Social forskning og statistik

Why would anyone bid $3. 25 in an auction where the prize is a single dollar bill? Can one "e;game"e; explain the apparent irrationality behind both the arms race of the 1980s and the libretto of Puccini's opera Tosca? How can one calculation suggest the president has 4 percent of the power in the United States federal system while another s- gests that he or she controls 77 percent? Is democracy (in the sense of re?ecting the will of the people) impossible? Questionslikethesequitesurprisinglyprovideaveryniceforumfor some fundamental mathematical activities: symbolic representation and manipulation, model-theoretic analysis, quantitative represen- tionandcalculation,anddeductionasembodiedinthepresentationof mathematical proof as convincing argument. We believe that an ex- sure to aspects of mathematics such as these should be an integral part of a liberal arts education. Our hope is that this book will serve as a text for freshman-sophomore level courses, aimed primarily at students in the humanities and social sciences, that will provide this sort of exposure. A number of colleges and universities already have interdisciplinary freshman seminars where this could take place. Most mathematics texts for nonscience majors try to show that mathematics can be applied to many different disciplines. A student's viii PREFACE interest in a particular application, however, often depends on his or hergeneralinterestintheareainwhichtheapplicationistakingplace. Our experience at Union College and Williams College has been that there is a real advantage in having students enter the course knowing that virtually all the applications will focus on a single discipline-in this case, political science.

Categorical data arise often in many fields, including biometrics, economics, management, manufacturing, marketing, psychology, and sociology. This book provides an introduction to the analysis of such data. The coverage is broad, using the loglinear Poisson regression model and logistic binomial regression models as the primary engines for methodology. Topics covered include count regression models, such as Poisson, negative binomial, zero-inflated, and zero-truncated models; loglinear models for two-dimensional and multidimensional contingency tables, including for square tables and tables with ordered categories; and regression models for two-category (binary) and multiple-category target variables, such as logistic and proportional odds models.All methods are illustrated with analyses of real data examples, many from recent subject area journal articles. These analyses are highlighted in the text, and are more detailed than is typical, providing discussion of the context and background of the problem, model checking, and scientific implications. More than 200 exercises are provided, many also based on recent subject area literature. Data sets and computer code are available at a web site devoted to the text. Adopters of this book may request a solutions manual from: textbooks@springer-ny.com. Jeffrey S. Simonoff is Professor of Statistics at New York University. He is author of Smoothing Methods in Statistics and coauthor of A Casebook for a First Course in Statistics and Data Analysis, as well as numerous articles in scholarly journals. He is a Fellow of the American Statistical Association and the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, and an Elected Member of the International Statistical Institute.

This monograph presents issues related to the armed conflict in Ukraine, which began in 2014 and is still ongoing. It shows the socio-historical background of warfare; the factors determining the distribution of adaptive resources (assigning them meaning, as well as experienced gains and losses of a subjective, state, material and energy nature). It also portrays the relationships between the distribution of adaptive resources and: 1) active, emotional and avoidant strategies for coping with war stress; 2) multidimensional consequences of long-term participation in war circumstances - including use of psychoactive substances, somatic disorders, mental difficulties, symptoms of depression, PTSD syndrome, post-traumatic growth.

Avoiding both over-simplification and jargon-riddled complexity, this book is an invaluable, straightforward guide to participatory research for you and your fellow practitioners working with community groups and organisations.

Schutz, then, being a philosopher with extensive experience with social scientists, economists, theorists of law-whom he encountered in his studies at the University of Vienna in the early twentieth century, worked in two areas: philosophical and social scientific theory. His investigations can be studied and more deeply appreciated in their own right, and also for the contributions they might make to an analysis of social problems (e.g. intercultural, interracial understanding) or of problems in the social sciences, including how social science itself can proceed in its different areas, such as sociology of knowledge, sociology in general, or the theory of society.The contributors to this volume will examine topics in Schutz's philosophical-phenomenological theory of the social world, such as the second person, the face-to-face relationship, the meaning of human action, signs, symbols, and relevance (or interests). Since Schutz sought to provide philosophical foundations for the social sciences, his work opens up a series of epistemological questions, such as those about traditional knowledge and the opacity of knowledge and theory, that is, the neglected or unseen questions that accompany any knowing or theorizing. Also, authors from within the Schutzian framework will address issues IN the social sciences, such as the Durkheimian aspects of Schutz's thought, the sociology of knowledge, and the theory of sociology. The book will also explore how Schutzian theory, which is often viewed as a micro-sociology, can be extended to give an account of a macro-sociological reality like modern society.

"Causality is central to the understanding and use of data; without an understanding of cause and effect relationships, we cannot use data to answer important questions in medicine and many other fields"--

The Past is a Future Country shows how a resistant class of intelligent, religious conservatives will band together to preserve enclaves of our currently failing civilization -- a failing civilization caused by a rejection of traditional values and an epidemic of narcissists who compete to signal their individuality and moral superiority.

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2017 im Fachbereich Sozialwissenschaften allgemein, Note: 1,3, AKAD University, ehem. AKAD Fachhochschule Stuttgart, Veranstaltung: SQF60, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Das Betrachtungsobjekt dieses Assignments ist das Forschungsprojekt einer empirischen Sozialforschung mitsamt der innewohnen Prozesse und Methoden. Dies vor dem Hintergrund der Analyse und Optimierung eines Fallbeispiels zu einer Online-Befragung. In jüngster Vergangenheit häuft sich Kritik an den Medien, in welcher ihnen subjektive Berichterstattung oder gar ¿Fake News¿ vorgeworfen wird. Gemäß einer Studie des Statistischen Bundesamtes sind fast 70 Prozent der Befragten im Jahr 2016 solche Falschmeldungen aufgefallen. Ein solcher Verlust der Glaubwürdigkeit des Journalismus kann dadurch entstehen, dass die Medien häufig nur einen Ausschnitt der Realität darstellen, der nicht verallgemeinert werden sollte. Im Unterschied dazu ist bei einem Forschungsprojekt die Glaubwürdigkeit sehr wichtig, diese wird erreicht indem eine vorgegebene Fragestellung anhand ausgewählter Methoden objektiv beantworten wird, so dass dies zu keinen Fehlschlüssen oder Verallgemeinerungen führt. Neben dem Aspekt der Glaubwürdigkeit in der Forschung ist es für eine Wissensgesellschaft wie Deutschland auch essentiell Forschungsprojekte möglichst effektiv und effizient zu gestalten, um im Wettbewerb bestehen zu können und Steuergelder möglichst zielführend einzusetzen. Die Relevanz wird durch den Anstieg der öffentlichen Ausgaben für Hochschulen bestätigt. Diese sind seit dem Jahr 2000 von rd. 16,2 Mrd. Euro auf 28,6 Mrd. Euro in 2015 gestiegen, was einen Anstieg von über 75 Prozent darstellt. Eine Methode der Datenerhebung, deren Verbreitung in der Vergangenheit durch das Internet stark zugenommen hat, ist die (Online-)Befragung. Diese Art der Datenerhebung wird kommerziell vor allem von Marktforschungsunternehmen durchgeführt. Auch hier hat in der Vergangenheit ein starkes Wachstum stattgefunden, welches das Interesse an solchen Forschungsmethoden und ¿projekten widerspiegelt. So hat sich der weltweite Umsatz von Marktforschungsunternehmen von 2010 bis 2015 um fast ein 30 Prozent auf 44 Mrd. US-Dollar gesteigert. Die vorgenannten Aspekte zeugen somit von einer gesteigerten gesellschaftlichen und volkswirtschaftlichen Relevanz der Auseinandersetzung mit Forschungsprojekten.

Nearly 20% of the population has a disability. Despite this, mainstream research often does not explicitly address the methodological and practical issues that can act as barriers to disabled people's participation in social research. In this book, Aidley and Fearon provide a concise, practical introduction to making it easier for everyone to take part in research. Requiring no prior knowledge about accessible research methods, the book: * explains how removing barriers to participation will improve the quality of the research; * covers the research process from design, to collecting data, to dissemination and publication; * includes checklists and further reading, as well as useful examples and vignettes to illustrate how issues play out in practice. This book will be invaluable to researchers from a variety of backgrounds looking to increase participation in their research, whether postgraduate students, experienced academic researchers, practitioners or professionals.

Secondary Data in Mixed Methods Research by Daphne C. Watkins, is the latest contribution to the Mixed Methods Research Series. This brief text offers step-by-step procedures for incorporating existing data into mixed methods research designs, as well as identifying characteristics of datasets that make them good candidates for mixed methods projects.

This book is a handbook for political scientists new to R who want to learn the most useful and common ways to interpret and analyze political data. It was written by political scientists, thinking about the many real-world problems faced in their work.

Explores a wide range of social problems in the UK using a range of psychosocial theories to generate an understanding of various causal factors and to examine the linkages between different social problems. Government policy and legislation, remedial measures, preventive approaches, and strategies of intervention are also considered.

This book is a conglomerate framework to investigate, analyze and interpret academic attributes influencing students' performance pursuing Technical education. The vital goal of this research is selection of most optimal features influencing the Cumulative GPA as analogy of academic excellence. Various statistical tools and classifiers are of extracurricular activities on university management performance, in order to bring real contribution in terms of increased quality of university management by diversifying the extracurricular activities¿ offer within universities, with the effect on performance management growth. The research includes a detailed radiography of specialized studies from the field, in order to determine the current state of scientific knowledge in conceptual terms, and highlights the functionality of the university system. Quantitatively, Meta Stacked Regression model is compared with traditional linear regression and neural networks for feature importance in metrics of mean square error.

How we became so burdened by red tape and unnecessary paperwork, and why we must do better.We've all had to fight our way through administrative sludge--filling out complicated online forms, mailing in paperwork, standing in line at the motor vehicle registry. This kind of red tape is a nuisance, but, as Cass Sunstein shows in Sludge, it can also impair health, reduce growth, entrench poverty, and exacerbate inequality. Confronted by sludge, people just give up--and lose a promised outcome: a visa, a job, a permit, an educational opportunity, necessary medical help. In this lively and entertaining look at the terribleness of sludge, Sunstein explains what we can do to reduce it. Because of sludge, Sunstein, explains, too many people don't receive benefits to which they are entitled. Sludge even prevents many people from exercising their constitutional rights--when, for example, barriers to voting in an election are too high. (A Sludge Reduction Act would be a Voting Rights Act.) Sunstein takes readers on a tour of the not-so-wonderful world of sludge, describes justifications for certain kinds of sludge, and proposes "Sludge Audits" as a way to measure the effects of sludge. On balance, Sunstein argues, sludge infringes on human dignity, making people feel that their time and even their lives don't matter. We must do better.

Strategic Economic Decision-Making: Using Bayesian Belief Networks to Solve Complex Problems is a quick primer on the topic that introduces readers to the basic complexities and nuances associated with learning Bayes' theory and inverse probability for the first time. This brief is meant for non-statisticians who are unfamiliar with Bayes' theorem, walking them through the theoretical phases of set and sample set selection, the axioms of probability, probability theory as it pertains to Bayes' theorem, and posterior probabilities. All of these concepts are explained as they appear in the methodology of fitting a Bayes' model, and upon completion of the text readers will be able to mathematically determine posterior probabilities of multiple independent nodes across any system available for study. Very little has been published in the area of discrete Bayes' theory, and this brief will appeal to non-statisticians conducting research in the fields of engineering, computing, life sciences, and social sciences.