Økonomisk historie

Overmod og afmagt er beretningen om, hvordan selvsikre embedsmænd og famlende politikere kastede en af landets største og mest komplekse forvaltninger ud i en uheldssvanger forvandling.Den 1. november 2005 blev en skæbnesvanger dag. Den dag gik en gammel embedsmandsdrøm i opfyldelse, da det statslige enhedsskattevæsen og SKAT blev skabt, og Skatteministeriet overtog ansvaret for at inddrive alle offentlige fordringer. Løfterne var store, og forventningerne optimistiske. Danmark ville i løbet af få år få et digitaliseret og højeffektivt skattevæsen, der klarede opgaverne med en brøkdel af de hidtidige omkostninger.Ti år senere så det anderledes ud. Den statslige inddrivelse blev sat i stå, og det elektroniske fælles inddrivelsessystem (EFI) skrottet. Tilliden til SKATs ejendomsvurderinger var væk, og SKAT stod til at blive opløst.Indimellem var gået en periode, hvor Skatteministeriet havde kæmpet med at få virkeligheden til at rette sig ind efter de store planer, og hvor konsulenter leverede dyrekøbte, men letfærdige råd, som ikke holdt. Den ene møgsag efter den anden efterlod indtrykket af en forvaltning i forfald.Overmod og afmagt afdækker den uheldige cocktail af embedsmænds overmod og politikernes afmagt, der førte til SKATs storhed og fald og bogen afsluttes med en række anbefalinger til den nødvendige genopretning.

Man bliver let pessimistisk på lighedens vegne. Over de seneste to generationer er uligheden steget dramatisk i mange dele af verden. Et problem, som Thomas Piketty har belyst i sin forskning og bøger. I "En kort historie om lighed" minder verdens førende ulighedsøkonom om, at historiens store svingninger giver grund til optimisme. Han viser, hvordan vi gennem århundrederne har bevæget os mod større lighed. Piketty guider læseren igennem de store bevægelser, der har skabt den moderne verden på godt og ondt, og argumenterer for, at vi skal føre kampen mod uretfærdighed videre ved at forpligte alle politiske og sociale systemer på lighed.Vi ved, at vi kan gøre det bedre, skriver Piketty. Fortiden viser os hvordan. Fremtiden er op til os. Thomas Piketty (f. 1971) er professor ved École d’économie de Paris, som han i 2006 var med til at etablere. Han er forfatter til bestsellerne "Kapitalen i det 21. århundrede" (2013) og "Kapital og ideologi" (2019) og essaysamlingen "Mod en ny socialisme" (2021)

Økonomi. Et emne der er omgærdet af stor ærefrygt. For stor ærefrygt. For selvom økonomerne er blevet vor kriseramte tids orakler, er økonomisk tænkning for alle. Økonomi er ikke bare tal og tabeller, vismænd og matematiske algoritmer. Det er levet liv. Det er praksisser og forestillinger og kultur. Det er gode idéer – og det er dårlige idéer. Økonomi trænger sig konstant på i vores hverdag. Hvad har værdi og under hvilke omstændigheder? Hvorfor giver vi rask væk et halvt hundrede kroner for en café latte fra Starbucks, men irriteres over at give meget mere end 25 kroner for et pund frikadellefars? Pengene og livet er en samling sjove, kloge og oplysende fortællinger om pengenes idé- og kulturhistorie gennem fire århundreder, der sætter spot på de myter, der omgiver vores økonomiske liv. Bogen giver med sine mange både historiske og højaktuelle fortællinger – med titler som ’Kartoflens politiske økonomi’, ’Goldman Sachs er Gud’ og ’Steen Bocians krystalkugle’ – intellektuel ammunition til den, der gerne vil udfordre tidens økonomiske ”sandheder”.

Indtil 1986 var en væsentlig del af dansk økonomi styret af en flok bankierer, vekselmæglerne, som siden børsforordningen af 1807 havde eneret på at købe og sælge aktier og obligationer, fremmed valuta og handel med guld og sølv i barer samt kostbare stene og rav. Før de store, private banker tog brød monopolet, var det vekselererne, der alle hverdage kl. 12 mødtes på Børsen og fastsatte kurser og omsætningen på det danske kapitalmarked. En af de fornemste københavnske vekselerere var firmaet R. Henriques jr. Det blev grundlagt i 1801 af manden med det navn og drevet gennem fem generationer i samme slægt. Ruben Henriques jr. nedstammede fra en jødisk familie, der efter forfærdelige forfølgelser i Portugal kom til København i 1752 via Amsterdam, Hamborg, Altona - og Nakskov. Vekselererfirmaet spillede også en rolle som formidler af store lån til kommuner og staten og var med til at fastslå de officielle valutakurser. Bogen fortæller om, hvordan sådan et vekselererfirma blev drevet af Ruben Henriques og hans sønner.

”Vi lever i en økonomi, som vi ikke længere forstår, som vi ikke længere bestemmer over, og som ikke længere virker og er bæredygtig. Sådan kan det ikke blive ved at gå. Og sådan behøver det ikke at være. Hvis økonomien bliver genstand for demokratisk forvaltning, er det muligt at undgå forværrede kriser, konflikter og sammenbrud. Hvis mennesker har indsigt i økonomiens spilleregler og samtidig adgang til at påvirke de økonomiske processer og strukturer, kan det hindres, at snævre og kortsynede interesser driver udviklingen endnu mere på afveje. Det handler om at tage økonomien tilbage. Om igen at gøre det muligt for almindelige mennesker at forstå, hvad det handler om.” – Jørgen Steen Nielsen fra bogens indledning Først lærer vi økonomerne at kende, så ændrer vi økonomien tegner portrætter af 30 af den økonomiske videnskabs mest ind ydelsesrige og interessante tænkere samt introducerer til økonomiens nøglebegreber. Jørgen Steen Nielsen er uddannet biolog, tidligere chefredaktør på Information og i dag miljømedarbejder på avisen. Forfatter til en række bøger herunder Fra frihedens slagmarker (2004), Den store omstilling (2012) og Hvad skal vi med landbruget? (2016) Sebastian Gjerding er journalist på Information og uddannet cand.comm. fra Roskilde Universitet. Medforfatter til bogen Forklædt som nazist (2010) Nikola Nedeljkovic Gøttsche er journaliststuderende og har tidligere studeret statskundskab ved Københavns Universitet

The New York Times bestseller by business journalist Christopher Leonard infiltrates one of America’s most mysterious institutions — the Federal Reserve — to show how its policies over the past ten years have accelerated income inequality and put our country’s economic stability at risk.

Makroøkonomisk teori er kunsten at udarbejde en model, som er relevant for forståelsen af den samfundsøkonomi, som vi rent faktisk lever i. (Keynes, 1937)John Maynard Keynes, 1883-1946, var det 20. århundredes største og mest anerkendte økonom. Han udviklede teorien for makroøkonomisk analyse og principperne bag nationalregnskabet. Afsættet var krisen i 1930erne. Den lange periode med konstant velstandsstigning i efterkrigstiden gjorde overgangsvist Keynes' makroøkonomiske teorier mindre centrale. Den høje arbejdsløshed og den udeblevne vækst i dette århundrede skabte fornyet interesse for Keynes' makroøkonomiske teori og metode.Denne bog giver baggrunden for Keynes' teorier og bringer dem op til en helt aktuel diskussion af bl.a. bæredygtig udvikling, europæisk krise og offentlige budgetunderskud. Der er et åbenbart behov for, at Keynes atter får en central placering i de økonomiske lærebøger og i grundlaget for den økonomiske politik.IndholdsoversigtForordKapitel 1. En oversigtKapitel 2. John Maynard KEYNES (1883-1946)Kapitel 3. Keynes – moralfilosofi og politikKapitel 4. Keynes’ tidlige arbejderKapitel 5. Produktion og beskæftigelse: The General Theory of Employment, Interest and MoneyKapitel 6. Den efterfølgende makroøkonomiske diskussionKapitel 7. Keynes’ visionKapitel 8. Keynes i dagAPPENDIKS 1. LitteraturAPPENDIKS 2. Keynes’ kronologiAPPENDIKS 3. PersongalleriAPPENDIKS 4. Makroøkonomiske skolerEfterskrift: ’Quite wrong or nothing new?’

Udviklingen i den økonomiske teori er et historisk drama mindst lige så spændende som den "rigtige" historie. Den er befolket med store navne, der danner teoretiske skoler, som ofte ligger i strid med hinanden. Den teoretiske diskussion har gennem århundrederne afspejlet de skiftende økonomiske og politiske konjunkturer. Adam Smith bekæmpede merkantilismen med alle til rådighed stående argumenter. Karl Marx sloges med "vulgær-økonomerne", ligesom neoklassikerne måtte tage en hård tørn, inden de fik accepteret deres matematiske ligevægtsmodeller.Teorihistorien præsenteres med hovedvægten lagt på forholdsvis få, men centrale økonomiske skoler, som vurderes i forhold til hinanden. Skolerne karakteriseres ved nogle få personligheder og disses hovedværker.Den økonomiske teoris historie er skrevet af 3 etablerede økonomer med sigte på at give en kort, men selvstændig fremstilling. Den udgør dog samtidig en nyttig og sammenhængende baggrundsviden ved læsningen af de enkelte bind i serien "Økonomiens Konger".IndholdsoversigtForordKapitel 1. Den økonomiske teoris historie - af Jesper JespersenKapitel 2. Tidligere teorier og klassisk økonomi - af Hector EstrupKapitel 3. Neoklassisk økonomisk teori - af Hector EstrupKapitel 4. Marx og hans efterfølgere - af Af Peter NielsenKapitel 5. Institutionel og evolutionær økonomi - af Peter NielsenKapitel 6. Udviklingen i makroøkonomisk teori:Keynes, keynesianere, monetarister og ny-klassikere - af Jesper JespersenEfterskrift: En kort note om forskningsprogrammerog samfundsøkonomisk metode - af Jesper JespersenEn note om supplerende litteraturStikordsregister

An explosive, deeply reported exposé of McKinsey & Company, the international consulting firm that advises corporations and governments, that highlights the often drastic impact of its work on employees and citizens around the worldMcKinsey & Company is the most prestigious consulting company in the world, earning billions of dollars in fees from major corporations and governments who turn to it to maximize their profits and enhance efficiency. McKinsey's vaunted statement of values asserts that its role is to make the world a better place, and its reputation for excellence and discretion attracts top talent from universities around the world. But what does it actually do?In When McKinsey Comes to Town, two prizewinning investigative journalists have written a portrait of the company sharply at odds with its public image. Often McKinsey's advice boils down to major cost-cutting, including layoffs and maintenance reductions, to drive up short-term profits, thereby boosting a company's stock price and the wealth of its executives who hire it, at the expense of workers and safety measures. McKinsey collects millions of dollars advising government agencies that also regulate McKinsey's corporate clients. And the firm frequently advises competitors in the same industries, but denies that this presents any conflict of interest.In one telling example, McKinsey advised a Chinese engineering company allied with the communist government which constructed artificial islands, now used as staging grounds for the Chinese Navy-while at the same time taking tens of millions of dollars from the Pentagon, whose chief aim is to counter Chinese aggression.Shielded by NDAs, McKinsey has escaped public scrutiny despite its role in advising tobacco and vaping companies, purveyors of opioids, repressive governments, and oil companies. McKinsey helped insurance companies' boost their profits by making it incredibly difficult for accident victims to get payments; worked its U.S. government contacts to let Wall Street firms evade scrutiny; enabled corruption in developing countries such as South Africa; undermined health-care programs in states across the country. And much more.Bogdanich and Forsythe have penetrated the veil of secrecy surrounding McKinsey by conducting hundreds of interviews, obtaining tens of thousands of revelatory documents, and following rule #1 of investigative reporting: Follow the money. When McKinsey Comes to Town is a landmark work of investigative reporting that amounts to a devastating portrait of a firm whose work has often made the world more unequal, more corrupt, and more dangerous.

»De seneste 30 år er det blevet mere og mere almindeligt at acceptere, at forståelsen af økonomi og forståelsen af staten er alt for kompliceret til at overlade til befolkningen. Embedsmænd, politikere og forskere spytter store mængder papir ud, som er skrevet uforståeligt, og fordi der er enighed om at fremstille det hele enormt indviklet, slipper de godt fra det. Dermed er demokratiet sat ud af kraft, for selv om vi ikke alle behøver at vide alting, så er forudsætningen for et demokrati, at vælgerne, borgerne, pøblen – det vil sige dig og mig – har bare en nogenlunde fornemmelse af, hvad der foregår.« Ordene er Danmarks måske mest rapkæftede historiker Asser Amdisens. I denne bog fortæller han om om ulighed, vækst og velfærd herhjemme og i resten af Europa. Han ser på, hvordan velfærdsstaten opstod og udviklede sig til en konkurrencestat, og han advarer mod den antagelse, at vi er færdige med at tænke nyt. Amdisen har gjort det til sit speciale at formidle sit fag, så alle kan være med uden at gå på kompromis med sine holdninger. Hans forrige bog, »Nu vi taler om demokrati«, fik mange op af stolene og satte gang i en debat om, hvorvidt det ville styrke demokratiet, hvis vi skiftede folketingsvalg ud med lodtrækning. Og hans kortfattede danmarkshistorie på bare 256 sider har demonstreret, at man ikke behøver et hav af fodnoter for at gøre historien relevant. »Tankevækkende, fremragende og underholdende formidling af økonomiens historie, hvor ellers komplicerede begreber som fx børskrak og bobleøkonomi formidles så alle kan forstå det.« – DBC-medier

Tidligere departementschef Jørgen Rosted (f.1945) gør i bogen status over en væsentlig epoke i den økonomiske og politiske danmarkshistorie - nemlig perioden 1976 til 1993. Fra at være et land med stor arbejdsløshed, dårlig betalingsbalance og stor udlandsgæld, forvandledes Danmark i perioden til at være et af de rigeste lande i Verden. Dette bl.a. takket være ADAM og "regnedrengene" i finansministeriet, som forfatteren var en væsentlig del af. Kom med indenfor i maskinrummet under den økonomiske genopretning i 1980’erne. Dette er et unikt stykke danmarkshistorie, der giver dig indblik i de svære politiske overvejelser, der lå til grund for genopretningen - ikke mindst under regeringen Schlüter 1982-1993.

Ofte diskuteres det om racisme overhovedet eksisterer, men faktum er at racisme kan måles. Ifølge Thomas Piketty er racismen indlejret i de samfundsmæssige og økonomiske strukturer. Men selvom der overalt kan observeres ulighed, som har at gøre med menneskers ophav, er der meget lidt politisk vilje til at sætte ind overfor diskrimination og racisme. Vil vi bekæmpe racialiseret eller identitetsmæssig ulighed, er det nødvendigt at bekæmpe klassemæssig ulighed i bredere forstand. Udfordringen bliver at udtænke en transnational model, som giver os mulighed for at måle og modvirke racisme. Thomas Piketty (født 1971) er professor ved École d’économie de Paris, som han i 2006 var med til at etablere. Han er forfatter til hovedværkerne Kapitalen i det 21. århundrede (2013) og Kapital og ideologi (2019), essaysamlingen Mod en ny socialisme (2021) og En kort historie om lighed (2022).

This collection of essays presents insight and methodology that are highly relevant for readers today as they consider the future of the world they live in. Experiencing the COVID-19 pandemic, people have realized how fragile the current economy is and the necessity for reconstructing the socio-economic system. That system, which was considered the default for so long, was succeeded by the analytical framework of economics and regional science. The contents of this book are diversified, as are the achievements of Prof. Yasuhiro Sakai, to whom this volume is dedicated, and cover a wide area from mathematical and experimental economics to conventional and emerging fields of regional science. Some are timeless topics that have had new life breathed into them. Part I deals with, among other areas, risk management with uncertain events; the effectiveness and impacts of regulation and friction related to trading; the stability of strategic behavior and market equilibrium; and sustainable regional development and urban planning from the long-term perspective. Part II also presents a diversity of subjects, including input¿output analysis and computable general equilibrium (CGE) modelling for internal as well as external structure and network linkage, such as a value chain; openness and creativity as related to competition among cities and regions; dispersion versus concentration; and inequality versus equality.

This book demonstrates the variation in the reaction of the UK¿s ¿big four¿ banks ¿ RBS, Lloyds, Barclays and HSBC ¿ to the Great Financial Crisis 2008. Over a decade on from the financial crisis, this book asks: have banks in the UK learned lessons from the crisis? Bank learning in the UK after the Great Financial Crisis is something we need to know more about. Whether banks are now safer and more likely to aid rather than disrupt the economy are important questions of social relevance. Through a documentary analysis of Britain¿s ¿big four¿ banks in the post-crisis decade (2008¿2018), this book demonstrates that while some institutions have become more risk averse and display positive signs of learning, others have shown little evidence of change. The book uses notions of agency, path dependency and structural competitive pressures to explain these inter-bank variations of behaviour. This book contributes to wider post-crash structural debates about growth, markets, and regulatory reform, showing how the agency of banks has played a vital role in driving the reform process.

This book provides a concise history of economic thought for readers of all ages. While some basic economics knowledge would be helpful, it is not required. The book sets out to achieve three aims: to be interesting, entertaining, and thought-provoking. While the authors may appear opinionated in certain instances, this is intentionally done in order to alert readers to form their own views. History of ideas does not make the us smarter nor richer, but it can reduce our ignorance and the "e;banality of evil"e;-a term Hannah Arendt referred to people who lack self-reflection, "e;He did his duty...; he not only obeyed orders, he also obeyed the law."e;

The exclusion of the destitute population from the formal financial system is a long-standing problem in India. This book examines the performance of financial inclusion policies in India to understand their impact on two urban vulnerable groups, Slum Dwellers and Beggars. This study includes analysis at the national level, the variables of the financial inclusion index like Penetration, Availability, and Usage from 2006 to 2020 from the world bank data set. Similarly, the authors examine five policies on financial inclusion by conducting a primary level survey on two urban capital cities of Lucknow and Kolkata, using a well-structured questionnaire for data collection. The authors uses two sampling techniques: simple random in the case of beggars, and stratified random in the case of slum dwellers.This book highlights the difference between financial access and non-access of household respondents in capturing the impacts of financial inclusion schemes on their socio-economic condition and financial behavior. The findings indicate that access to these schemes is extremely limited for the underprivileged population, such as beggars and slum dwellers. The analysis has shown that claims made by the government are not based on real-life occurrences. This book demonstrates that these programs have a negligible effect on life-deprived people.This book will be of interest to academia, policymakers, and society at large.

This volume focuses on Chinese economic statecraft during the first decade of Deng Xiaoping's reform and opening-up policies, from 1978 to 1989. During these years, Chinese economic engagement with the external world was tentative and experimental, with long-term strategies still decidedly under development. Prominent topics covered are China's efforts to steer an economic course tailored to and representing what Deng Xiaoping famously described as "e;socialism with Chinese characteristics"e;; China's quest for advanced science and technology; China's dealings with international economic institutions, especially the World Bank; China's engagement with other powers, including Japan, the United States, the ASEAN nations, and Europe; and the role of non-governmental organizations, including foreign policy think tanks, exchange groups, and educational institutions, in developing Chinese economic thinking and methodology during this decade. Contributors also focus on how elements of the Chinese military turned to building China's new economic infrastructure, and on Chinese efforts to break into foreign markets. The volume ends with an overview and reassessment of earlier findings on Chinese economic statecraft in these years, by one of the leading Chinese experts on the PRC's international policy.

This book presents economic statistics of Korea in the past three centuries, focusing on the century following 1910. The data, typically time series rather than cross-sectional, are given in 22 chapters, which refer to population, wages, prices, education, health, national income and wealth, and technology, among others. Rather than simply putting together available data, the contributors to this statistical compendium made adjustments to ensure intertemporal consistency when required. An overview draws attention to the discontinuous shifts occurring over time in the quantity and quality of the statistical information available, which was associated with the regime changes Korea underwent including the imposition of Japanese rule in 1910 and de-colonization and split into two Koreas three and half decades later. Individual chapters begin with a brief introduction, which helps users better understand and use the data. Data sources and references in the Japanese and Korean language are fully provided following the standard Hepburn and McCune-Reischauer Romanization with English translation to assist users to identify materials and explore more deeply the wealth of statistical data waiting to be analyzed.

This book brings under a magnifying glass a little explored, but significant topic - the communications changes of the National Bank of Romania after 2008. Given the similarities and differences between central banks' mechanisms and practices adopted, its applicability and impact for other actors are incontestable. The research incorporates valuable details on how the National Bank of Romania's communication changed during the Great Recession of 2008, as well as insightful data about the way in which different categories of public and media perceived this change. The timeliness and significance of this research are noticeable as the central banks already entered a new era of communication challenges triggered by the Covid-19 pandemic and recently by the Russia - Ukraine war. Lessons from the past can contribute to what researchers name the second revolution in communication, focusing on opening the central banks to the public and regaining trust, especially in such a difficult period.

This book assesses major schools of thought in macroeconomic theory between the Great Depression and the Long Recession, focusing on their analysis of cycles, crises and macro-policy. It explores the road from the dominance of Keynesian ideas to those of New Classical Macroeconomics (NCM) toward the end of the millennium.The book covers the early influential work of Knut Wicksell; the economic debates of the 1930s, with core contributions from John Maynard Keynes and Friedrich von Hayek; the rise of Keynesianism in the 1950s and its decline since the 1970s; the rise of Monetarism in the 1960s; and NCM's subsequent rise to prominence. Finally, the book outlines how macroeconomics has evolved from its birth in the 1930s as a theory separate from microeconomics, resulting in a split between macro- and micro-theories, and ended up with a new hegemonic paradigm based on microfoundations. The ensuing policy thinking witnessed a transformation from "e;active"e; macro-policy after the Great Depression to a far more "e;passive"e; macro-policy during the last quarter of the twentieth century, which may have contributed to missing the signs of the impending Long Recession of 2008."e;When the 2008 crisis struck, macroeconomists were caught with models that were theoretically elegant yet inappropriate to the needs of the moment. A broader historical perspective may have prevented the jettisoning of Keynesian models that had proved useful in the past and might have done so again. This highly readable book by Arie Arnon is a wonderful antidote to economists' short time horizon and contributes mightily to restore the profession's "e;collective memory"e; of the diversity of ideas within macroeconomics."e;Professor Dani Rodrik, Harvard Kennedy School

A detailed history of the town of Lowestoft, its society, economy, and topography.`A superbly researched study.... An excellent addition not only to the history of Suffolk but of early modern society and economy more generally.' Professor RICHARD SMITH, University of Cambridge. Lowestoft has grown from a small urban community to become Suffolk's second largest town; and this book provides a vivid picture of the town and its inhabitants during the early modern period. Making full use of surviving documentation, in particular the parish registers, it begins with an overview of Lowestoft's medieval history, then proceeds to investigate topographical development, demographic features, occupational structure, social geography, house-building and interior decor, wealth and inheritance, maritime pursuits, agriculture, local government, education and literacy, religious affiliation, and urban identity. Wherever possible, the town is set into a national and European context, and its maritime nature fully brought out. DAVID BUTCHER is a retired Lowestoft schoolteacher and lecturer in Local History topics for the Continuing Studies Dept. at the University of East Anglia.

Patterns of Economic Change by State and Area: Income, Employment, and Gross Domestic Product is a special edition of Business Statistics of the United States. It presents data on personal income, employment, and gross domestic product for the United States as a whole, and by region, state, and metropolitan statistical area (MSA). Data on personal income and employment extends back to 1960 for the states and regions and to 1970 for the MSAs. Patterns of Economic Change complements other Bernan Press titles such as the State and Metropolitan Area Data Book and County and City Extra. In contrast to their predominantly current and detailed cross-section data on states and metropolitan areas, this book contributes historical time-series measurements of key aggregates that show how the economies of regions, states, and metropolitan areas have responded over time to cyclical currents and long-term trends.Statistics at the state level provide a framework for analyzing current economic conditions in each state and can serve as a basis for decision making.For example:Federal government agencies use the statistics as a basis for allocating funds and determining matching grants to states. The statistics are also used in forecasting models to project energy and water use.State governments use the statistics to project tax revenues and the need for public services.Academic regional economists use the statistics for applied research.Businesses, trade associations, and labor organizations use the statistics for market research.