Hepatologi

Basisbog i medicin og kirurgi udgør en overskuelig dansksproget introduktion til de to centrale kliniske fag på medicinstudiet: intern medicin og kirurgi. I bogens indhold og opbygning er der lagt vægt på hyppige og almindelige sygdomme samt på mere sjældne tilstande, hvor manglende viden om sygdommen kan få fatale konsekvenser for patienten. I denne 5. udgave er det grundlæggende koncept justeret og videreudviklet på baggrund af kommentarer fra bl.a. studerende og læger. For at sikre fornyelse og foryngelse er en del af forfatterne blevet udskiftet, hvilket har betydet store og væsentlige ændringer i mange af kapitlerne. Som en ekstra nyskabelse suppleres bogen af en hjemmeside med mange spændende og interessante cases. Basisbog i medicin og kirurgi er først og fremmest en basal lærebog for medicinstuderende, men bogen henvender sig også til andre inden for sundhedsvæsenet, der har brug for en overskuelig og opdateret viden inden for intern medicin og kirurgi.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) refers to a condition that causes abdominal pain and bowel changes. The common symptoms of IBS include changes in bowel movements, bloating, stomach cramps, and frequent diarrhea or constipation. In menstruating women, IBS symptoms may be even worsen. People with IBS usually have a lower pain tolerance. The precise cause of IBS is unknown. Some of the factors that seem to play a role include severe infections, intestine muscle spasms, changes in gut microbiota, and early life stress. IBS can be diagnosed by performing a physical examination along with a review of the symptoms, family history, and medical history. The IBS treatment aims to alleviate the symptoms with the help of probiotics, dietary changes, counseling, and medicine. This book contains a detailed explanation of the various diagnostic and therapeutic techniques associated with irritable bowel syndrome. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of this condition. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the latest concepts with respect to this medical condition.

The organs involved in digestion, such as the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreas together make up the gastrointestinal tract. The diagnosis and treatment of disorders related to the gastrointestinal tract are conducted within a medical specialty known as gastroenterology. Some of the diseases and disorders which are treated within this field are peptic ulcer disease, irritable bowel syndrome and gastrointestinal bleeding. The open sores which may form on the upper portion of the small intestine or the inside lining of the stomach are known as peptic ulcers. Irritable bowel syndrome refers to a functional disorder which is characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits without any evidence of structural abnormalities. Gastroenterology also deals with the management of medical conditions that cause bleeding in the digestive tract. These conditions may include diverticulosis, gastrointestinal tumors and varices. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of gastroenterology. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Offering a unique, comprehensive overview of common and uncommon liver diseases found in the tropics and resource-constrained regions, Treatment and Management of Tropical Liver Disease provides practical information and insights on both diagnosis and treatment. It offers valuable details on acute and chronic viral and parasitic hepatic infections, bacterial and fungal infections, liver masses, autoimmune diseases, and other liver-related maladies typically found in the tropics. An expert global author team covers making a diagnosis with imaging techniques most likely found in specific regions, offers guidance on managing patients in areas with limited resources once a diagnosis has been established, and discusses how to manage patients with chronic liver disease with a focus on cost-effectiveness and quality of life. Includes a summary and tables with specific guidance on the diagnosis and management of each liver disease, enabling you to easily find the information you need. Contains a pathophysiology guide in every chapter to help you quickly determine the immune and epigenetic mechanisms that affect common liver diseases when they occur in tropical regions. Covers key topics such as liver flukes, tropical hepatosplenomegaly, and much more, all highlighted with ultrasound images, clinical photos, and full-color line drawings. Provides guidance on the interpretation and management of liver masses using imaging techniques commonly performed in resource-limited settings. Provides a unique, detailed review of essential information for hepatologists, global health specialists, and other clinicians who have an interest in this complex field. An eBook version is included with purchase. The eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references, with the ability to search, customize your content, make notes and highlights, and have content read aloud.

Are you or someone you care about living with Hepatitis C? "Hepatitis C Demystified: Doctor's Secret Guide" is your comprehensive and compassionate resource for understanding, managing, and thriving with this condition. In this book, you'll embark on a journey through the complexities of Hepatitis C, from its origins and transmission modes to the latest medical treatments and holistic approaches.Dive into the history of Hepatitis C and unravel the mystery of its transmission. Discover the signs and symptoms that may lurk silently within, and gain insight into diagnosis and testing. Explore the various stages of Hepatitis C, from initial infection to potential complications and co-infections. Learn about prevention strategies and the risk factors to safeguard your health.Delve into conventional medical treatments, from antiviral medications to treatment guidelines and protocols. Understand the side effects and how to manage them while monitoring your treatment's progress. Explore the potential need for liver transplantation and the emerging treatment options that offer hope."Doctor's Secret Guide" goes beyond traditional medicine, offering a holistic approach to Hepatitis C. Explore the biopsychosocial model and how nutrition, exercise, stress management, and mind-body techniques can complement your healing journey. Discover self-care practices, build a support network, and integrate healthy habits into your daily life.The book also delves into lifestyle modifications, addressing alcohol and substance use, safe sexual practices, vaccinations, sleep hygiene, and environmental factors. It guides you through navigating the healthcare system with confidence, helping you find the right healthcare team, communicate effectively, and manage insurance and financial considerations.Hepatitis C can impact relationships and mental health. Learn how to disclose your condition, maintain intimacy, and find emotional support. Understand the mental health implications of Hepatitis C, seek professional help, and cultivate resilience. Discover the power of nutrition for liver health and explore complementary and alternative therapies.Exercise plays a crucial role in liver health, and this book provides guidance on types of exercise, safety precautions, and creating a sustainable routine. Stress management techniques are also covered, including time management, relaxation, and seeking professional support."Doctor's Secret Guide" emphasizes self-care, exploring physical, emotional, social, intellectual, and spiritual dimensions. Discover coping strategies, including problem-focused and emotion-focused approaches, mindfulness, and building a support network.Address the impact of Hepatitis C on sleep and learn how to manage sleep disturbances for improved well-being. If you're a traveler, find valuable tips for planning and enjoying safe trips. Financial considerations and employment rights are addressed, along with advocacy strategies to raise awareness and reduce stigma.Finally, embrace a fulfilling life with Hepatitis C by setting goals, nurturing relationships, and prioritizing self-care. Celebrate milestones, engage in meaningful activities, and become an advocate for yourself and others. "Hepatitis C Demystified: Doctor's Secret Guide" is your empowering companion on the journey to thriving with Hepatitis C.

Are you seeking clarity and guidance on Hepatitis E? Look no further than "Hepatitis E Demystified: Doctor's Secret Guide." This comprehensive book is your trusted companion in understanding, managing, and thriving with Hepatitis E.Begin your journey with a solid foundation in Chapter 1, where you'll unravel the mysteries of Hepatitis E. Explore its causes, symptoms, and transmission, and identify the risk factors that may affect you or your loved ones.In Chapter 2, discover the critical importance of early diagnosis. Learn about the medical history and physical examination, blood tests, imaging, and liver function tests that can aid in early detection.Chapter 3 Explore medical treatments, nutritional support, lifestyle modifications, complementary and alternative therapies, and psychological support for patients.Prevention is key, and Chapter 4 provides insights into hygiene practices, safe water and sanitation, vaccination, and travel precautions to protect against Hepatitis E. Public health initiatives are also discussed.Managing Hepatitis E on a daily basis is covered in Chapter 5. Create a supportive environment, develop a self-care routine, and build a strong support network. Learn how to cope with emotional and mental challenges and navigate long-term management.For expectant mothers, Chapter 6 offers valuable information on Hepatitis E during pregnancy. From prevention to postpartum considerations, this chapter addresses it all. Chapter 7 focuses on Hepatitis E in children, discussing diagnosis, treatment approaches, and psychological support.Mental health takes center stage in Chapter 8, addressing the emotional well-being of those affected by Hepatitis E. Discover coping strategies, professional help, and support networks while tackling stigma and discrimination.Chapter 9 explores the impact of Hepatitis E on relationships, from communication with family to maintaining intimacy and navigating disclosure. Building resilience and positive relationships are essential.Chapter 10 dives into mental well-being, emphasizing the mind-body connection, mindfulness, physical activity, nutrition, and holistic approaches. Discover the tools to enhance your mental health.Understanding workplace rights and accommodations is vital, and Chapter 11 guides you through it. Learn to communicate effectively with employers, manage fatigue, and make informed career decisions.Financial considerations are tackled in Chapter 12. Assess the financial impact, plan your budget, and access healthcare and treatment affordably. Seek financial and legal advice when needed.Traveling with Hepatitis E is explored in Chapter 13, covering pre-travel planning, safe practices, vaccinations, and managing the condition while abroad. Return home with post-travel care tips.Chapter 14 addresses comorbidities, including Hepatitis E's relationship with chronic liver disease, autoimmune disorders, and pregnancy-related conditions. Managing multiple comorbidities is key.Stay up to date with Hepatitis E research and future directions in Chapter 15. Emerging therapies, prevention strategies, and advocacy initiatives.Real-life stories of Hepatitis E warriors take the spotlight in Chapter 16. Discover personal journeys, strategies, support networks, advocacy, and the power of hope and resilience.Chapter 17 offers a wealth of resources and support for Hepatitis E, including medical resources, support organizations, online communities, financial assistance programs, and educational materials.Advocacy is essential, and Chapter 18 explores the importance of awareness and advocacy strategies.In Chapter 19, peer into the future of Hepatitis E, examining emerging trends, technological innovations, global efforts, integrative medicine, and the empowerment of individuals.

Gastroenterology is a branch of medicine which focused on the study, diagnosis and treatment of disorders related to the digestive system. The digestive system encompasses organs such as the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The field of gastroenterology is involved in the diagnosis and management of a wide range of disorders, such as the gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and gastrointestinal cancers. These disorders can be diagnosed by studying the medical history, physical examination, and various diagnostic procedures. These procedures may include endoscopy, imaging studies, blood tests, and stool analysis. The treatment of these disorders may include lifestyle modifications, dietary changes, medications, minimally invasive procedures, or surgery. This book explores all the important aspects of gastroenterology in the present day scenario. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

The term theranostics is derived from the combination of two words, namely, therapeutics and diagnostics. It is a practical aspect of personalized medicine. It involves using a combination of one radioactive drug to identify (diagnose) and a second radioactive drug to provide therapy in order to treat a tumor. Gastric cancer, also known as stomach cancer, develops due to the formation of malignant cancer cells in the lining of the stomach. The factors such as age, diet, and stomach diseases result in the development of gastric cancer. Some of the common symptoms of this cancer include unexplained weight loss, severe abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, difficulty in swallowing, etc. It can be diagnosed with the help of imaging tests such as CT or CAT scans, PET scans, MRI, or upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Theranostics includes molecular targeting and nanotechnologies which are increasingly finding many applications in the treatment of gastric cancer. In this book, the various advancements in the field of theranostics as well as their application for the treatment of gastric cancer have been looked at in detail. For all readers who are interested in this area of study, the case studies included herein will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

A liver transplant is a surgical procedure that involves the replacement of a diseased liver with a healthy liver received from a donor. It is used to treat conditions such as chronic or acute liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver transplantation can be categorized depending on the type of donor and is broadly categorized into deceased donor liver transplants and live donor liver transplants. The most common procedure of liver transplantation is orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). In this procedure, the original liver is removed followed by the replacement of the donor liver in the exact anatomic position. Whole organ is generally transplanted, however, segmental liver transplantation can also be done, which enables the transplantation of two recipients with a single cadaveric organ. Reduced grafts technique is commonly used for the cases having mismatch between the organ size of the recipient and the donor. This book outlines the operative techniques and medical management of liver transplantation in detail. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study. The book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Liver diseases are a group of disorders that affect the liver and its functions. The liver is a vital organ in the human body and it performs various functions associated with metabolism, storage of energy and filtering toxic substances out from the bloodstream. Viral hepatitis is the major cause of liver diseases including hepatitis A, B and C. Autoimmune conditions of the liver such as autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cholangitis are some other conditions affecting liver. The diagnosis of liver diseases involves various liver tests to examine certain enzyme levels and other proteins in the blood. Alanine transaminase (ALT) test, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) test, bilirubin test and prothrombin time (PT) test are some common tests performed to diagnose liver diseases. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to the pathophysiology and clinical aspects of liver diseases. It will also provide interesting topics for research which interested scholars can take up. This book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

Cirrhosis is the last stage of complications associated with the liver disease. In this condition, the liver is permanently damaged due to loss of liver cells and irreversible tissue scarring. The common causes of cirrhosis include viral hepatitis B and C, and alcohol consumption. The risk factors of cirrhosis are diabetes, obesity, unprotected sex, alcohol abuse, etc. A patient suffering from severe cirrhosis may experience symptoms, such as jaundice, ascites, itchy skin, blood in stool, redness in palms and orange or brownish urine. Liver cirrhosis is diagnosed with the help of physical exam and certain tests, including blood tests, imaging tests, such as computerized tomography (CT) scan, abdominal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and biopsy. The treatment of liver cirrhosis is aimed at prevention of further damage to the liver and management of liver complications. Liver transplantation is a prominent method for treating advanced stages of cirrhosis. This book provides comprehensive insights into the diagnosis, medication and treatment of liver cirrhosis. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The book is a vital tool for all researching and studying this medical condition.

Liver cancer refers to a cancer that affects the liver. It is grouped in two categories, namely, primary liver cancer and secondary liver cancer. Primary cancer develops in the liver and is classified into three types, namely, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), intrahepatic cancer (IHC), and angiosarcoma. Secondary liver cancer or liver metastasis begins in other parts of the body and reaches the liver. Cirrhosis is the primary cause of liver cancer, which is caused due to hepatitis B or hepatitis C. Some common symptoms of liver cancer are jaundice, nausea, fatigue, unexplained weight loss, etc. A few of the treatment methods for this medical condition are liver transplantation, hepatic arterial embolization and ablation. Treatment may also include therapies like targeted therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy and radioembolization. This book outlines the pathological and clinical aspects of liver cancer in detail. It is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the management of this disease. The book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) refers to group of disorders that cause chronic inflammation in the intestines. There are two main types of IBD, namely, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Crohn's disease causes swelling and pain in the digestive tract. Ulcerative colitis is a condition that affects the large intestine and causes ulcers and swelling in colon and rectum. A person may experience common symptoms like diarrhea, weight loss, rectal bleeding and abdominal pain in inflammatory bowel diseases. The diagnosis of IBD primarily involves complete blood count (CBC) and stool test to detect the signs of inflammation in the intestine. Some other diagnostic methods which are used for its diagnosis are flexible sigmoidoscopy, upper endoscopy, capsule endoscopy, imaging scans and colonoscopy. IBD treatments include medications such as antibiotics, biologics, aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, and immunomodulators. This book outlines the diagnosis and therapeutics of inflammatory bowel disease in detail. It consists of contributions made by international experts. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers involved in the study and treatment of this disease.

Transplant hepatology is a subspecialty of gastroenterology that focuses on the treatment of chronic liver disease. The liver performs a variety of crucial functions, such as producing bile to aid in digestion, converting food into energy and eliminating toxins from the body. Transplant hepatology is the study of diseases that lead to transplantation, the assessment of patients prior to transplantation, the assessment and treatment of patients following transplantation, and management of transplant-related complications. It involves a thorough understanding of hepatopathology and the diagnostic methods required to assess and treat individuals in need of liver transplants. This medical specialty is also concerned with the management of issues like infectious diseases associated with transplant and immunosuppression. This book unravels the recent studies in hepatology and transplant hepatology. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. For all readers who are interested in these areas of study, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

The gastrointestinal tract is a passage way containing major organs of the digestive system from mouth to anus. The digestive system in humans comprises the gastrointestinal tract along with the accessory organs including the gallbladder, pancreas, salivary glands, liver and tongue. One of the significant diseases associated with gastrointestinal tract is the liver disease. Upset stomach and nausea are signs of liver disease. As the ability of the liver to take out the toxins decreases; it increases the digestive distress. Liver disorders can be genetic or caused due to viral infections, alcohol use and even obesity. Primary cancers of the gastrointestinal tract can eventually metastasize and cause secondary lesions or liver malignancies. One of the significant mechanisms that cause liver diseases is DNA damage. Diagnostic tests like liver function test, which are a group of blood tests, can be used to examine the proper functioning of liver. This book unravels the recent studies on gastrointestinal tract and liver diseases. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the diagnosis, mechanisms and treatment of these diseases. This book is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

Gastrointestinal cancer is a type of cancer that is characterized by malignant growth of cells in the gastrointestinal tract. This cancer targets the accessory organs of digestion such as esophagus, stomach, biliary system, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. There are several factors such as obesity, tobacco and alcohol use that lead to gastrointestinal cancer. Vomiting, poor digestion and visible swelling in the abdomen are some important symptoms of this type of cancer. Its diagnosis involves the examination of the lining of the stomach with a flexible lens containing tube, called an endoscope. Other diagnostic methods include imaging techniques such as X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The most effective way to treat gastrointestinal cancer is surgery along with radiation therapy and chemotherapy to relieve the symptoms. The objective of this book is to present advancements in the researches on gastrointestinal cancers. Different diagnostic approaches and treatment strategies for these type of cancers have been included herein. The book will serve as a valuable resource for medical professionals and students alike.

Hepatology is the branch of medicine that is concerned with the study of liver, gallbladder, biliary tree, and pancreas. It also deals with the treatment of disorders associated with these organs. There are several types of hepatologic diseases including acute liver failure, alcoholic liver disease, hepatitis B and C, autoimmune liver diseases, primary biliary cholangitis, cirrhosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, etc. In recent years, there has been significant clinical research on the development of novel therapies, improving diagnostic modalities, and predictors of outcome for liver and related disorders. Breakthrough has been achieved in the introduction and application of biomarkers for the early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma, drug-induced liver injury, hepatitis B and hepatitis C. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in hepatology. Researchers and students in this field will be greatly assisted by it.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) refers to the building up of extreme fat in the liver without any clear cause like alcohol use. NAFLD is categorized into two types that include non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which also involves liver inflammation, and non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL). Non-alcoholic fatty liver is less risky when compared to NASH. Typically, it does not develop to the stage of liver cirrhosis or NASH. However, when NAFL reaches the stage of NASH, it ultimately causes severe problems including cardiovascular disease, liver failure, liver cancer and cirrhosis. The risk factors associated with NAFLD are unbalanced lifestyle, genetics, improper diet, obesity and type 2 diabetes. Liver biopsy, blood tests and imaging are some of the techniques that can be used to diagnose NAFLD. Its treatment involves weight loss which can be achieved through exercise and dietary changes. This book contains some path-breaking studies on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of this disease. This book will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge in this medical condition.

Hepatitis C refers to a type of viral infection that causes damage and inflammation in the liver. It is caused by the hepatitis C virus. The virus spreads through the body fluids or blood of an infected person. There are various stages of hepatitis C such as the incubation period, acute hepatitis C, chronic hepatitis C, cirrhosis and liver cancer. The signs and symptoms of infection include yellow discoloration of the eyes and skin, fatigue, dark-colored urine, weight loss, loss of appetite, and itchy skin. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test and antibody test are typically used to diagnose hepatitis C. There is no vaccine available to protect against infection from the hepatitis C virus. However, the majority of cases of chronic and acute hepatitis C can be treated with direct-acting antiviral medications (DAAs). This book contains a detailed explanation of the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis C. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of this disease. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this medical condition.

Gastric cancer refers to a type of cancer that grows from the lining of the stomach. There are different types of gastric cancer such as gastrointestinal stromal tumors, adenocarcinomas, carcinoid tumors and lymphoma. The major symptoms of gastric cancer include indigestion, and pain or discomfort in the stomach. The cancer may spread from the stomach and can affect other parts of the body including the lungs, lining of the abdomen, liver, lymph nodes and bones. The risk of developing gastric cancer can be influenced by factors such as nutrition, age and stomach disease. The diagnosis of this type of cancer is typically done through a biopsy performed during an endoscopy. Following this, medical imaging may also be performed to ascertain whether the disease has spread to other parts of the body. The treatment options of gastric cancer include surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. This book strives to provide a fair idea about gastric cancer and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances in its clinical management. For all readers who are interested in this medical condition, the case studies included herein will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

Hepatology refers to the branch of medicine that studies and manages disorders of the gallbladder, pancreas, liver and biliary tree. It was previously considered as a subspecialty of gastroenterology, but it is now becoming recognized as a separate field of study. Clinical research in hepatology is focused on developing novel medications, such as improvements to well-established liver transplantation procedures, antiviral medicines and developing new strategies for sustenance of failing liver. The application of molecular biology methods has helped to shed light on the vulnerability to various liver problems, as well as the mechanisms of liver diseases with hereditary and viral origins. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of hepatology and the recent researches in this field. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it.

Mycotoxins are toxic compounds that are produced naturally by certain types of molds such as fungi. These molds can grow on numerous foodstuffs such as cereals, nuts, spices, dried fruits, apples and coffee beans, often under warm and humid conditions. These toxins can cause adverse health effects that can range from acute poisoning to long-term effects such as immune deficiency and cancer. There are various types of mycotoxins such as Aflatoxins, Ochratoxin A, Patulin, and Fusarium fungi. Some negative effects of mycotoxins on intestinal health are decreased intestinal cell viability, reductions in short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations, and elimination of beneficial bacteria. It also leads to an increased expression of genes involved in promoting inflammation and counteracting oxidative stress. The health risks of mycotoxins can be reduced by taking effective measures such as proper storage, inspection of whole grains, avoidance of foods kept for extended periods of time before being used, and consuming a balanced diet. This book traces the effects of mycotoxins on the gastrointestinal tract. Those with an interest in these toxic compounds would find it helpful.

Hepatic fibrosis is characterized by the scarring, overgrowth and hardening of different tissues of the liver and is caused by an excess buildup of extracellular matrix components such as collagen. It is the result of repeated wound-healing response of the liver to repeated injuries. It can be caused due to chronic liver diseases such as cystic fibrosis (CF), hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Cystic fibrosis refers to a type of inherited disease characterized by the accumulation of thick and sticky mucus that can harm many organs of the body. CF may lead to hepatic fibrosis, by causing mucus build up and blockage of the bile ducts in the liver. Scar tissues from fibrosis cannot repair themselves and also block the flow of blood within the liver, which leads to gradual death of even the healthy liver cells. This process leads to the creation of even more scar tissues. This book will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge on the mechanisms and therapies of hepatic fibrosis. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Celiac disease is a type of autoimmune and digestive disorder, which can cause damage to small intestine. The symptoms include anemia, diarrhea, growth issues, gas and bloating. The main cause of this disease is a protein named gluten, which is primarily found in rye, wheat and barley. Repeated consumption of these food items can lead to damage to the lining of the small intestine, preventing the absorption of nutrients. A variety of specific markers present in the blood are helpful in diagnosing this condition. Celiac disease might lead to other health complications such as infertility, malnutrition, intestinal cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes and osteoporosis. The only possible treatment of the disease is consuming a gluten-free diet, and avoiding foods such as barley, rye and wheat. This book unravels the recent studies on the symptoms, complications and treatment of celiac disease. It is a vital tool for all researching and studying this disease.

Liver is an integral part of the process of metabolism. It helps in the preservation and regulation of the lipid and glucose levels in the body, as well as in energy metabolism. The most common metabolic diseases which can affect the liver are Wilson disease, hereditary hemochromatosis, and Alpha-I antitrypsin deficiency (AATD). Some of the other types of disorders which affect the liver are infections, immune system issues, cancers, and heritable conditions. One of the upcoming methods of study which is used to study the cell metabolism within the liver is metabolomics. It refers to the scientific study of chemical processes involving metabolites, the small molecule substrates, intermediates, and products of cell metabolism. Metabolomics has a very high potential to detect biomarker candidates for the prospective advancement of new therapeutics. The book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of liver metabolism and the recent researches in this field with respect to liver diseases. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to both medical students and professionals.

Liver disease is a condition that can affect and damage liver function. There are various diseases that can affect the liver, which include hepatitis, fascioliasis, alcoholic liver disease, cirrhosis, fatty liver disease and liver cancer. Their symptoms depend on the cause and may include jaundice, altered consciousness and confusion, coagulopathy, and thrombocytopenia. Liver diseases also have bleeding symptoms that take place in gastrointestinal tract, which is a passageway from the mouth to the anus. There are various diseases affecting the gastrointestinal system, which include cancer, infections and inflammation. The diagnosis of liver diseases can be done by liver function tests while diagnosis of gastrointestinal tract diseases can be done by various imaging methods. Treatment of liver diseases includes medications such as ursodeoxycholic acid and steroid-based drugs, which strive to slow down the progression of the disease. Gastrointestinal tract diseases can be treated with medications and surgery in severe cases. This book contains some recent studies on liver and gastrointestinal tract diseases. Its aim is to present researches that have advanced the frontiers in the clinical management of these diseases.

A progressive deterioration of the liver functions for more than six months is referred to as chronic liver disease (CLD). The function of liver includes production of clotting factors and other proteins, detoxification of toxic substances of metabolism, and excretion of bile. The continuous process of CLD that includes inflammation, destruction, and regeneration of liver parenchyma results in fibrosis and cirrhosis. Diagnosis and treatment of CLD focuses on stopping the disease progression through a multidisciplinary approach. Abdominal ultrasound, CT scan, fibro scan, hepatic wedge pressure, endoscopy, EEG, TIPS, triphasic CT, and Doppler scan are some of the radiologic investigations that can be used to diagnose and evaluate CLD. Ultrasound of abdomen is the most common imaging tool used for CLD. Computed Tomography (CT) scan is used to detect a lesion in the liver whereas triphasic CT detects hepatocellular carcinoma. The management of CLD involves underlying cause correction, portal hypertension management, and specific treatments for individual diseases. The topics included in this book with respect to the diagnosis and treatments of chronic liver diseases are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information on these diseases as well as for experts.

Chronic liver disease (CLD) refers to a gradual loss of liver tissues over time. This group of liver conditions includes fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver. It covers a diverse range of liver pathologies, such as hepatocellular carcinoma and inflammation. The signs and symptoms of CLD include exhaustion and weakness, yellowing of the skin, weight loss, vomiting, etc. Sharing contaminated syringes and needles, being overweight, taking certain prescription drugs, and drinking excessive alcohol are some of the risk factors of CLD. Its diagnosis is done by liver biopsy, blood tests and imaging techniques. Cirrhosis treatment is determined by the cause and severity of liver damage. Treatment options for cirrhosis include weight loss, treatment for excessive alcohol dependency and medications to treat hepatitis. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the core causes, evaluation and upcoming therapeutic techniques associated with chronic liver disease. It will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge in this condition.

Chronic liver disease (CLD) is characterized by a decline in the effective functioning of liver for more than six months. These functions of liver include the production of clotting factors and other proteins, bile excretion and the detoxification of toxic metabolic byproducts. Chronic viral hepatitis such as hepatitis B and C, hemochromatosis, alcoholic liver disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are the most common types of CLD. Dark urine color, chronic weariness, loss of appetite, pale stool color, vomiting or nausea, and itchy skin are some its major symptoms. These diseases are caused due to factors such as high cholesterol, infections, episodes of heart failure, alcohol misuse, viruses, etc. The diagnosis of CLD may be confirmed by a liver biopsy and blood tests. The treatment of CLD is determined by its cause. Medications such as interferon, bile acids, corticosteroids, antivirals and other medicines may be used to treat particular conditions of CLD. This book presents the latest researches on chronic liver disease. It covers techniques for clinical assessment and treatment of this disease. Researchers and students studying these diseases will be assisted by this book.

Hepatology is a sub field of medicine that deals with the study, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases that affect the liver, gallbladder, biliary tree, and pancreas. Liver cancers are a group of cancers that develop in the liver. There are several forms of liver cancers including primary liver cancer, secondary liver cancer, and benign liver tumors. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the major type of primary liver cancer that commonly develops in patients suffering from chronic liver diseases, such as cirrhosis. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is the second most common type of primary liver cancer that arises from cells lining the bile ducts. Secondary liver cancer is a cancerous tumor that has metastasized to the liver from a cancer in some other part of the body such as the stomach, breast, lung, or pancreas. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to cancers in hepatology. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for medical graduate and post graduate students.