Økonomisk historie

The year of Heinz Wolfgang Arndt's birth, 1915, was not a good time for a German boy to be born. His country was soon to be defeated in a great war, his school years were shadowed by the rise of Hitler.

Les sociétés occidentales contemporaines sont marquées du sceau du « jeunisme » et de l¿obsolescence rapide des innovations. Mais, à trop se focaliser sur la nouveauté, ne se prive-t-on pas de tirer des enseignements du passé ? Le passé n¿a-t-il, pour le dire autrement, aucune valeur pour penser notre présent et, plus encore, notre futur ? Quelles sont les ramifications qui permettent des innovations plus responsables en lien avec des besoins réels ? Ainsi est posée la question de la contribution de l¿histoire des techniques au développement de connaissances sur le processus d¿innovation. Quels sont les concepts clés et les principaux apports de l¿histoire des techniques à l¿innovation ? Comment l¿histoire des techniques peut-elle nous aider à imaginer le futur ?L¿enjeu de ce livre n¿est pas de retourner vers un passé. Il s¿agit d¿apprécier la portée heuristique de l¿histoire des techniques et des biographies d¿innovations pour imaginer des concepts innovants à même d'apporter des réponses inédites aux grands défis du monde contemporain. Les auteurs traitent des exemples issus de secteurs industriels variés. Invité à découvrir les innovations techniques de l'entreprise de Marc Seguin, le lecteur découvrira ainsi l'histoire du four micro-onde en France, en passant par celle du Shock Absorber de SEB ou plus près de nous du vaccin anti-covid de Sanofi.Ce livre s'adresse aux chercheurs de toutes disciplines, intéressés par la valorization de leurs travaux, aux ingénieurs de R&D qui lancent des projets innovants. Il se destine aussi à un public plus large intéressé par la naissance et la diffusion des innovations.

This book is more important for agronomic researchers for create new innovative things in agronomy. Based on one year experimental results, it seems quite logical to conclude that higher production and net returns from fenugreek (Gujarat Fenugreek- 2) can be obtained by application of FYM @ 4 t/ha + Seed treatment of Rhizobium @ 30 ml/kg seed + Soil application of PSB + KSB @ 3 L/ha each on medium black calcareous clayey soil under South Saurashtra Agro-climatic Zone.

Ageing is a universal phenomenon and a natural biological process of the life cycle. As people enter old age, they begin to experience associated changes in their physical, mental and social health. Old age is usually connected with different types of problems encountered by the aged physical diseases, psychological illness and adjustment problems are common during this phase of life. The quality of life of non-institutionalized elderly was more than compared to institutionalized elderly. The elderly living in the community had greater psychological and social relationships than the institutionalized elderly. Loneliness was more among the institutionalized elderly than among the non-institutionalized elderly. Depression was associated with loneliness in institutionalized elderly. The elderly are at risk for loneliness, and depression and interventions to promote social connectedness are needed to directly address this problem. Intervention programme such as preventive lifestyle-oriented intervention is helpful in improving the well-being of the elderly. One-to-one contact and group activity had the highest impact on social connectedness.

¿Wir leben in einer absurden Welt: Es geht uns besser als je zuvor, doch wollen wir immer mehr haben, obwohl wir wissen, dass wir in absehbarer Zeit nicht mehr genügend haben werden. Wir produzieren und konsumieren in einem Umfang, der eine Klimakatastrophe heraufbeschwört. Während die Vermögen der reichsten Menschen steigen, wächst in armen Ländern die Armut. Eine Korrektur kann weder durch eine Revolution noch durch den Ersatz der bestehenden Wirtschaftsordnung erfolgen. Sie ist nur innerhalb der bestehenden Ordnung möglich. Sie muss an die Erfordernisse von mehr Nachhaltigkeit und sozialer Gerechtigkeit angepasst werden. Dafür reichen die bislang eingesetzten Mittel nicht aus. Es müssen deutlich wirksamere Maßnahmen getroffen werden. Dem stehen vor allem zwei Hindernisse im Wege. Das eine ist der Wohlstand, den uns unsere Wirtschaft beschert, der uns verführt, nur ihre Vorteile zu sehen. Das andere ist eine positive Voreingenommenheit, zu der wir erzogen wurden und die uns über ihre Nachteile hinwegsehen lässt. Sie hindert uns, die Gründe der Probleme zu erkennen und daher auch die Möglichkeiten einer Lösung. Das Buch hinterfragt diese Voreingenommenheit und stellt Lösungen für die geschilderten Probleme vor.

This Book summarizes the experimental prototype of the embedded image-capturing system with Raspberry Pi system. The graphics capabilities of the Raspberry Pi are roughly equivalent to the level of performance of the Xbox of 2001. The Raspberry Pi chip, operating at 700 MHz by default, will not become hot enough to need a heat sink or special cooling. The SoC is stacked underneath the RAM chip, so only its edge is visible. Level 2 cache is 128 KB, used primarily by the GPU, not the CPU. This system is smaller, lighter and with lower power consumption, so it is more convenient than the PC-based face recognition system. Because of the open-source code, it is freer to do software development on Linux. Experimental results show that it¿s an effective method of using a Raspberry Pi board to actualize an embedded image-capturing system.

From the Nobel Prize–winning economist and former chair of the U.S. Federal Reserve, a landmark book that provides vital lessons for understanding financial crises and their sometimes-catastrophic economic effectsAs chair of the U.S. Federal Reserve during the Global Financial Crisis, Ben Bernanke helped avert a greater financial disaster than the Great Depression. And he did so by drawing directly on what he had learned from years of studying the causes of the economic catastrophe of the 1930s—work for which he was later awarded the Nobel Prize. Essays on the Great Depression brings together Bernanke’s influential work on the origins and economic lessons of the Depression, and this new edition also includes his Nobel Prize lecture.

"Hesiod defined the basic economic problem as one of scarce resources, a view still held by economists today. Diocletian tried to save the Roman Empire with wage and price fixes--a strategy that has not gone entirely out of style. Roger Backhouse takes readers from the ancient world to the frontiers of game theory, mechanism design, and engagements with climate science, presenting an essential history of a discipline that economist Alfred Marshall called "the study of mankind in the ordinary business of life." Backhouse introduces the many fascinating figures who have thought about money and markets down through the centuries--from philosophers and theologians to politicians and poets--and shows how today's economic ideas have their origins in antiquity. This updated edition of The Ordinary Business of Life includes a new chapter on contemporary economics and the rest of the book has been thoroughly revised"--

The first comprehensive study of Pliny the Elder's economic thought-and its implications for understanding the Roman Empire's constrained innovation and economic growthThe elder Pliny's Natural History (77 CE), an astonishing compilation of 20,000 "e;things worth knowing,"e; was avowedly intended to be a repository of ancient Mediterranean knowledge for the use of craftsmen and farmers, but this 37-book, 400,000-word work was too expensive, unwieldy, and impractically organized to be of utilitarian value. Yet, as Richard Saller shows, the Natural History offers more insights into Roman ideas about economic growth than any other ancient source. Pliny's Roman Economy is the first comprehensive study of Pliny's economic thought and its implications for understanding the economy of the Roman Empire.As Saller reveals, Pliny sometimes anticipates modern economic theory, while at other times his ideas suggest why Rome produced very few major inventions that resulted in sustained economic growth. On one hand, Pliny believed that new knowledge came by accident or divine intervention, not by human initiative; research and development was a foreign concept. When he lists 136 great inventions, they are mostly prehistoric and don't include a single one from Rome-offering a commentary on Roman innovation and displaying a reverence for the past that contrasts with the attitudes of the eighteenth-century encyclopedists credited with contributing to the Industrial Revolution. On the other hand, Pliny shrewdly recognized that Rome's lack of competition from other states suppressed incentives for innovation. Pliny's understanding should be noted because, as Saller shows, recent efforts to use scientific evidence about the ancient climate to measure the Roman economy are flawed.By exploring Pliny's ideas about discovery, innovation, and growth, Pliny's Roman Economy makes an important new contribution to the ongoing debate about economic growth in ancient Rome.

"This book traces the emergence of mass production and Fordism, its accompanying ideology, first in the United States and then in Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union"--

A pioneering history that transforms our understanding of the colonial era and China's place in it China has conventionally been considered a land empire whose lack of maritime and colonial reach contributed to its economic decline after the mid-eighteenth century. Distant Shores challenges this view, showing that the economic expansion of southeastern Chinese rivaled the colonial ambitions of Europeans overseas. In a story that dawns with the Industrial Revolution and culminates in the Great Depression, Melissa Macauley explains how sojourners from an ungovernable corner of China emerged among the commercial masters of the South China Sea. She focuses on Chaozhou, a region in the great maritime province of Guangdong, whose people shared a repertoire of ritual, cultural, and economic practices. Macauley traces how Chaozhouese at home and abroad reaped many of the benefits of an overseas colonial system without establishing formal governing authority. Their power was sustained instead through a mosaic of familial, fraternal, and commercial relationships spread across the ports of Bangkok, Singapore, Saigon, Hong Kong, Shanghai, and Swatow. The picture that emerges is not one of Chinese divergence from European modernity but rather of a convergence in colonial sites that were critical to modern development and accelerating levels of capital accumulation. A magisterial work of scholarship, Distant Shores reveals how the transoceanic migration of Chaozhouese laborers and merchants across a far-flung maritime world linked the Chinese homeland to an ever-expanding frontier of settlement and economic extraction.

The Book of Mysteries. The Mysterious Endeavour. This is the book of a different caliber. The entirety of the Universe. The enveloping of the earth. The synonymous exposition. Explaining all things. And expounding all things. To the fullest extent. The Message of intentional. The Requisition of the Heavenly. The Preference. In the midst of it all. One will learn of the vital lessons required to reach the highest lessons of all. The life of requisition. The might of internal Truth. The substantial Truth. The Divine reality. The sight of infallibility. The incalculable Truth. The Immortal Transcendence beyond all things. Above all things with the height of the Universe.

Der Zweite Weltkrieg und die chinesische Revolution beendeten die über Jahrzehnte gewachsene deutsche kulturelle und wirtschaftliche Präsenz auf dem chinesischen Festland. Dennoch ist die Volksrepublik China (VR China) zurzeit einer der größten Handelspartner Deutschlands. Das Buch fasst die Entwicklung der Wirtschaftsbeziehungen zwischen der VR China und der BRD von 1949 bis zur chinesischen Reform- und Öffnungspolitik 1978 zusammen, letztere gilt als weiterer Wendepunkt für die Wirtschaftsbeziehungen. Anhand der Rollentheorie der internationalen Politik wird erklärt, wie sich die politischen und wirtschaftlichen Beziehungen zwischen den beiden Ländern gegenseitig beeinflussten und welche Versuche es vonseiten deutscher Unternehmen schon vor der Aufnahme diplomatischer Beziehungen gab, Einfluss auf die Außenpolitik der Bundesrepublik gegenüber der VR China zu nehmen. Folgende Fragestellungen stehn im Fokus dieses Bandes: Welche Chancen und Risiken sahen westdeutsche Unternehmen im Zusammenhang mit einem Engagement in der VR China? Welche Strategien und Aktivitäten verfolgten sie auf dem chinesischen Markt? Welche Faktoren waren entscheidend für die Wiederaufnahme sowie die Entwicklung der Wirtschaftsbeziehungen zwischen den beiden Ländern?

The present volume collects the first ten essays in this series. The essays cover a broad array of topics from various aspects of economic reforms, the political economy of India's development, the role of agriculture in India's food security and the role of space research in India's economic development.

Few African countries have attracted the international attention that Ghana has. In the late-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the then-colonial Gold Coast emerged as a key political and intellectual hub for British West Africa. Half a century later, when Ghana became the first sub-Saharan state to emerge from European colonial rule, it became a key site for a burgeoning, transnational, African anticolonial politics that drew activists, freedom fighters, and intellectuals from around the world. As the twentieth century came to a close, Ghana also became an international symbol of the putative successes of post-Cold-War African liberalization and democratization projects. Here Jeffrey Ahlman narrates this rich political history stretching from the beginnings of the very idea of the "Gold Coast" to the country's 1992 democratization, which paved the way for the Fourth Republic. At the same time, he offers a rich social history stretching that examines the sometimes overlapping, sometimes divergent nature of what it means to be Ghanaian through discussions of marriage, ethnicity, and migration; of cocoa as a cultural system; of the multiple meanings of chieftaincy; and of other contemporary markers of identity. Throughout it all, Ahlman distills decades of work by other scholars while also drawing on a wide array of archival, oral, journalistic, and governmental sources in order to provide his own fresh insights. For its clear, comprehensive coverage not only of Ghanaian history, but also of the major debates shaping nineteenth- and twentieth-century African politics and society more broadly, Ghana: A Political and Social History is a must-read for students and scholars of African Studies.

"This is an eye-opening, must-read blockbuster of a book showing how banks' money and power corrupts Washington and our financial system. Compellingly and insightfully connecting the dots, Gerald Epstein details how the bankers' club is also a literal club, beating down opposition and hardworking Americans, and concludes with a visionary plan for how the system can be changed to benefit all Americans."--Dennis M. Kelleher, President and CEO, Better Markets "Busting the Bankers' Club reminds us that the United States has still not fixed the weaknesses in its banking system to prevent financial meltdowns. Epstein exposes why the fault lines are still there and what we can do to prepare for the next disaster when no amount of regulation is sufficient."--Jennifer Taub, author of Big Dirty Money and host of the podcast Booked Up with Jen Taub "An essential guide to all that's gone so deeply wrong in the US financial sector. 'Roaring finance' has destroyed the economy and upended the lives of working people (and too often distorted the priorities of those who represent them). A 'bankers' club' now threatens democracy by amplifying the power of Wall Street. Epstein offers a concrete road map for bold yet achievable strategies to reclaim finance for the social good."--Ilene Grabel, author of When Things Don't Fall Apart: Global Financial Governance and Developmental Finance in an Age of Productive Incoherence "Busting the Bankers' Club is a revealing look behind the curtain of the banking industry's various crises and failures. Instead of focusing on the policies or practices that lead to such disparate economic outcomes in our economy, Epstein hones in on the network of people, from bankers to lobbyists to academic economists, who tightly control the credit and capital structure that rightfully belongs to the people. Epstein's account correctly identifies an often-overlooked source of unfairness and also points the way forward through a more democratic and just banking system run for and on behalf of the people. This book is a must-read for students of finance and activists alike, written by a foremost scholar in the field. The book is timely, necessary, and enlightening."--Mehrsa Baradaran, Professor of Law, University of California, Irvine "Gerald Epstein's Busting the Bankers' Club is an indispensable guide to how the financial elite made banking a self-serving and unstable cartel, and how to turn banking back into the servant of the real economy rather than the master."--Robert Kuttner, coeditor of The American Prospect and Professor of Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University "Read this book before the bankers get it banned. In lucid and accessible prose, Epstein tells us what's wrong with the bankers' club and what should be done to bust it apart and build finance that works for the rest of us."--Fred Block, Research Professor of Sociology, University of California, Davis

Pakistan has rich history on the folk use of plants. There are more than 6,000 species of higher plants. Medicinal plants are widely used in the health-care system all over the world. The potential value of medicinal compounds derived from plants has been proposed as a tangible benefit of biodiversity and therefore a basis for promoting its conservation.The fact that ecosystems based on medicinal plants support high levels of biodiversity is also widely acknowledged. It has also raised awareness of the potential advantages these plants may have in the future among decision-makers, financiers, and development organizations. This has encouraged many forward-thinking and inventive farmers to pursue this form of farming as a business enterprise.

A concise history of "just price," from Aristotle to the present day

"The new economics of love and marriage-and who benefits. The realities of single parenting in the US have long carried a connotation of hardship-not just in finances, but in the wrenching day-to-day challenges of parenting without a net. As marriage rates in the US continue to drop, and as single-parent households become increasingly concentrated at the lower end of the income spectrum, it begs the question: what does all this mean for a country and a society already dogged by inequality and the weight of racial discrimination? The Two-Parent Privilege examines the emerging role of marriage in the United States. Weaving data and observations drawn from across the social sciences, economist Melissa Kearney explores how the concentration of marriage among the affluent has made the institution of marriage itself a propagator of American inequality--one that may signal the end of American economic mobility. Kearney's work is a trenchant, sometimes uncomfortable, but deeply necessary critical look at how the makeup of our households are charting our path ahead"--

Subliminal Desire is four-books-in-one all about true-life stories of people indulging in ghost, demon and otherworldly entities sex.The books is an in-debt investigation of the paranormal and what lurks inside your bedroom.Many of us are totally unaware that ghosts, succubii, incubii and other seemingly invisible entities lurk inside your bedroom ready to pound on you when you sleep.I've done an empirical exploration of the unknown and higher realms.

From the author of the modern business classic The Smartest Guys in the Room comes a damning indictment of late-stage capitalism-and the leaders that were brutally unprepared for a global pandemic.In 2020, the coronavirus pandemic made it painfully clear that governments across the world could not adequately protect their citizens. Millions of people suffered and died in just two years, while administrations around the globe blundered; prize-winning economists overlooked devastating trade-offs from the collapse of trade; and elites escaped to isolated retreats, unaffected by - and worse, even profiting from - the worst healthcare crisis to hit humanity in decades.In this page-turning economic, political and financial history, veteran journalists Bethany McClean and Joseph Nocera analyse the American response to the pandemic as a case study, to offer fresh and provocative answers. With laser-sharp reporting and deep sourcing, they investigate what really happened when governments ran out of PPE due to snarled supply chains; and the shock to the financial system when the world's biggest economies stumbled. They zero in on the effectiveness of wildly polarised approaches across states, and they trace why thousands died in hollowed-out hospital systems and nursing homes run by private equity firms, all in the name of "maximising shareholder value".The Big Fail is an expansive, gripping narrative account on what the pandemic did to one economy, and how it forced us to question the fundamental principles of our society