Økonomisk historie

"Borders draw one map of the world; money draws another. A journalist's riveting account exposes a parallel universe exempt from the laws of the land, and how the wealthy and powerful benefit from it. The map of the globe depicts the world we think we know: neatly delineated sovereign nations that bestow and restrict the rights of the citizens and entities within their borders. For wealthy individuals and corporations, however, borders are porous, and the globe is pockmarked with thousands of special zones that exist beyond any nation's control, for their benefit. And for those at the opposite end of privilege, the map fails to prevent exploitation by foreign powers, or willfully creates cracks where refugees fleeing war and hardship can be captured and kept in stateless limbo indefinitely. In this fast-paced and fascinating narrative, Atossa Abrahamian explores this parallel universe. Starting in thirteenth-century Switzerland, where a confederation of poor cantons marketed the commodity they had - bodies, in the form of mercenaries - she stalks the legacy of statelessness around world, from an Emirati-owned port in Somalia to the new charter cities, semi-autonomous city-states in poor countries like Honduras that are controlled by foreign governments or multinational corporations, to Luxembourg, which wants to use its tiny perch to send capitalism into outer space via asteroid mining. Along the way, we meet the shadowy CEOs, visionary statesmen, eccentric theorists, prize-winning economists, and alarming ideologues who are the masterminds of this parallel order. By mapping the hidden geography that increasingly determines who wins and who loses in the new global order - and how it might be otherwise - The Hidden Globe fascinates, enrages, and inspires"--

Zinc oxide is an inorganic compound with the formula ZnO. It usually appears as a white powder, nearly insoluble in water. The powder is widely used as an additive into numerous materials and products including plastics, ceramics, glass, cement, rubber (e.g., car tires), lubricants, paints, ointments, adhesives, sealants, pigments, foods (source of Zn nutrient), batteries, ferrites, fire retardants, first aid tapes, etc. ZnO is present in the Earth's crust as the mineral zincite; however, most ZnO used commercially is produced synthetically.In materials science, ZnO is often called a II-VI semiconductor because zinc and oxygen belong to the 2nd and 6th groups of the periodic table, respectively. This semiconductor has several favorable properties: good transparency, high electron mobility, wide band gap, strong room-temperature luminescence, etc. Those properties are already used in emerging applications for transparent electrodes in liquid crystal displays and in energy-saving or heat-protecting windows, and electronic applications of ZnO as thin-film transistors and light-emitting diodes.

Toute la vie d'un montagnard qui aurait rêvé de ne jamais quitter son domaine, sa montagne, ses forêts, et qui a dû malgré tout partir et laisser tout cela pour essayer de vivre une vie qu'il pensait normale, en ville.Ayant tout lâché pour revenir dans sa véritable existence, la seule qu'il aime et connaisse, mais vieillissant et malade, il revoit toute sa vie, ses amis, sa famille avec toutes les insertions correspondantes d'histoires, anecdotes et aventures vécues ou entendues depuis sa prime enfance...Peu à peu, au fur et à mesure de toutes ses réminiscences, il parvient doucement à se mouvoir et à se préparer pour sa dernière marche en montagne, dans la fameuse grotte découverte dans son enfance, la grotte secrète, qui est depuis toujours pour lui la Barme de l'ours.Accompagné de ses souvenirs, fatigué de vivre, il s'en va...

Parfois ou très souvent, les situations de la vie nous mettent sous le poids de la terre. Et toute belle histoire n'est jamais assez bonne tant qu'il n'y a pas au détriment d'un quelconque drame à un instant T, un bout d'incident pour pimenter notre vie ou même notre vécu.De "La traversée nocturne" à "Les tresses d'une vie" jusqu'à "Le Journal Noir", chacune de ces nouvelles nous étalent à différents degrés, les conséquences que peuvent avoir nos actes ; les coups de la vie qui nous rappelle que la vie d'un être peut basculer du jour au lendemain ; mais aussi le caractère animalier qui peut être caché en l'espèce humaine puisqu'étant inné en chacun. Et dans "Le Journal Noir" la mort trouve toute sa raison d'être, son essence essentiel parfois à la vie. Entre amour et jalousie, haine et colère, sincérité et culpabilité, abstraction ou réalité ; chaque personnage de ce bouquin s'y sent bien concerner. C'est un recueil de nouvelles qui narre un vécu d'une psychologue qui était partagée entre la vie et la mort sur un lit d'hôpital à travers "Les tresses d'une vie" mais aussi qui mélange fiction et existentialité à travers "La traversée nocturne" et "Le Journal Noir".

Depuis le début de l'exploration des mondes sous-marins, les découvertes vont de surprises en surprises : Les archéologues ont découvert au fond de la mer de Galilée en Israël une pyramide géante de forme conique construite à partir de blocs de basalte et de roches. La pyramide pèse quelque 60 000 tonnes et a 10 m de haut. Selon certaines hypothèses, de telles constructions ont été utilisées comme tombeaux. La pyramide mystérieuse a été détecté pour la première fois en été 2003 pendant l¿échosondage du fond de la mer. Ensuite elle a été étudiée par des plongeurs. Vous connaissez naturellement les pyramides d¿Égypte, la plupart des pyramides.

En las instituciones educativas se requiere de directivos que dinamicen la práctica docente a fin de poder instrumentar e integrar el esfuerzo de todos los actores y lograr una eficiente labor fundamentada en un proceso continuo de perfeccionamiento y capacitación en la búsqueda de mejores medios para el cumplimiento de la función directiva. Este espacio contextual, fue el escenario de donde surgió el presente estudio desde la contemporaneidad venezolana. Investigación de tipo descriptivo, diseño de campo, en el cual se consideró como técnica de recolección de datos la encuesta y como instrumento el cuestionario diseñado según escala tipo Likert, cuya aplicación a la población constituida por setenta y seis directivos, permitió concluir la necesidad de potenciar en los directivos las competencias propias de un liderazgo transformacional y con ello sus competencias laborales con el propósito de desarrollar una gestión de calidad, con una visión amplia y participativa.

¿Cómo ahorrar energía en nuestro hogar? Es un ameno manual para repasar Ciencia y Tecnología aplicadas explorando los distintos electrodomésticos del hogar. Está dirigido a todos, ya que se organiza en cuatro niveles: para alumnos de escuela primaria, secundaria, terciaria y adultos.Mediante el aprendizaje de casos prácticos del hogar, busca despertar en el lector el espíritu crítico que caracteriza al científico curioso que todos llevamos dentro.

This book explores the evolution of sentiment in economic terms in the press during financial crises applying a combination of sentiment analysis techniques and usage fluctuation analysis on a diachronic corpus derived from editorials in quality newspapers during the Great Recession. The book uncovers two key findings: first, certain economic terms become event words during times of crisis due to their increased use in the press and the general public, revealing rapid semantic changes in economic terms caused by major socio-economic events. Second, sentiment-laden collocations are found to be influenced by culture, highlighting language¿s adaptability to financial upheavals. This work proposes an innovative methodology that combines lexicon-based Sentiment Analysis, Corpus Linguistics, and qualitative Discourse Analysis to shed light on how language shapes economic discourse, making it a valuable resource for scholars exploring the relationship between language and historic events.

This book examines social transformation during the Tang-Song period by focusing on the emergence and development of the "society of moneyed elite" in ancient China. Specifically, the author tries to shed light on three important theoretical questions. First, how to understand social change from the perspective economic history; second, how to construct scientifically-informed causal explanations of historical processes and events; and third, how to remedy the shortcomings of previous studies that emphasize the contrasts between the two dynasties while overlooking the continuity between them.

Ab der zweiten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts ersetzten Dampfmaschinen zunehmend die Muskelkraft und ermöglichten eine zunehmende Mechanisierung der bis dahin handwerklich geprägten Güterproduktion. Der Abbau von Handelshemmnissen und neue Verkehrswege eröffneten überregionale Märkte, immer mehr Produkte mussten immer schneller und billiger produziert werden. Arbeitsteilung und Spezialisierung veränderten ganze Wirtschaftszweige. Die historischen Originalbeiträge und Abbildungen in diesem Buch geben einen unverfälschten Einblick in die Wirtschaft des 19. Jahrhunderts.

L'éthique est considérée comme la constitution idéale sur la base de laquelle les actions sont évaluées, sachant que tout ce qui est en accord avec les actions est respectable et bon, et tout ce qui les contredit est méprisé et mauvais.

La loyauté ne signifie pas que vous vous efforcez de ne pas trahir, mais que vous ne pouvez pas trahir même si vous en êtes capable.Si quelqu'un que vous aimez vous trahit, ne soyez pas triste, mais attendez qu'il vous rende son dos et écrive dessus, j'aurais pu trahir, mais ma morale ne me permet entrée en matières.

Ce livre de poésie est le prochain recueil de poésie de la poétesse ouzbèke Oysanam Valijonova, qui contient des poèmes sur divers sujets. Les recueils de poésie du jeune poète "Jannatmakon diyorim" et "Muhabbat bilan" ont été publiés. Elle a étudié à la 30ème école du district et étudie actuellement à la faculté de philologie ouzbèke de l'Université d'État de Namangan. Les poèmes présentés dans le livre montrent le monde artistique et créatif du plus jeune représentant de la littérature ouzbèke.

À travers les rues pavées de Paris jusqu'aux zones de conflit les plus dangereuses, 'Échos d'un amour Éternel' tisse une histoire d'amour captivante entre Léa,conservatrice dans un musée, et Julien, un médecin humanitaire. Face aux défis de la distance, des passions individuelles et des doutes intérieurs, ils cherchent un équilibre entre leurs rêves et la réalité d'une vie à deux. Dans une danse délicate entre le c¿ur et l'esprit, ce roman explore les profondeurs de l'engagement, la valeur de la confiance et la force indomptable de l'amour véritable. Laissez-vous emporter par cette odyssée émotionnelle qui promet d'éveiller vos sens et de toucher votre âme.

On impose la paix non seulement par le feu, mais aussi par le mouillage d'encre sur papier. Je vois dans mes rêves poétiques une sorte de fleuve qui inonde mon pays. Ce fleuve dont sa source est dans un point de la poussière, coule de l'Est vers le centre. Il ravageant non sans égal et les habitants et leurs biens matériels. Moi, assis sur un mirador, je tente de jetter un regard ensorcelé dans l'intimité de ce fleuve. Je dénonce par mes vers un plan machiavélique d'un bébé contre sa mère, du troupeau contre son berger, d'un portier contre son patron, de la vigne contre le vigneron, du poisson contre l'eau, ... Je dénonce le majeur conducteur du naufrage de la mort dans la terrasse qui mène chez moi. Ce conducteur-là, qui se passe pour mon fils montre son air arrogant envers ma personne.J'ouvre la porte des horizons étoilés dans l'azur, d'une paradisiaque image du royaume céleste. Le ciel bleu me couvre le cerveau, inonde mes rêves et mes passions que je partage avec vous, mes frères. Je projette un avenir radieux ; je saisis l'aurore de l'horizon que j'arrose dans mon pays. La paix-même chantée dans mes vers.

This edited collection addresses concepts of value and its impact on economies and economic decision-making in Mesoamerica. It brings together various theoretical and methodological approaches to illuminate the little-studied topic of value in ancient economies.While scholars increasingly note that tangible objects found in the archaeological record could assume different values, depending on how they were used and circulated, less attention has been paid to how we might infer consensus (or lack of consensus) on how value was determined in past cultures so different from contemporary ones. These contributions show how multiple and conflicting understandings of what is important and meaningful coexist within any society even as moments of exchange create the impression of shared formulations of value. They consider divergences between shared understandings based on systems of beliefs and patterns of practice and the individual decisions of social actors. They also discuss howinequalities in social structures might inform our understanding of value, and how a multiplicity of values might encourage closer inspection of inequality in turn.The book brings together fifteen chapters focused on many parts of Mesoamerica, including Western Mexico, the Basin of Mexico, Veracruz, Oaxaca, and various parts of the Maya Lowlands, and range chronologically from the Classic period (250-900 CE) to the Spanish Conquest in the early 16th Century. It appeals to those working in archaeology, economic anthropology, economic history, and all those interested in how value can be understood in terms of contemporary cultural and political differences.

Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland ist im internationalen Vergleich das Land mit den meisten Mitbestimmungsgesetzen. Nirgendwo sonst sind die Rechte der Arbeitnehmer so weitgehend geregelt wie hier. Und das bereits seit über 100 Jahren! Im Mittelpunkt dieser Mitbestimmung stehen die Mitwirkungs-und Mitbestimmungsrechte der Betriebsräte in sozialen, personellen und wirtschaftlichen Angelegenheiten. Von einer partnerschaftlichen und qualifizierten Zusammenarbeit von Arbeitgeber und Betriebsrat hängt der wirtschaftliche Erfolg eines Unternehmens in hohem Maße ab. Für den Wirtschaftsstandort Deutschland ist daher eine funktionierende Betriebspartnerschaft ein Kernelement der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit. In der Schrift ¿Betriebsräte in Deutschland¿ sollen der Begriff der Mitbestimmung erläutert werden und die rechtliche und politische Entwicklung der Arbeitnehmervertretung Betriebsrat vom Arbeiterausschuss vor über 100 Jahren bis zum Mitgestalter des heutigen und künftigen Arbeitslebens. Im Mittelpunkt der Abhandlung steht die Entwicklung des Betriebsratsamtes und seine heutigen Mitwirkungs-und Mitbestimmungsrechte im Betrieb und Unternehmen. Dazu gehören ebenso die Verquickung von betrieblicher Mitbestimmung und Unternehmenspolitik durch Betriebsräte in den Aufsichtsräten der Kapitalgesellschaften und im Europäischen Betriebsrat Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt des Buches sind die Perspektiven der betrieblichen Mitbestimmung und die damit verbundenen Anforderungen an die Betriebsratsarbeit in der digitalen Arbeitswelt. Der Betriebsrat ist ¿Sprachrohr¿ der Arbeitnehmer und gleichzeitig Mittler zwischen Arbeitgebern und Arbeitnehmern. Er ist Meinungsbildner im täglichen Arbeitsablauf im Betrieb. Somit ist er interessant für betriebsexterne Gruppen wie zum Beispiel Gewerkschaften und politische Parteien, um Werbung für ihre Politik zu betreiben. Betriebsräte als Multiplikatoren politischer Meinungen sind daher ebenso ein Gegenstand dieser Untersuchung. Beschrieben werden zu dem der ¿typische¿ Betriebsrat. Die Kosten der Anwendung des Betriebsverfassungsgesetzes und der Betriebsrat im Spiegel empirischer Untersuchungen sind weitere ergänzende Themen. Eine Erkenntnis aus der Entwicklung des Betriebsrats als volkswirtschaftlicher Produktionsfaktor ist, dass es bei der Diskussion um die betriebliche Mitbestimmung nicht mehr um das ¿Ob¿, sondern um das ¿Wie¿ in der Zusammenarbeit von Arbeitgeber und Betriebsrat handelt.

This book comprehensively investigates the position of Chinäs working class between the 1980s and 2010s and considers the consequences of economic reforms in historical perspective. It argues the case that, far from the illusion during the Maoist period that a new society had been established where the working classes held greater political and economic autonomy, economic reforms in the post-Mao era have led to the return of traditional Marxist proletariats in China. The book demonstrates how the reforms of Deng Xiaoping have led to increased economic efficiency at the expense of economic equality through an extensive case study of an SOE (state-owned enterprise) in Sichuan Province as well as wider discussions of the emergence of state capitalism on both a micro and macroeconomic level. The book also discusses workers¿ protests during these periods of economic reform to reflect the reformation of class consciousness in post-Mao China, drawing on Marx¿s concept of a transition from äclass-in-itself' to a ¿class-for-itself¿. It will be valuable reading for students and scholars of Chinese economic and social history, as well as political economy, sociology, and politics.

This book focuses on several specific features characterizing Chinäs economy in the Mao era (1952¿1976), and discusses whether and how they are related to the new economic strategy called ¿reforms and opening-up¿ under Deng Xiaoping¿s leadership with the result of the aftermath of well-known rapid growth. It provides the reader with basic knowledge of the continuity and discontinuity between the Mao and Deng eras. Readers are provided with some important clues for thinking about how Maoist China could have contributed to or alternatively prevented today¿s economic development. The topics addressed here include a brief overview of economic development under Mao, significant differences between Mao and Deng economics, and socialist transformations during the early Mao era. These include collectivization as well as communization and the effects on agricultural productivity; water supply construction drives utilizing a vast amount of rural surplus labor; rural finance; the effects on national savings, and the development of heavy and light industry. Also considered are the effects on the socialist industrialization, rural small-scale industries during the Cultural Revolution and their aftermath, and the realities of social life in a Third-front construction site promoted by Mao¿s military strategy in the 1960s. This book is highly recommended to readers who are interested in contemporary Chinäs economy, particularly to scholars and students. The volume gives new insight into the background or preconditions that made possible historically rare miracles of the Chinese economy after Mao.

Brings to life a fascinating page of history in a scholarly but highly readable account of the "tithe war".

"A sufficient amount of capital is vital for banking and economic stability. The book traces the role and relevance of capital in the United States, the United Kingdom and Switzerland since the 19th century. It is of interest for policymakers, academics and everyone interested in banking history and regulation"--

Shilajit or salajeet is natural organic-mineral product of predominantly natural biological origin, formed in the mountains (in mountain crevices and caves). Shilajit is a sticky, tar-like substance found in the rocks of the Himalayas, Altai, Caucasus, and other mountain ranges. Shilajit is not derived from a plant, instead, it is a complex organic-mineral substance that oozes out of the rocks in mountainous regions. The formation of Shilajit is a result of the decomposition of plant and microbial matter over centuries. Shilagit has been used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine for centuries and is believed to have various health benefits. It is often consumed as a dietary supplement and is rich in minerals, and other organic compounds.

The book illustrates financial markets from the point of view of their subjectivity, namely by analysing one of the most prominent figures among market operators: the speculator. Whereas many textbooks or monographs are strictly devoted to the analysis of financial law or history, this book tells a remarkable story based on markets¿ boom-bust, expectations, banks¿ fragilities, market sentiment, desires, and dreams. In light of this, D¿Alvia provides unique financial knowledge and delivers a book that constitutes an outstanding introduction to the topic of the speculator through its historical account and its evolution till modern days. Academics, lawyers, financial regulators, and retail and qualified investors should save a space for it on their shelves.

In this book, Justin Pack proposes a genealogy of the traditional suspicion of money and merchants. This genealogy is framed both by how money itself has changed and how different traditions responded to money. Money and merchants became heavily debated concerns in the Axial Age, which coincided with the spread of coinage. A deep suspicion of money and merchants was particularly notable in the Greek, Confucian and Christian traditions, and continued into the Middle Ages. These traditions wrestled with a new dialectic of purity that also appears with the widespread use of money. How were these concerns dealt with politically, socially and philosophically? How did they change over time? How did medieval Europe deal with money and how did this inform modern governmentality? To answer these questions, Pack turns to Hanna Arendt¿s work. Arendt argues that one of the outstanding characteristics of our time is thoughtlessness. This thoughtlessness is related to how modern life, especially under neoliberalism, is increasingly structured by abstract systems, abstract calculative rationality, abstract relations, and the profit motive. Money both drives and embodies this machinery. The hyper-complex abstract systems of modernity discourage, to use Arendtian terms, ¿thinking¿ (wonder, questioning everything) in favor of ¿cognition¿ (problem solving). Too often the result is thoughtless cognition¿the ability to make things more productive and efficient paired with the incapacity to question and challenge the implications and morality of these systems.

This book exposes, for the first time in modern scholarship, the role that the rise of the Carry Trade played in British financial crises between 1825 and 1866, how in reaction the Bank of England improved its management of monetary policy after 1866 and how those lessons have been forgotten since the 1970s. Britain is one of the few major capitalist economies in the world to have avoided policy-induced systemic financial crises for more than 100 years of its history¿between 1866 and 1973. Beforehand, it suffered a series of serious banking panics, in 1825, 1837, 1847, 1857-58 and 1866. Since the 1970s banking instability has returned again, with the global financial crisis of 2007-09 hitting Britain hard. Economists and policymakers have asked what can be learnt from Britain¿s experience of the disappearance and reappearance of crises to help efforts to prevent future ones. This book answers that question with a major reassessment of Britain¿s financial history over the past two centuries. It does so by applying the long-neglected ideas of the British Banking School to explain how crises can occur because of the Carry Trade. This book is essential reading for economists and historians of modern Britain, practitioners and policymakers, as well as anyone who is affected by financial crises and their consequences.

Although Portugal was one of the first European states with stable borders, the process of the making of a Portuguese fiscal state still remains to be studied in detail. This volume brings together studies on the development of the Portuguese fiscal state within a comparative perspective in relation to other kingdoms across Europe, such as Castile and Aragon, England, Tuscany, the Papal States, Holland and France, in order to bring Portugal into the broader and comparative international debate about the development of the fiscal state.As a very distinctive case, Portugal remains understudied and underrepresented in the broader literature on the development of fiscal states. There are relatively few studies on the building of a fiscal state in Portugal that are accessible to an international audience. This book will make a fundamental contribution to this field, which is still full of untapped potential. It will combine the latest theory and comparative context with a detailed reconstruction of Portuguese state finance, taking a longer chronological frame that follows its development from the medieval through to the early modern period. It will also make the latest research from Portuguese scholars available to a wider, international audience, and will be of particular interest to researchers and students of financial and economic history. ¿

Did you know that Bach invested in mines? That Rossini improved his income by running casinos in the opera houses which on weekends performed his operas? Or that Puccini composed shorter arias to make them fit the length of gramophone disks as they reported him huge revenues? Or who was, in financial terms, the most successful classical composer in history? This book ¿the first of its kind¿ studies and compares the finances of twenty classical composers in their historical and economical context. Each chapter details and quantifies the sources of income of these musicians (wages, royalties, subsidies, percentages over the number of performances, arrangements, investments in the musical sector, etc), thus allowing to estimate the income they obtained due to their artistic ¿ primarily compositional, but also related¿ activities. In addition, it also estimates the composer¿s expenditures, thus drawing a relatively complete image of their personal finances. This not only allows to concludeto create a ranking of composers according to their economic success, but ¿more importantly¿ for the first time gives an accurate image of the financial situation of a broad set of composers. This allows to correct many false believes while also giving new insights on the relation between economics and music history.