Fredsstudier og konfliktløsning

This book examines the origins of the US Navy's 2007 Maritime Strategy, the formation of the US government's "Pivot to Asia" strategy, and the most recent revisions to this strategy that focus more specifically on China. Besides examining the details of this strategy formulation, the book explores the internal and external repercussions on the US Navy of the Pivot to Asia. It discusses the "Fat Leonard" scandal, which involved bribery and corruption in contracts for the maintenance of the US fleets in the region, and considers the sharp decrease in training and readiness of the Pacific fleet to support the pivot, which in turn led to serious maritime collisions. It also assesses the impact of the pivot on other countries in the region, engaging in the debate as to whether the pivot was necessary in order to convince the countries of the region that the United States had not lost its staying power, or whether the pivot managed to make tensions in the Asia-Pacific worse even while allowing the strategic situation in the Middle East and Europe to worsen as a result of neglect.

This book revisits and reframes the old, but active, debate on the relationship between criminality and civil war by bringing both the state and political power into the equation. The chapters in this book were originally published as a special issue of Journal of Political Power.

First published in 1988, Security & Arms Control in the North Pacific is the first book to focus on the question of North Pacific arms control. Some chapters examine the problems and prospects for arms control in particular states - the USA, erstwhile USSR, China, Japan, the two Koreas, and Canada.

How do two conventionally powerful, nuclear armed, but commercially oriented great powers, reliant on sea lanes and global maritime infrastructure, engage in a long-term strategic rivalry? This book presents a research agenda using a variety of methods to explore this unique competitive environment for China and the United States.

This handbook provides contributions by some of the world-leading experts in the field on recent phenomena and trends in transnational terrorism.Based on the methodological approach of a trend-and-key factor analysis of transnational terrorism and processed on the virtual platform "Foresight Strategy Cockpit" (FSC), the volume seeks to examine what potential future variants of transnational terrorism may evolve. Focusing on the latest structural developments in the sphere of politically or religiously motivated violence, the handbook considers the tactical, strategic, and not least the systemic dimension of terrorism. Divided into seven thematic sections, the handbook's contributions cover a wide range of issues, dealing among others with strategic and hybrid terrorism, the systemic dimension of extremist violence, prevalent actors, counter-narratives, the crime terror-nexus, the role of digitalization and the spiral dynamic between Islamist and right-wing terrorism. The expert contributions provide a condensed overview of current developments, structural linkages and important academic debates centering around transnational salafi-jihadi terrorism, but also right-wing terrorism and counter-terrorism. A key objective of the work is to make the effects of prevention/preemption, (de-) radicalization and (non-) intervention both transparent and assessable. As such, it contributes well-founded strategies, feasible solutions and options for policy-makers and counter-terrorism experts.This volume will be of great interest to students of terrorism and counter-terrorism, political violence and security studies.

This Handbook is the first volume to comprehensively examine the challenges, intricacies, and dynamics of proxy wars, in their various facets.The volume aims to capture the significantly growing interest in the topic at a critical juncture when wars of many guises are becoming multifaceted proxy wars. Most often, proxy wars have wide-ranging implications for international security and are, therefore, a critically important subject of inquiry. The Handbook seeks to understand and explain proxy wars conceptually, theoretically, and empirically, with a focus on the numerous policy challenges and dilemmas they pose. To do so, it presents a multi- and interdisciplinary assessment of proxy wars focused on the causes, dynamics, and processes underpinning the phenomenon, across time and space and a multitude of actors throughout human history. The Handbook is divided into six thematic sections, as follows:Part I: Approaches to the Study of Proxy WarsPart II: Historical Perspectives on Proxy WarsPart III: Actors in Proxy WarsPart IV: Dynamics of Proxy WarsPart V: Case Studies of Proxy WarsPart VI: The Future of Proxy WarsBy bringing together many leading scholars in a synthesis of expertise, this Handbook provides a unique and rigorous account of research into proxy war, which so far has been largely missing from the debate.This book will be of much interest to students of strategic studies, security studies, foreign policy, political violence, and International Relations.

This interdisciplinary Handbook provides an in-depth analysis of the complex security phenomenon of disinformation and offers a toolkit to counter such tactics.

The book provides a pentapartite theoretical analysis of socio-economic factors as the grand basis for the evolution of Boko Haram terrorism in Nigeria. It describes the terrorism as a by-product of unresolved conflict emanating from unequal hegemonic power exchange with respect to the non-fulfillment of socio-economic goals between the political state and the citizenry.Rather than follow the popular notion of religion as the root causes of Boko Haram crisis, the book widens its scope to cover terrorism as a whole with a view to laying a more viable foundation for its readers to understand the concept of terrorism, provoking causes and perspectives, as well as influential factors that may interplay to sustain extremist terrorism in contemporary global society. Using Boko Haram as a potentially useful model, the book contends that the discursive framework of terrorism cannot be isolated from its socio-economic perspectives. In view of the foregoing, the simplistic response to resolving terrorism crisis in Nigeria still lies at the heart of ameliorating the socio-economic conditions of the citizens via the political state.The book will be appropriate for individuals whose interests are vested on terrorism and homeland security, terrorism and counterterrorism studies, criminal justice and organized crime, terrorism and political violence, African politics, peace and conflict resolution as well as security and conflict management. Counter-terrorism experts, policy makers, academic scholars, intelligence and security operatives will also find this book resourceful. Ultimately, as interest in terrorism studies continues to grow exponentially among Sociologists, Anthropologists and Criminologists, it is my utmost quest to provide the most invaluable themes and updated theories in terrorism research for use by independent researchers, students and academics seeking to advance empirically and theoretically driven research in the fields of terrorism, homeland security and related crimes.

This book examines key issue areas of Indo-Pacific strategies such as cyber security, space security, maritime security, emerging technologies, and institutional frameworks in the context of deepening US-China rivalry. ¿With greater interconnectedness across various fields, the Indo-Pacific region faces greater security challenges including future strategic power competition. States are increasingly engaging in intense strategic activities and strengthening partnerships. The first part of book focuses on the strategic competition between the United States and China in different areas including cyber security, space security, maritime security, emerging technologies, and institutional frameworks. The second part of the book presents the perspectives of different local actors in the regional theatre and the intentions and concepts behind their growing interconnectedness under Indo-Pacific strategies, including China, Russia, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and North Korea.Through examining different aspects of US-Indo-Pacific strategy, this edited book contributes to a better understanding of Indo-Pacific strategy and its implications for broader security cooperation in a more interconnected world. The book will be of interest to scholars and policy makers working on Asian Security, Politics, International Relations, and the security dynamics of East Asia and the Indo-Pacific.

This book discusses terrorism and the rise of Hindu nationalism in contemporary India and examines how this movement has become a threat to democracy in the country.The work analyses the rise of Hindu nationalism, culminating in the success of Narendra Modi's Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the political arm of the movement, in the 2019 Indian national elections. It offers an accessible account of the complexities and subtleties of Hindu nationalism and the dangers it poses to India's pluralistic democracy and secularism. A major theme of the book is the role that terrorism has played in the rise of Hindu nationalism, a factor often underplayed or ignored in other studies, and it also challenges the widespread belief that terrorism is largely an Islamic phenomenon. Employing a cross-disciplinary approach, the book is highly relevant to both academics and policymakers, given India's importance as a major global economic and military power.This book will be of interest to students of terrorism and political violence, South Asian history, Indian politics and international relations, as well as policymakers.

This volume foregrounds some of the unknown or lesser-known incidents of xenophobia and genocide from India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, South Africa, and Rwanda. It critically analyses the cultural and structural contexts triggering these various forms of genocides and xenophobia, and situates them within modern histories of violence and human tribulations. The book discusses various non-Western case studies, which include the communal violence incited by anti-CAA protests in Delhi; the expulsion and displacement of Kashmiri Pandits; xenophobic attitudes against illegal immigrants in Assam; genocide in Sylhet during the Liberation War of Bangladesh; the 1994 genocide in Rwanda; and incidences of human rights violations across the world.A comprehensive and transdisciplinary text, the book will be useful for students and researchers of human geography, sociology, political science, social work, anthropology, colonialism and postcolonialism, nationalism, imperialism, human rights, and history.

A just peaceful world. How can that be achieved? What sorts of relationships might be needed? Could the concept of friendship assist? Assembling the work of twenty scholars, this book creates a resource for those aiming to deal with conflict non-violently and promotes peaceful attitudes and outcomes in a troubled world.

This book critically examines the approaches to Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) of ex-combatants programming in Africa.

This book addresses the issue of the timing of transitional justice policies in countries that had negotiated transitions from authoritarianism to democracy.Why are transitional justice measures often being implemented decades after the events they refer to? More specifically, what combination of factors leads to the implementation of transitional justice policies at certain moments in time? And, what explains countries' different choices and trajectories? To address these questions, this book pursues a comparative analysis of three cases: comparing a case of 'robust' implementation of transitional justice measures (Uruguay), a case where only victim-centered measures were approved (Spain), and a case that sits in between these two (Brazil). Through an in-depth empirical analysis of these specific country-cases, and focusing on seven different transitional justice initiatives, the book identifies the determinants behind delayed transitional justice policies and explains why such policies are more robust in some settings than in others. In doing so, it provides a holistic account of post-transitional justice outcomes, offering more general conclusions and insights about the study of the drivers of transitional justice.This book will appeal to scholars and students of transitional justice in politics, law, and sociology, as well as to policymakers involved in the implementation and administration of transitional justice measures.

This book examines the role of local peacebuilders in Northern Ireland and some of the challenges they face.

The book focuses on the main security threats, defence industry, arms trade, defence policies and military capabilities related issues in the Asia-Pacific region. The chapters in this book were originally published as a special issue of Defense & Security Analysis.

This book offers new and cutting-edge analyses of under-explored subjects and issues in the realm of soft power. It attempts to fill significant scholarly gaps in understanding the process by which soft power is created, as well as gaps in demonstrating its impact.

This book examines the foreign policy of the Republic of Cyprus, particularly since 2004¿the year of its accession to the European Union and of the failed Annan Plan V of the United Nations which aimed to solve the decades-old Cyprus Problem. Scholarly work about the politics and foreign policy of the Republic of Cyprus (RoC) has been almost entirely analyzed through the prism of the Cyprus Problem. This is not without justification since the Cyprus Problem is indeed central to the social, political, and economic life of Cyprus. However, Cyprus is located in a highly neuralgic area of historical and geopolitical importance that is, more often than not, characterized by rapid developments, instability, and insecurity. Therefore, the RoC¿s politics and foreign policy go well beyond the confines of the Cyprus Problem, or so they should. Although the subject of the book is not international by definition, the book touches upon many regional and international dimensions that renderit relevant for anyone who wants to better understand not just Cyprus but also the broader region and its importance for regional and international actors.

Much has been written on security in Africäits democratic deficit, poor civil-military relations, and myriad conflicts¿but these are often treated in isolation from one another. This book takes a different approach, as it links all of these issues to the dynamics of the Anthropocene. Penned by African scholars on the continent and in the diaspora, it examines the different challenges not as separate entities but as outcomes of the Anthropocene Age. In this geological epoch, humans have become a global force¿unfortunately, not necessarily for good. The interaction between humans and the climate, the effects of waste, the impact of pollution on marine and terrestrial ecosystems, the loss of biodiversity, and the change in the chemical composition of the soil, oceans and atmosphere are key identifiers of the age of the Anthropocene. This has fueled conflict and instability from the vast swathes of the Sahel to Somalia. Responding to these issues of insecurity without understanding their inter-connectedness and how this relates to the environment can only result in failure. From this perspective, the current structures in place are inadequate for the task of confronting insecurity at the state and continental levels, as represented by the African Union. What is needed is a radical reevaluation of Africäs security architecture and approach to security. This necessitates pooling sovereignty on a continental and global level. It necessitates less state-centric responses that include civil society and the business community as equal partners of states in order to collectively confront insecurity in the age of the Anthropocene.¿ The authors are academics, policy makers and military veterans who have worked in building capacity on the African continent¿ The book is comprehensive in scope, strong on theory, pragmatic in policy and reflects experience from the field.¿ The authors approach makes the book easy, interesting and intriguing.

Am 4. September 2009 ordnete der deutsche Oberst Georg Klein im Rahmen der ISAF-Mission in Afghanistan einen folgenschweren Luftangriff bei Kundus an, der die grundsätzliche Frage nach der Legitimität des Einsatzes militärischer Gewalt in Krisen- und Kriegssituationen aufgeworfen hat. In diesem essential wird untersucht, wie die Legitimität des Luftangriffes medial dargestellt und dabei auch konkurrierende Identitätskonstruktionen deutscher Außenpolitik verhandelt und offenkundig wurden.

Das Lehrbuch bietet auch in der 2. erweiterten und aktualisierten Auflage einen vertieften Überblick über Geschichte und Politik Afrikas, vom Sklavenhandel, über die Phasen von Kolonialismus und Dekolonisation bis zu den Entwicklungsproblemen der Gegenwart. Dabei werden diverse Entwicklungstheorien zur Erklärung von erfolgreichen und fehlgeschlagenen Entwicklungspfaden einzelner Länder nach 1960 herangezogen. Thematische Schwerpunkte sind Europas koloniales Erbe, Staatsbildung und Staatszerfall, Demokratisierung, Rohstoffpolitik, Bevölkerungswachstum, Hunger und Armut, Kriege und ethnische Konflikte sowie Weltbank, EU, China und Russland als externe Akteure in Afrika.Zusätzliche Fragen per App: Laden Sie die Springer Nature Flashcards-App kostenlos herunter, um Ihr Wissen zu prüfen.

This book focuses on how Indigenous knowledge and methodologies can contribute towards the decolonisation of peace and conflict studies (PACS). It shows how Indigenous knowledge is essential to ensure that PACS research is relevant, respectful, accurate, and non-exploitative of Indigenous Peoples, in an effort to reposition Indigenous perspectives and contexts through Indigenous experiences, voices, and research processes, to provide balance to the power structures within this discipline. It includes critiques of ethnocentrism within PACS scholarship, and how both research areas can be brought together to challenge the violence of colonialism, and the colonialism of the institutions and structures within which decolonising researchers are working. Contributions in the book cover Indigenous research in Aotearoa, Australia, The Caribbean, Hawai'i, Israel, Mexico, Nigeria, Palestine, Philippines, Samoa, USA, and West Papua.

"The book is a critical examination of affirmative action, a form of preferential development often used to address the situation of disadvantaged groups. It uses a trans-global approach, as opposed to the comparative approach, to examine the relationship between affirmative action, ethnic conflict and the role of the state in Fiji, Malaysia and South Africa. While affirmative action has noble goals, there are often intervening political and ideological factors in the form of ethno-nationalism and elite interests, amongst others, which potentially undermine fair distribution of affirmative action resources. The book examines the affirmative action philosophies and programs of the three countries and raises pertinent questions about whether affirmative action has led to equality, social justice, harmony and political stability and explores future possibilities"--Publisher's website.

Let Africa turn towards itself, and let it live according to its own rhythm. It is not a question of being in autarky, but in autonomy. The great civilizations were able to choose, at a given moment, the links they maintained with the global dynamic, their mode and their modalities of insertion in this dynamic, according to the objectives they had set themselves. Of course, we are already caught up in internal and external dynamics. But the most important thing is to define our course: even if the winds change, we know where we are going. We can then choose and adjust our trajectories and paths.A reflection on Africa is at the same time a reflection on the world. Africa has an inventiveness to bring to the world.

This book focuses on the propaganda war between the Syrian government and the opposition movement, which excludes the Islamic State and the Kurdish-led SDF. Drawing on international relations, psychology, and media studies, the book encourages readers to question the dominant discourse on the war. The core of the book outlines the propaganda battles over the main paradigms and narratives that framed the war, exploring the shortcomings of those paradigms and narratives, identifying who won the propaganda war and why, and assessing what impact it had on the military side of the war. In particular, it focuses on the role of cognitive bias amongst primary and secondary sources in determining the outcome of the propaganda war, and whether the influence of this propaganda is best explained by effects or limited effects theory. Through explaining the dynamics of the propaganda war, the book encourages readers to critically question the dominant discourse on the war, assists them in understanding primary and secondary reporting on the war, and shows that the impact of the propaganda war is best understood in terms of limited effects theory. The book's main findings are that: i) the opposition won the international propaganda war but failed to win the propaganda war inside Syria; ii) propaganda had relatively little effect on shaping attitudes either inside Syria or internationally (instead, its main effect was to reinforce attitudes that had already been shaped by other factors); and iii) the reality of the war lies between the conflicting paradigms and narratives being promoted by each side.