them into perspective to even larger contexts, with the year's cycle at its core. It describes the logic behind different interpretations of colours. It describes the dependency to seasonal changes. It describes the abstract patterns of astrological signs. It puts the personal experience into the perspective of phases of evolutions as seen from a group perspective and it slowly introduced already some examples of the meaning of Words of importance.The book slowly gets you into a creational experience via comparison and context. The focus of the second book reveals its associations via the context of revelation and divination. The book accidentally has very fitting, exactly 365 pages, just like the days of the year.

The first book is analysing the 2 existing Tarot cards decks and describes them as stages of awareness. "The Fool's Tarot" is accompanied by a uniquely designed deck with evolving fitting patterns presenting the different phases or cards of the Tarot decks. The 'Fool' is the centre of its system. These series and cards are mainly used to develop an awareness of all of its underlying and reoccurring patterns, ultimately leading to a third phase presented as a third Arcana. The Minor and Major Arcana decks are considered as two initial phases, in which random experiences are made before becoming conscious and receiving a sense of preparedness and alertness. This third Arcana will reveal itself as a restoration phase. The Major Arcana before that was based upon reoccurring phases and patterns of experiences, as how they were sensed via instinct, feelings, ratio, and practice. The third Arcana will always take and describe the various phases of the 4 senses together, leading us to an overview and to the development of different specific forms of intelligence. These last phases correspond to the 32 paths of Wisdom, known already from the 'Sepher Yetsirah'. Here they are called 32 phases of intelligence and awareness. One of these intelligences is the understanding of the system of Vowels and Consonants in Words and Language. Before being able to come to any of the acquired intelligences, one must learn to discern in which phase situations are in, what is already true and what is only in development. In that way, the individual experience can be transformed into something that can be made useful within a larger group of people. While in the first two Arcanas, one learns to cope with situations individually, the third Arcana could give ideas how a leader in a group or within a company could deal with all sorts of situations.Any individual automatically falls back on his personal role of Foolishness. While people tend to use Tarot cards for gaining control of circumstances, by focusing upon the awareness over patterns, it no longer matters what is encountered, but how things are approached. In that way, one's attention gradually shifts to the stage of attention towards a mentality that gives full attention to potential restauration.The Fool's Tarot is part of a trilogy. The second book will show dependencies on larger patterns of formation, like group patterns, a balance between the Elements, or the Year's Cycle. Th e third book will show a full scope vision of direction, a synthesis.Biographical influences of importance are a long membership of the Theosophical Society, a brief encounter to the Gurdjieff movement and an extensive period of art school.

This book analyzes the linguistic diversity of South America based on approaches deeply rooted in the tradition of formal grammar. The chapters brought together in this contributed volume consider native languages all kinds of languages used in the region, including sign languages, indigenous languages and the romance languages (Portuguese and Spanish) originally introduced by European colonizers which underwent processes of transformation giving rise to new, local grammars. One fourth of the language families of the world are located in South America, but the majority of languages in the region are still understudied and out of the radar of theoretical linguistics mostly because their grammars are not well-known by international researchers. This book aims to fill this gap by bringing together studies rooted in the formal grammar approach first developed by Noam Chomsky, which sees language not only as mere corpora attested in oral and written production, but also asexpressions of systems of thought and language production which are essential parts of human cognition. The book is divided in three parts ¿ sign languages, romance languages and indigenous languages ¿, and brings together studies of the following South American languages: Brazilian Sign Language (Libras - Língua Brasileira de Sinais)Argentinian Sign Language (LSA - Lengua de Señas Argentina)Peruvian Sign Language (LSP- Lengua de Señas Peruana)Brazilian PortugueseChilean and Argentinian SpanishQuechuaParaguayan GuaraniA¿ingaeMacro-Jê languagesFormal Approaches to the Languages of South America will be an invaluable resource both for theoretical linguists and cognitive scientists by providing access to top quality research on understudied languages and enabling these languages to be incorporated into comparative studies that can contribute to advance the knowledge of general principles governing all human languages.

¿¿¿ Preface 2¿¿¿¿ How to Use This Book 4¿¿ ¿¿ Introduction to the Story 6¿¿¿¿ Characters 101 ¿¿ ¿¿¿ ¿¿ ¿¿¿¿ Born with the Vigor of a Dragon 112 ¿¿¿¿ ¿¿¿¿ ¿¿¿ ¿¿¿ Unable to Call His Father 153 ¿¿¿ ¿¿¿ ¿¿¿ Falling into Choran's Evil Plot 204 ¿¿¿ ¿¿¿ ¿¿ ¿¿¿ Killing Someone and Leaving Home 245 ¿¿¿¿ ¿¿¿ ¿¿ Becoming the Leader of the Hwalbindang 326 ¿¿ ¿¿¿ ¿¿¿¿ Leading the Rightous Outlaws 367 ¿¿¿ ¿¿¿ Meeting the King 448 ¿¿¿ ¿¿ ¿¿¿ In Search of a New Land 529 ¿¿¿¿ ¿¿ ¿¿ Becoming the King of Yuldo Island 55¿¿ Appendix¿¿ ¿¿¿¿ Reading Comprehension 60¿¿ ¿¿ Answers 80¿¿ ¿¿ Text Translations 83

This book is a current and comprehensive study that incorporates constructional frameworks to inquire grammatical metaphor of modality (MM) for more adequate description and explanation of grammatical metaphor. It conducts semantic analysis of MM via a refined cognitive model and investigation of its lexicogrammatical forms from corpus-based constructional approach. The result is a reliable and systemic record of MM in real use, coupled with theoretical refinement from a cognitive perspective to illuminate its ¿metaphoricity¿ motivation. The constructional approach and methodology exemplified in this book provide fresh insights, rich data, and a feasible solution for the adequate description and explanation of grammatical metaphor phenomena and the form-meaning interactive complexity in modality.

Die vorliegende Einführung besteht aus 16 Einheiten, die alle so konzipiert sind, dass sie auch unabhängig voneinander gelesen werden können. Jedes Kapitel führt in einen bestimmten Bereich der Linguistik ein: in Semantik, Sprachgeschichte, Spracherwerb, mentales Lexikon, Pragmatik, Dialektologie, Phonetik, usw. Als Ausgangspunkt und Kapitelüberschrift dienen dabei beispielsweise Fragen wie «Können Wörter müde machen?» (Semantik), «Gibt es Sprachen ohne Grammatik?» (Syntax), «Was ist Deutsch eigentlich für eine Sprache?» (Sprachgeschichte) oder «Wo sind die Wörter im Kopf und wie greift man auf sie zu?», die zugleich das Konzept dieses Buches illustrieren: Die wichtigsten linguistischen Themenkomplexe und Grundlagen sollen nicht nur in leicht zugänglicher und gut verständlicher Form vermittelt werden, sondern es soll auch Neugier auf die Fragen geweckt werden, um die es jeweils geht. Vorkenntnisse werden dabei bewusst nicht vorausgesetzt. Da eine Einführung naturgemäß nur jeweils einen begrenzten Einblick in ein Themengebiet geben kann, werden am Ende jeder Einheit stets auch Literaturtipps zur weitergehenden und vertieften Beschäftigung mit dem behandelten Thema gegeben.