Grammatik, syntaks og morfologi

DANISH GRAMMAR – Naturally is a grammar book, which leads the reader through all necessary steps when learning Danish. In addition, the book is filled with beautiful photographs that the author hastaken, and they function as topics of conversation throughout the book, so the learned rules can be put into practice immediately. DANSK GRAMMATIK – Naturligvis er en grammatikbog, der tager læseren igennem alle nødvendige trin, når man skal lære dansk. Derudover er bogen fyldt med flotte fotografier, som forfatteren har taget, og de fungerer som samtaleemner igennem bogen, så de tillærte regler kan anvendes i praksis med det samme.

Research on left periphery phenomena has increased in the last 20 years, resulting in consistent studies from a wide range of languages and a fruitful debate on the functional projections within the CP system. Throughout these years, important contributions have been made on Brazilian Portuguese, especially on wh-interrogative sentences, focalization, topicalization and relative clauses. As for exclamative and imperative sentences, however, there is a considerable research gap in all grammatical levels. Regarding interrogatives, semantic and prosodic studies are still lacking (as well as research on the acquisition and processing of these constructions). This collected volume fills some of those gaps, gathering studies on wh-exclamatives, imperatives and wh-questions in Brazilian Portuguese which approach syntactical, semantical and prosodic aspects of these constructions through a rich and unregistered set of data. They also deliver novel acquisition and diachronic data that will further both the comprehension of Brazilian Portuguese grammar and the ongoing discussions on left periphery phenomena.

Person and number are two basic grammatical categories. However, they have not yet been exhaustively documented in many sign languages. This volume presents a thorough description of the form and interpretation of person and number in Catalan Sign Language (LSC) personal pronouns. This is the first book exploring together the two categories (and their interaction) in a sign language.Building on a combination of elicitation methods and corpus data analysis, this book shows that person and number are encoded through a set of distinctive phonological features: person is formally marked through spatial features, and number by the path specifications of the sign. Additionally, this study provides evidence that the same number marker might have a different semantic import depending on the person features with which it is combined.Results of this investigation contribute fresh data to cross-linguistic studies on person and number, which are largely based on evidence from spoken language only. Furthermore, while this research identifies a number of significant differences with respect to prior descriptions of person and number in other sign languages, it also demonstrates that, from a typological standpoint, the array of distinctions that LSC draws within each category is not exceptional.

Despite the intensive research carried out in recent years, modality remains an intriguing and challenging issue in linguistics. This book investigates modality from a syntactic viewpoint and with a bottom-up approach. A strong focus of the book is the interaction between the different linguistic tools that build modality (moods, modal verbs, modal adverbs, etc.), taking both the role of syntactic structure and the compositionality of modal meanings into account. The volume comprises corpus-based studies devoted to several syntactic aspects of modality in Ancient Greek, within different theoretical frameworks. The chapters shed new light on different modal categories (e.g. epistemicity, possibility, counterfactuality, evidentiality, subjectivity) and show how these modal meanings arise from the combination of different linguistic devices in specific syntactic contexts (e.g. combinations of modal elements, types of main and dependent clauses, types of illocutionary acts, etc.). By approaching modality from a different perspective and providing an up-to-date discussion of several aspects of modality, the book makes a significant contribution to current debates.

Felicity Meakins was awarded the Kenneth L. Hale Award 2021by the Linguistic Society of America (LSA) for outstanding work on the documentation of endangered languages Gurindji is a Pama-Nyungan language of north-central Australia. It is a member of the Ngumpin subgroup which forms a part of the Ngumpin-Yapa group. The phonology is typically Pama-Nyungan; the phoneme inventory contains five places of articulation for stops which have corresponding nasals. It also has three laterals, two rhotics and three vowels. There are no fricatives and, among the stops, voicing is not phonemically distinctive. One striking morpho-phonological process is a nasal cluster dissimilation (NCD) rule. Gurindji is morphologically agglutinative and suffixing, exhibiting a mix of dependent-marking and head-marking. Nominals pattern according to an ergative system and bound pronouns show an accusative pattern. Gurindji marks a further 10 cases. Free and bound pronouns distinguish person (1st inclusive and exclusive, 2nd and 3rd) and three numbers (minimal, unit augmented and augmented). The Gurindji verb complex consists of an inflecting verb and coverb. Inflecting verbs belong to a closed class of 34 verbs which are grammatically obligatory. Coverbs form an open class, numbering in the hundreds and carrying the semantic weight of the complex verb

The field of South Asian linguistics has undergone considerable growth and advancement in recent years, as a wider and more diverse range of languages have become subject to serious linguistic study, and as advancements in theoretical linguistics are applied to the rich linguistic data of South Asia. In this growth and diversity, it can be difficult to retain a broad grasp on the current state of the art, and to maintain a sense of the underlying unity of the field. This volume brings together twenty articles by leading scholars in South Asian linguistics, which showcase the cutting-edge research currently being undertaken in the field, and offer the reader a comprehensive introduction to the state of the art in South Asian linguistics. The contributions to the volume focus primarily on syntax and semantics, but also include important contributions on morphological and phonological questions. The contributions also cover a wide range of languages, from well-studied Indo-Aryan languages such as Sanskrit, Hindi, Bangla and Panjabi, through Dravidian languages to endangered and understudied Tibeto-Burman languages. This collection is a must-read for all scholars interested in current trends and advancements in South Asian linguistics.

This is a comprehensive linguistic description of Kunbarlang (Gunbalang), a highly endangered polysynthetic language of northern Australia. Kunbarlang belongs to the non-Pama-Nyungan Gunwinyguan language family and is currently spoken by nearly 40 people. This work draws on elicitations and analysis of narratives from the author's original field work (2015--2018), as well as those from previous recordings. The main areas covered are the sound system, morphology, syntax, and aspects of lexical and constructional semantics. Dictated by the polysynthetic structure of the language and the patterns of its use, the principal focus of the work is the analysis of the verbal complex and the interaction between the verb and other constituents of the clause. The analysis strike a balance between taking into consideration the areal and genetic context, being informed by linguistic typology and theory, yet at the same time remaining data-driven and theory-neutral in the way generalisations are stated. Against the Australian and a broader cross-linguistic background, Kunbarlang possesses remarkable features at all levels of its organisation.

This book offers a contemporary look at Somali from the standpoint of its major varieties and provides a comprehensive account of the language that is grounded in linguistic theory and the latest scholarship. The grammar includes an extensive array of examples drawn from online corpora and from fieldwork with native speakers of the language.

Element Theory (ET) covers a range of approaches that consider privativity a central tenet defining the internal structure of segments. This volume provides an overview and extension of this program, exploring new lines of research within phonology and at its interface (phonetics and syntax). The present collection reflects on issues concerning the definition of privative primes, their interactions, organization, and the operations that constrain phonological and syntactic representations. The contributions reassess theoretical questions, which have been implicitly taken for granted, regarding privativity and its corollaries. On the empirical side, it explores the possibilities ET offers to analyze specific languages and phonological phenomena.

Why is ¿Why¿ Unique? Its Syntactic and Semantic Properties considers the behaviour of this peculiar wh-element across many different languages, including Ewe, Trevisan, Italian, Basque, German, Dutch, Cantonese, Mandarin, English and Hebrew. In ten original chapters, the authors explore various aspects of why-questions, such as the way why interacts with V2 constructions in Basque, with a subject clitic in Trevisan or how its morpho-syntactic make-up determines its merge position in Ewe, to mention but a few. Furthermore, a clear-cut distinction is established between high and low reason adverbials which are subsequently examined in why-stripping environments in Dutch. Beyond why proper, the book explores a special class of wh-expressions in some in-situ languages which give rise to unexpected why-construals with a touch of whining force. The objective is to explain the unusual syntactic position of these wh-expressions as well as their association with peculiar pragmatics. The questions are addressed for Cantonese: are what-initial sentences genuine questions? To what extent are Cantonese what-initial sentences similar to how-initial sentences in Mandarin? Beside these what-as-why questions, a special class of rhetorical questions, the doubly-marked interrogatives in Hebrew, come under scrutiny. Why is ¿why¿ unique also concerns the interface with prosody and several experimental studies investigate precisely this aspect.

Latin paradigms are almost proverbially known, and they have often been used as a test case for different theoretical approaches to morphological complexity. This book analyses them in a completely word-based perspective, using a recently developed information-theoretic methodology, making entropy-based techniques of analysis available to a wider readership. By doing so, it shows the relevance of traditional notions like principal parts, giving them a more principled, data-driven formulation. Furthermore, it suggests enhancements to the standard information-theoretic methodology, allowing to account for the role of external factors ¿ like gender and derivational information ¿ in improving predictability between inflected word forms. This book is useful to morphologists, that will see ideas and techniques taken from the current debate on morphological theory tested on complex phenomena of a language as renowned as Latin. It is also helpful for scholars working in both Latin and Romance linguistics: the former will find a freely available lexical resource and a novel description of Latin paradigms, that can be exploited by the latter to draw a comparison with recent analyses of the inflectional morphology of several Romance languages.

"Based on the author's life-long research experience, this book unearths the linguistic history of 66 unwritten and under-researched Central Chadic languages in West and Central Africa. It describes the complex historical development of the modern languages from the common proto-language and reconstructs 228 lexical items of their basic vocabulary"--

Das Arbeitsheft bietet eine grundlegende, auf Studierende der Facher Franzosisch, Italienisch und Spanisch zugeschnittene Einfuhrung in die neuere generative Syntax. Ausgehend von der Prinzipien- und Parametertheorie (Chomsky 1981) werden vor allem die Neuerungen des generativen Modells im Rahmen des sog. Minimalistischen Programms (Chomsky 1995, 2000, 2005) behandelt. So hat der Minimalismus u. a. zu Uberlegungen gefuhrt, die mit anderen modernen Grammatiktheorien wie etwa der Optimalitatstheorie kompatibel sind. Der Band fasst wichtige Etappen in der Entwicklung der neueren Syntaxtheorie wahrend der letzten 20 Jahre zusammen und diskutiert die Neuerungen in Bezug auf ihre Operationalisierbarkeit bei der Analyse romanischer Daten. Behandelt werden Themenfelder wie Wortstellung und Informationsstruktur, Pronominalkonstruktionen sowie die Stellung der Adjektive. Weiterhin werden die Antisymmetriehypothese (Kayne 1994) und die von Rizzi (1997) vorgeschlagene Feinstruktur der Linken Satzperipherie diskutiert. Die Darstellung orientiert sich an Konzepten, die in der universitaren Lehre erprobt wurden, und erlaubt sowohl die Verwendung des Bandes in Anfangerkursen als auch die vertiefende Nutzung durch Fortgeschrittene.

The Syntax of Vietnamese Tense, Aspect, and Negation investigates familiar grammatical phenomena including Tense, Aspect, and Negation in a theoretically under-studied language, Vietnamese.

Lexicografía hispánica / The Routledge Handbook of Spanish Lexicography offers an integrated perspective on the lexicography of Spanish. It presents a report on the current state and insight on the future of the lexicography of Spanish relying on the possibilities that computer processing provides.

Cheyenne: An Analysis of Clause Linkage provides a detailed description of Cheyenne syntax, semantics, and pragmatics, notably on its nominal and verbal system and in both simple and complex sentences.Based on fieldwork conducted on the Northern Cheyenne reservation, this book, which seeks to address descriptive and theoretical issues involving complex sentences, has three major aims: i) to present a morpho-syntactic, semantic, and discourse-pragmatic description of complex sentences in Cheyenne; ii) to investigate the relationship between the semantic and syntactic dimensions of complex sentences; and iii) to contribute to the research, preservation, and revitalization of this ancestral language spoken in the United States of America.This book will be informative for scholars interested in language typology, comparative linguistics, theoretical linguistics, and language documentation, as well as those interested in Cheyenne learning and teaching.

A Sanskrit Reader - Samskara, Vidyarambha, Devanagari, Chandas, Sandhi, Loka-Pramana, Vibhakti, Dhatu, Upasarga, Kridanta, Taddhita, Visheshana, Samasa, Dharma, Ramayana, Ahimsa, Satya, Karma, Daiva, Varna, Ashrama, Vivaha, Sannyasa, Pramana, Nyaya, Vedanta, Brahma, Jiva, Yoga, Guru, Diksha, Sadhana, Mantra, Bhagavad-Gita, Bhagavatam, Kosha

Der bedeutende Orientalist Max Horten (1874 - 1945) verfasste 1916 die hier vorliegende kleine Einführung in das Türkische.

Vorliegendes Werk ist ein Ergänzungs- und Registerband zu den von Georg Holzer im Jahre 2020 publizierten Untersuchungen zum Urslavischen: Einleitende Kapitel, Lautlehre, Morphematik. Die dort von Holzer im Morphematik-Kapitel angeführten urslavischen Beispiele werden hier einer kritischen Betrachtung unterzogen und über verschiedene Register erschlossen. Darüberhinaus wird für jedes Beispiel seine Transformationsreihe, also der Weg von der morphematischen ¿Tiefe" (morphematischer Ansatz) zur phonetischen ¿Oberfläche" (Reallautung), angeführt.

Romance is a fertile ground for linguistic research. Instead of limiting their studies to one specialised area, some Romance scholars have managed to combine different aspects of the broad field of Romance linguistics in an impressive way. This volume is dedicated to the multifaceted research interests of Guido Mensching: Part 1 focusses on different aspects of the architecture of grammar and linguistic theory, covering Italian, Portuguese, French, Sardinian and Romance. The focus of Part 2 is on historical linguistics, discussing Old Occitan lexicography and Romance in Hebrew scripts. Part 3 is dedicated to aspects relating to plurilingualism, language contact and sociolinguistics. Part 4 explores research arguments that go beyond Romance philology but are nonetheless intertwined with it.

Im Zentrum der Forschungen des deutschen Sprachforschers August Friedrich Pott (1802 - 1887) "standen Probleme der Indogermanistik. Pott wandte die grimmsche Methode der etymologischen Lautvergleichung auf indogermanische Fragen an und entwickelte Methoden zur vergleichenden Analyse der Stammbildung." Pott widmet sich in dem hier vorliegenden Werk einem Teilaspekt der Sprache, "nämlich der bald unverkürzten, bald nur angedeuteten Doppelung, welche ... in schnell fasslichem Überblicke dem Kerne ihres Wesens und sprachlichen Wertes nach vor jedermanns Augen offen daliegt ..." (Vorrede). Nachdruck der Originalausgabe in Frakturschrift aus dem Jahr 1862.

"A splendid trophy for all who are interested in reading and writing." - The New York Times The Elements of Style is the ultimate guide to writing in American English, written by Cornell University Professor William Strunk, Jr. This edition presents the original 1918 edition, still used by college students as a guide to succinct and clear writing. Stunk's rules on active voice, sentence structure, using commas and semi colons and more allow readers to avoid common pitfalls and keep their writing concise and impactful. These rules are accompanied by clear 'before' and 'after' examples showing how making these simple changes can transform your writing. Includes: - Eight elementary rules of usage- Ten elementary principles of composition- A list of 49 words and expressions commonly misused>This classic hardback guide is perfect for aspiring writers or anyone looking to improve their writing in simple ways.

This book aims to clarify some puzzles that have been topical in formal linguistics for many decades now. It concerns the status of English and, for comparison, Czech infinitives, as opposed to finite clauses and marginally also gerunds. The book systematically demonstrates the functional (meaning) and syntactic (form) properties of infinitives. It highlights the essential properties common to all infinitives, their core structure in Logical Form (LF) and their relation to an irrealis feature. It also investigates the particularities of the various infinitival constructions.