Landbrugsøkonomi

Historien om 20 års nedtur for dansk natur og miljø Dansk landbrug har gennem to årtier udviklet sig til et økonomisk såvel som moralsk fallitbo: Gælden er enorm, beskæftigelsen i bund og landbokulturen stort set udslettet. Trods omfattende liberaliseringer og milliarder af støttekroner kører de fleste bedrifter på pumperne og overlever kun takket være EU-støtten. Alligevel opretholder vi med alle midler verdens mest intensive landbrug. Prisen er et vandmiljø, der flyder med gylle og sprøjtegifte i hver anden drikkevandsboring, mens landmændene truer med retssager, hvis ikke de må sprøjte videre. I de stadigt større bedrifter lider malkekøer, grise og kyllinger, der presses til det yderste, mens MRSA-stafylokokker og salmonellabakterier breder sig. Startskuddet til landbrugets dybe økonomiske og moralske nedbrud blev affyret i 2001, da den nyudnævnte fødevareminister Mariann Fischer Boel (V) opfordrede til kamp mod »stokroseidyllen i dansk landbrug«. Siden da er det kun lykkedes at sætte turbo på landbrugets gældsætning. I 2001 skyldte de danske jordejere 190 mia. kroner væk, i dag har de næsten fordoblet gælden til 360 mia., hvilket gør de danske landmænd til de mest forgældede i EU. Stik imod hensigten blev det til en tragisk afvikling i stedet for en gylden udvikling. Sådan ligger landet i 2019. Hvordan er det kommet så vidt? Hvorfor har det fået lov at ske, og hvem står bag? Og endelig– kan den onde cirkel brydes, så det atter bliver dejligt at bo ude på landet? Det leverer bogen klare svar på i en letforståelig form.

Flæskfødevarer skal ikke længere produceres for enhver pris. Produktionen skal bidrage til at løse klimakrisen, ikke forværre den, vende naturens nedtur til optur og forsyne os med fødevarer uden at frembringe livstruende virus. Sundhed, klima og biodiversitet står øverst på dagsordenen for fremtidens agroindustri.Den helt store disruption af den traditionelle agroindustri kommer i løbet af det næste tiår. Vi står over for den dybeste, hurtigste og mest konsekvensskabende forandring af fødevare- og landbrugsproduktionen, siden de første planter og dyr blev domesticeret for 10.000 år siden.Til trods for at vi kan købe stort set alle fødevarer til lavere priser fra udlandet, fortsætter vi med at højglanspolere myten om Danmark som et landbrugsland. Erhvervet selv går til yderligheder, som når Tulip i Randers sender sine svin til Tyskland for at få dem opskåret af østarbejdere på sulteløn, for derefter at reimportere de samme svin, nu forklædt som Tulip Danish Bacon.Vi holder stadig fast ved masseproduktionen af billigt flæsk og mælk i stedet for at bevæge os opad i værdikæden, som et højtudviklet land burde være i stand til. Ikke mindst økonomien taler for at ophøre med en 120 årgammel tradition for at eksportere bacon og smør til lave udsalgspriser.At det blev netop coronavirus, der lagde en hel verden ned, betragter virologerne som en tilfældighed. Den næste pandemi er allerede under opsejling, og det bliver en influenza A-virus. Med al sandsynlighed vil den spredes fra svinefabrikkerne, og ingen kan forudsige, hvor dødelig den kan blive. Sidst den ramte verden, kostede den 500.000 mennesker livet. Prisen for billigt flæsk kan blive skæbnesvanger høj, hvis vi tøver for længe. Velkommen til fremtidens bedste landmænd.

When it comes to the climate, we don't need more marketing or anxiety. We need established facts and a plan for collective action.The climate is the fundamental issue of our time, yet it seems we can barely agree on what is really going on, let alone what needs to be done. We urgently need facts, not opinions. Insights, not statistics.The Carbon Almanac is a once-in-a-lifetime collaboration between hundreds of writers, researchers, thinkers, and leaders that focuses on what we know, what has come before, and what might happen next. With thousands of data points, articles and charts explaining carbon's impact on everything in our society, from our the economy to extreme weather events, it is the definitive source for facts and the basis for a global movement to fight climate change. This book isn't what the oil companies, marketers, activists, or politicians want you to believe. This is what's really happening, right now. Our planet is in trouble, and no one concerned group, corporation, country, or hemisphere canaddress this on its own. We are in this together. And it's not too late for concerted, collective action for change.

Master's Thesis from the year 2017 in the subject Instructor Plans: Agriculture / Forestry / Gardening, grade: 1,7, University of Hohenheim, language: English, abstract: "Perceptions of intercropping and the natural undergrowth in rubber plantations" addresses an aspect in rubber plantation management which is largely ignored in the general discussion "the farmers" point of view. While it is undoubted that the commonly practiced clean-weeding is physically and ecologically detrimental it stays dubious why farmers still practice it despite all the opposing arguments. A commonly used explanation is the fear of snakes. But, interestingly, there is hardly any study supporting this assumption. Quite the contrary, own observations and discussions in rubber plantations of SW China suggest that snakes are not at all perceived as a noteworthy problem.This case study in Malaysia aims therefore at a better understanding of farmers¿perception and motivation to keep their plantations clean as well as to diversify it. Various directly to rubber production connected stakeholder and their perceptions are the centre of this study.

Doctoral Thesis / Dissertation from the year 2017 in the subject Agrarian Studies, University of Ibadan (Department of Economics), course: Economics, language: English, abstract: The study was anchored on theories of production and supply response. A Nerlovian supply response model (1956) as modified by Karbasi and Tavana (2008) which captures the impact of trade and exchange rate reforms on agricultural commodities prices and outputs, and with acreage cultivated, labour and cost of agricultural machinery as control variables was explored. Major cash crops (cocoa, palm produce, palm kernel, groundnuts, rubber and cotton) and food (cassava, maize, yam and rice accounting for 28.0% of the 40.0% of staple food output) were purposively selected. Data were collected from the World Trade Organisation Trade Statistics, World Bank UN-COMTRADE statistics and World Development Indicators; Food and Agricultural Organisation Year Book Statistics and Agricultural Market Access Database; Central bank of Nigeriäs Statistical Bulletin and National Bureau of Statistics Annual Abstracts of Statistics. A Structural Vector Autoregression model was estimated via the generalized Impulse response functions and variance decomposition estimation techniques. All estimates were validated at p¿0.05. Trade policy shifted from a restrictive regime in 1970 to a liberalized regime starting from1995. Exchange rate policy similarly moved from a fixed regime in 1970 to a managed/float regime from 1986 to 2013. These reforms had diverse significant effects on both the prices and outputs of all sampled agricultural commodities. Trade effect was positive for palm kernel, cotton, rubber and cassava, while negative for the others. The effects were permanent across the ten commodities, while the elasticities for all the commodities range between 0.002 and 0.05. Exchange rate effect was positive for palm kernel, cotton, maize and rice, while negative for the others. The effects were also permanent except for rubber which was transitory, while elasticities for the commodities range between 0.1 and 2.3. On aggregate, the cost of machinery was found to be negatively related to the commodities outputs. A percentage increase in the cost of machinery brings about a 15.0 percent decline in output. Land and labour were positively and negatively related to output, respectively. An additional acre of land cultivation increased aggregate supply by 31.1%, while an increase in the use of labour decreased output by 19.0%.Trade and exchange rate reforms were critical in explaining the supply responses of sampled commodities, hence, the need for favourable and stable reforms.

Master's Thesis from the year 2016 in the subject Agrarian Studies, grade: 75%, Uganda Management Institute, course: Business Administration (Master's), language: English, abstract: This study aimed at establishing the contribution of internal control systems towards the performance of agricultural SMEs in Eastern Uganda, with a case study of SMEs in Mbale district. The study objectives were (i) To examine the extent to which assets controls predict the performance of agricultural SMEs in Mbale district; (ii) To establish the extent to which financial controls predict the performance of agricultural SMEs in Mbale district; (iii) To assess the extent to which compliance controls predict the performance of agricultural SMEs in Mbale district; The study was conducted through a case study on agricultural SMEs in Mbale District.The results of multiple regression analysis between assets control and SME performance noted an adjusted R2 value of 0.194 implying that generally 19% of total variability in SME performance is explained by assets control mechanisms; while the analysis between financial control and SME performance showed an adjusted R2 value of 0.097 implying that generally 9.7% of total variability in SME performance is explained by financial control mechanisms and an adjusted R2 value of 0.131 between compliance control and SME performance implying that generally 13.1% of total variability in SME performance is explained by compliance control mechanisms. The conclusion was that generally, there is a weak positive correlation between internal control systems and the performance of Agricultural SMEs in Eastern Uganda. The weak prediction reflects the reality that there were other factors that influenced the performance of agricultural SMEs in Eastern Uganda. The study recommends additional research on the relationship between Informational Technology, agricultural mechanization, stability and availability of markets, participative management and agricultural SME performance.

Master's Thesis from the year 2020 in the subject Agrarian Studies, grade: 2.98, University of Lusaka, language: English, abstract: Out-grower schemes as an appropriate model for improving livelihoods of people in rural areas need to be recommended. This is because out-grower schemes provide access to agricultural inputs and market to the rural farmers. These services seem to be scarce, especially in a liberalized economy like Zambia. However, there are debates as whether out-grower schemes have been beneficial to farmers or not.Therefore, this study aims at investigating the impact of tobacco out-grower schemes on the economic well-being of farmers at Mugubudu tobacco out-grower scheme of Chipata District. To do this, the study employed non-experimental cross sectional research design. 150 questionnaires were distributed to solicit data from 150 randomly selected small scale tobacco farmers using a tobacco farmers' register as sample frame.The salient findings of the study were that tobacco out-grower schemes had improved the well-being of small scale tobacco farmers. Indicators for this improvement were that small scale tobacco farmers had acquired assets and their consumption expenditure had increased. However, the study established that lack of information as regard to contract contents, insufficiency of extension services, pricing system, environmental hazards and debt from inputs loans as factors that can choke the strides made by out-grower schemes.The study recommended that information is be provided in local languages as this will reduce the current difficulties as many of agro-literature is published in English. It is necessary that there is improved collaboration, dialogue and negotiation among all stakeholders namely the Ministry of Agriculture through the regulatory body Tobacco Board of Zambia (TBZ), out-grower firms and farmers association on issues such as pricing, dissemination of information and loan management. The quantity of extension services should be increased and quality improved to enhance productivity which would consequently improve income well-being. Finally, government should make it as policy for tobacco out-grower schemes to embrace efforts of sustainable environmental management as failure to do so have the potential to erode strides made so far in improving the well-being of small-scale tobacco farmers.

First published in 1986, Agrarian Change in Egypt based on extensive original research as well as field survey of eighteen villages, analyses and explains the changes in the agricultural sector in Egypt. This book is an essential read for scholars and researchers of agricultural economy, development studies and political economy.

Master's Thesis from the year 2013 in the subject Business economics - Investment and Finance, , course: Master of Business Adminstration-Finance, language: English, abstract: It has been postulated that access to credit for farmers has been influenced by a number of factors. It is presumed that there exists a relationship between agriculture productivity and poverty alleviation, and hence the critical need to address inadequate credit facilities in rural areas that are a key constraint to farmers¿ investments. Given that the major economic function of financial institutions include addressing the restraints imposed by inadequate access to financial services; it is argued that these institutions are well positioned to dealing with these financial constrains among which include access to credit.Literature review in chapter two revealed that access to credit was a challenge facing farmers in various parts of the globe. Studies indicated that a significant proportion of challenges in the farming industry could be alleviated through the provision of sustainable and easily accessible credit. For this study, data was gathered using questionnaires and was analyzed using Ms-Excel and presented using elementary statistical techniques such frequency tables and charts. After analyzing the findings, the researcher drew conclusions and made recommendations. Areas for further studies were identified as well. Research established that collateral, basic loan requirements and interest rates on loans are key determinants to farmer¿s access to credit, deficiency in any of the above factors hindered farmers from getting credit.After assessing the findings of the study, the researcher made recommendations aimed at improving and making it easy for farmers to access credit, e.g. coming up with loan products specifically tailored for farmers and opening of rural branches by financial institutions to bring services closer to farmers.