Epidemiologi og medicinsk statistik

Er det ikke altid godt at ‘vide besked’?En tsunami af overdiagnostik er ved at oversvømme vores samfund. Den medicinske teknologi er i konstant udvikling og bliver hele tiden mere fintfølende, og det betyder at vi med selvtest og diverse undersøgelser i sundhedsvæsenet kan opfange selv de mindste afvigelser og unormale værdier i vores kroppe, som kan tolkes som sygdom. Samtidig udvides definitionerne af sygdomskategorier hele tiden, og behandlingsgrænser for, hvornår man er syg, sænkes. Dette kan alt sammen lede til overdiagnostik, som gør den enkelte unødigt til patient. Det er ikke alene dyrt for samfundet, men også spild af sundhedsvæsenets knappe ressourcer. I denne bog redegør forfatterne for, hvad overdiagnostik er, hvorfor det opstår, og hvordan det skader både individer og samfundet. De løfter bl.a. sløret for en række overraskende pointer:• Der er under 4 % raske tilbage, når risici for hjerte-kar-sygdomme undersøges i en almindelig befolkning.• Omkring hver femte patient med en kræftdiagnose er overdiagnosticeret.• Overdiagnostik trives i vores sundhedskultur, hvor den enkelte forventes at tage ansvar for egen sundhed.• Overdiagnostik er et usynligt problem i hverdagen, fordi det ikke kan ses hos den enkelte, men kun kan forstås på befolkningsniveau.Snart er vi alle patienter giver såvel studerende som forskere, undervisere, klinikere og beslutningstagere et solidt grundlag for at diskutere og forstå overdiagnostik.

Virus har sat dagsordenen i Jens Lundgrens arbejdsliv, lige siden han som helt ung læge stod ved sygesengen hos dødsmærkede aidspatienter og forskede i at finde en effektiv medicinsk mehandling til dem. Resultatet kan alverdens hiv-patienter takke ham for i dag.Siden coronapandemiens start har han knoklet for at hjælpe livstruede patienter og udvikle nye behandlinger med videnskabeligt dokumenteret effekt. Han har rådgivet de danske sundhedsmyndigheder og regeringen, og han har arbejdet tæt sammen med toppen af det amerikanske sundhedsvæsen under pandemigeneralen Anthony Fauci.I Vild virus giver han et unikt indblik i, hvad der sker bag kulisserne, når en virus truer os på livet og vender op og ned på vores hverdag. Bogen giver den første samlede beretning om de to vilde pandemiår: forskernes kapløb med tiden og en virus, der er en mester i at mutere, håndteringen af alle de udfordringer, virus pludselig kastede os ud i – og hvad vi har lært, så vi kan være bedre forberedte, når den næste virus udfordrer vores eksistens. For det vil ske: Pandemiernes tid er langtfra forbi.Bogen er blevet til i tæt samarbejde med Lars Igum Rasmussen, der som sundhedsredaktør på Politiken har dækket coronapandemien med mere end 200 nyhedsartikler, interviews, reportager og analyser.

BIOSTATISTIK & EPIDEMIOLOGIBag sundhedsvidenskabelige undersøgelser er indsamlet en lang række data. Det er en videnskabelig disciplin at gøre data overskuelige, håndtér- og analysérbare på korrekt vis, så sammenhænge mellem f.eks. adfærd og sundhed er til at forstå i et udsagn som: ”Mandlige rygere har 50 % større risiko for blodpropper”. Hvordan når man frem til det resultat? Og holder det?BIOSTATISTIK & EPIDEMIOLOGI yder læseren en forståelse af statistikken og epidemiologiens grundbegreber samt mulighed for at mestre basale værktøjer til beskrivelse af egne observationer. Første del af bogen er tilegnet statistiske begreber og analyser, f.eks. kategorisering af data og typer af tests, mens anden del af bogen beskæftiger sig med principperne bag forskning og studiedesigns. Undervejs kan læseren afprøve egne beregninger, teste sin viden, og bogens overskuelige struktur og grundige indeksikalisering gør den velegnet som opslagsværk og til støtte, når begreber fra videnskabelige artikler skal læses og forstås.Bogen henvender sig primært til medicinstuderende ved landets fire fakulteter i København, Odense, Aarhus og Aalborg, men andre faggrupper, såsom odontologi, farmaci, humanbiologi og folkesundhedsvidenskab, vil også finde de beskrevne principper anvendelige som introduktion til basal statistik og epidemiologi.

Bogen udfylder et behov for lettilgængelig elementær statistik for alle faggrupper inden for det sundhedsfaglige område. Dens formål er at indføre læseren i statistisk tankegang og gøre brugeren i stand til at forstå og at udføre de mest gængse statistiske analyser. Det er ikke nødvendigt at huske de statistiske formler, dem kan man slå op. Langt vigtigere er det at forstå de almindeligste principper i forskningsprocessen og i de statistiske metoder.

"This work is a collection of stories from emergency medicine physicians, as well as a brief, surface-level historical account of the intersection between emergency medicine, science, and policy"--

A book for men and women from middle age to advanced years who have suddenly and unexpectedly become confronted with the huge effects that the male prostate can have on the body. It is a tale of what can happen to both men and women when the prostate transforms over time as the body changes, free of any of the minor or major taboos surrounding those involved.The book presents both a subjective and an objective account, from a female and a male perspective, of what the prostate is and of the physical, psychological and social effects that changes to the prostate can bring as one ages or reaches old age. The latest medical, psychotherapeutic and social measures available to help men with prostate issues and their partners are discussed. It also addresses the therapeutic taboos that have previously prevented us from attempting a systemic approach to the physical, psychological and social transformation that men and women undergo when they reach middle age and beyond.

This book comprehensively reviews the disease dynamics, distribution, surveillance, epidemiology, diagnosis, control strategies, and management of the desert malaria. It highlights the potential risks of unstable but often exacerbated malaria conflagration as epidemics in the middle of duned desert, a desert oasis, and desert-fringe regions. Further, it reveals the factors inveigled into desert environments due to extensive anthropogenic activities such as canalized irrigation projects, high-yielding new agriculture practices, human concentration, and increased trade. It addresses the impact of irrigation on the malarial dynamics and its coupling to the climate forcing. The book also offers a model for desert transformation into malaria heaven under the changed climatic conditions including high rainfall, humidity, and depletion in temperature. Lastly, it offers insight into malaria epidemiology and disease control in the desert¿s arid environments. This book is an essential resource for medical entomologists, parasitologists, epidemiologists, and public health researchers.

This book analyzes the factors that have sparked pandemics over the past 2000 years, from the Antonine Plague to COVID-19.It is noteworthy that the frequency of pandemics has increased over the past 2000 years. The authors identify three main drivers for the development of pandemics: transportation, human development, and changes in natural ecosystems. It is important to note that with the advent of the industrial age, the length of time it takes for a pandemic to develop has decreased. COVID-19 is certainly not the last pandemic we will face. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to learn from the past 2000 years to help educate general community and public health officials about pandemic risks and help governments prepare for the next pandemic.The book is also very useful in low and middle-income countries where, in the last several decades, viruses with potential for pandemics have originated. It's comprehensiveness and didactic style make this book a valuable read for government health agencies, private organizations, health care professionals and students.

La moria grandissima began its terrible journey across the European and Asian continents in 1347, leaving unimaginable devastation in its wake. Five years later, twenty-five million people were dead, felled by the scourge that would come to be called the Black Death. The Great Mortality is the extraordinary epic account of the worst natural disaster in European history -- a drama of courage, cowardice, misery, madness, and sacrifice that brilliantly illuminates humankind's darkest days when an old world ended and a new world was born.

This book is about mental health in Bangladesh. Bangladesh is a densely populated country in South Asia with a population of about 170 million. It has seen significant economic growth over the last decades, and it has recently improved from being a low-income country to a lower middle-income country. Currently, Bangladesh is facing a double burden of disease, i.e., both communicable and non-communicable. About 60% of the disease burden is incured by non-communicable diseases. Mental disorders are one of the top five burdens of non-communicable disease in the country. However, psychiatry is a neglected issue in Bangladesh. There are high stigma, services gaps, out-of-pocket expense, low mental health literacy, and extreme scarcity of budget. Academically, it has also been under-addressed and under-researched. Therefore, the editor aims to provide a comprehensive book on mental health in Bangladesh, based on existing evidence and expertise, focusing on academic aspects of community mental health service.

Medical treatments designed to help people can also be harmful or fatal. Around 2.5 million people die this way each year. So if any kind of medicine makes someone unwell, they or their doctor should report it. Those reports, from nearly every country in the world, go to the Uppsala Monitoring Centre (UMC) in Sweden. As the Centre¿s first director, Professor Ivor Ralph Edwards transformed it from a tiny operation with limited horizons into an internationally acclaimed scientific organization at the heart of the World Health Organization¿s Programme for International Drug Monitoring. He was then succeeded by his wife, Dr Marie Lindquist.This is the story of how a new science developed and a passionate and dedicated pursuit of worldwide medicines safety, with an unerring focus on the welfare of patients. The pioneering work of Ralph, Marie and their collaborators on every continent protected the lives of millions of people. It may yet improve the lives of billions more.

COVID-19: Surviving a Pandemic provides critical insights into survival strategies employed by communities and individuals around the world during the pandemic.

In this comprehensive guide, I offer valuable insights tailored for data science graduate students and early career researchers stepping into the dynamic world of data science. My distinctive background merges clinical medicine with data science expertise, holding an MBBS, an MBA in Healthcare, and a Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare. This diverse foundation allows me to bridge the gap between these two fields. During my early career and Ph.D. journey in data science, I encountered and surmounted the challenges of navigating complex data analysis and machine learning, despite lacking a computer science background. Today, I'm excited to share the knowledge and experiences I've gained with newcomers in the field.Within the pages of this book, you'll discover a structured, step-by-step approach to conceptualizing, designing, and executing data science projects within the healthcare domain. Tailored for graduate students and early career researchers, this educational journey equips you with practical skills and knowledge to harness the remarkable potential of data science in healthcare. This book offers: ¿ A systematic guide for planning and executing data science projects in healthcare. ¿ A beginner-friendly structure designed to facilitate project development. ¿ Direct links to valuable resources and open-source tools for creating and executing AI projects in healthcare. ¿ Access to freely available healthcare databases. ¿ Real-world case studies illustrating the construction of data science projects. Whether you're a healthcare professional looking to expand your skill set or a budding data scientist seeking to make a meaningful impact in the healthcare sector, 'The Power of Prediction in Health Care' is an invaluable companion for unlocking the potential of data science in healthcare. Filled with practical examples and actionable advice drawn from real-world scenarios, this book empowers you to make data-driven decisions that enhance patient outcomes and reshape the healthcare landscape.

This book is intended to show the great achievements and valuable experience of Chinese public health practices and epidemiological theories and methods. It is conducive to expanding medical workers¿ practical ability of disease prevention and control, and to bridging the gap between clinical medicine and public health.In part 1, it introduces the progress in epidemiology of 10 infectious diseases. In part 2, it covers 11 non-communicable diseases. The research method and prediction modelling and public health ethics are discussed in the 11 chapters of part 3.The contributors include epidemiologists and public health experts, as well as more clinicians, mathematicians, sociologists, philosophers (ethicists), bioinformatics and so on. Among them, there are not only professors from universities, but also researchers from scientific research institutes, and experts in the front line of disease prevention and control.

COVID-19 wurde zu Beginn der Pandemie als dramatisch, sehr schlimm und historisch einmalig beschrieben. Aber war das SARS-Coronavirus-2 tatsächlich gefährlicher als Influenzaviren oder andere Coronaviren, die seit jeher in den Wintermonaten Infektionen verursachen? Die Gesamtzahl der weltweiten Fälle war für COVID-19 sehr hoch, jedoch immer noch niedriger als die von der WHO geschätzte Zahl der Influenzainfektionen. Eine vergleichende Auswertung zahlreicher Studien und offizieller Fallzahlen zeigt, dass bei allen diesen viralen Atemwegsinfektionen die fallbezogenen Anteile asymptomatischer Verläufe und kritischer Verläufe mit intensivmedizinischer Behandlung etwa gleich hoch waren. Milde und moderate Verläufe waren bei COVID-19 sogar häufiger, während schwere Verläufe mit stationärer Behandlung seltener waren. Die fallbezogene Sterberate war für COVID-19 nur in den Jahren 2020 und 2021 höher als für Influenzavirus-Infektionen. Historisch einmalig war jedoch das anlasslose Testen, die mediale Darstellung der Pandemie und die teilweise unmenschlichen Maßnahmen. Der Autor plädiert dafür, bei zukünftigen Pandemien die Falldefinition auf Personen mit den typischen Symptomen einer Atemwegsinfektion zu beschränken und die Häufigkeit schwerer und kritischer Verläufe als offiziellen Indikator zu verwenden. Mit einem Vorwort von Dr. Ellis Huber, ehemaliger Präsident der Ärztekammer Berlin.

Cancer has become a significant public health concern worldwide, and its impact on individuals and communities cannot be underestimated. As students venturing into the field of epidemiology, understanding the importance of studying cancer epidemiology is crucial. This subchapter aims to shed light on the significance of this field and its relevance to students interested in epidemiology.Firstly, studying cancer epidemiology provides students with an opportunity to contribute to the prevention and control of cancer. By understanding the factors that contribute to the development and progression of cancer, students can identify preventive measures and interventions that can reduce the burden of the disease. Cancer epidemiology equips students with the necessary knowledge and skills to conduct research, analyze data, and implement evidence-based strategies to combat cancer.Secondly, cancer epidemiology offers students a unique perspective on the multifaceted nature of cancer. This field explores how various factors, such as genetics, lifestyle choices, environmental exposures, and socioeconomic factors, interact to influence cancer development. By studying cancer epidemiology, students gain a comprehensive understanding of the complex interplay between biological, behavioral, and environmental factors in cancer causation.Furthermore, cancer epidemiology provides students with an opportunity to make a significant impact on public health policy and practice. Through their research and analysis, students can generate valuable evidence that informs policymakers and healthcare professionals about the most effective strategies for cancer prevention and control. By studying cancer epidemiology, students become agents of change, driving evidence-based decision-making and improving cancer outcomes at the population level.Additionally, studying cancer epidemiology opens doors to various career opportunities. As the field of cancer research continues to expand, there is a growing demand for skilled professionals in epidemiology. Students with expertise in cancer epidemiology can pursue careers in research institutions, government agencies, non-profit organizations, and academic settings. Moreover, they can contribute to global efforts in cancer control by working on international projects and collaborating with experts from diverse backgrounds.

Welcome to the world of infectious diseases! This subchapter will serve as a solid foundation for all aspiring student infectious disease epidemiologists. Understanding the basics is crucial to effectively combatting the spread of infectious diseases and safeguarding public health. So, let's dive in!Definition: Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi. They can be transmitted from one person to another, either directly or indirectly, leading to illness or death in the affected individual.Transmission: Infectious diseases can spread through various routes. Direct transmission occurs when an infected person comes into direct contact with a susceptible individual, such as through respiratory droplets or physical touch. Indirect transmission occurs when the pathogen is transmitted via contaminated surfaces, objects, food, or water.Types of Infectious Diseases: Infectious diseases can be categorized into several types. Some common types include respiratory infections (such as influenza and tuberculosis), gastrointestinal infections (such as norovirus and salmonella), sexually transmitted infections (such as HIV and gonorrhea), and vector-borne diseases (such as malaria and dengue fever).Epidemiology's Role: Epidemiology is the study of how diseases spread and impact populations. Student infectious disease epidemiologists play a crucial role in investigating and controlling infectious disease outbreaks. They collect data, analyze patterns of transmission, identify risk factors, and develop strategies to prevent further spread.Prevention and Control: Prevention is always better than cure. Implementing preventive measures is vital in controlling infectious diseases. These include practicing good personal hygiene, such as handwashing, proper sanitation, vaccination, and isolation or quarantine of infected individuals. It is also essential to raise awareness about proper disease prevention and control measures within communities.Challenges and Emerging Threats: The field of infectious disease epidemiology is constantly evolving. New pathogens can emerge, and existing ones can mutate or develop resistance to treatment. Climate change, globalization, and antimicrobial resistance pose significant challenges to infectious disease control. Student epidemiologists must stay updated on the latest research and technologies to tackle these emerging threats effectively.

Die Zeitschrift "Virus - Beiträge zur Sozialgeschichte der Medizin" versteht sich als Forum für wissenschaftliche Publikationen auf dem Gebiet der Sozial- und Kulturgeschichte der Medizin, der Geschichte von Gesundheit und Krankheit sowie angrenzender Gebiete. Weiters informiert in ihr der Verein für Sozialgeschichte der Medizin in Österreich als Herausgeber der Zeitschrift über seine Tätigkeit.

This book introduces all common errors in medical science fields and the ways to control them. Systematic errors could be controlled both during study design and statistical analysis. Some errors have been presented in small segments but not in a comprehensive book. It covers many common errors that usually affect the research proposals, final reports, theses, and scientific presentations in the field of medical sciences as well as the rejection reasons on scientific papers. It will help researchers to control common errors using epidemiological and statistical methods.

This book deals with the advantages of using artificial intelligence (AI) in the fight against the COVID-19 and against future pandemics that could threat humanity and our environment. This book is a practical, scientific and clinically relevant example of how medicine and mathematics will fuse in the 2020s, out of external pandemic pressure and out of scientific evolutionary necessity. This book contains a unique blend of the world's leading researchers, both in medicine, mathematics, computer science, clinical and preclinical medicine, and presents the research front of the usage of AI against pandemics.Equipped with this book the reader will learn about the latest AI advances against COVID-19, and how mathematics and algorithms can aid in preventing its spreading course, treatments, diagnostics, vaccines, clinical management and future evolution.