Regenerativ medicin

**Longlisted for the Baillie Gifford Prize 2023**A NEW YORK TIMES, DAILY TELEGRAPH, ECONOMIST, MAIL ON SUNDAY and GUARDIAN BOOK OF THE YEAR 2022From the prize-winning author of The Emperor of All Maladies, The Song of the Cell tells the vivid, thrilling and suspenseful story of the fundamental unit of life.In the late 1600s, a distinguished English polymath, Robert Hooke, and an eccentric Dutch cloth-merchant, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, look down their hand-made microscopes. What they see introduces a radical concept that alters both biology and medicine forever. It is the fact that complex living organisms are assemblages of tiny, self-contained, self-regulating units. Our organs, our physiology, our selves, are built from these compartments. Hooke christens them 'cells'.The discovery of cells announced the birth of a new kind of medicine. A hip fracture, a cardiac arrest, Alzheimer's, AIDS, lung cancer - all could be re-conceived as the results of cells, or a cellular ecosystem, functioning abnormally. And all could be treated by therapeutic manipulations of cells. This revolution in cell biology is still in progress: it represents one of the most significant advances in science and medicine.Both panoramic and intimate, this is Siddhartha Mukherjee's most spectacular book yet.

This book focuses on the recent innovations and therapeutic potentials of regenerative medicine and discusses the applications of stem cells, biomaterials, and tissue engineering in regenerative medicine. The book covers essential aspects of regenerative medicine, including tissue microenvironment, immunological perspectives, stem, and non-stem cell-mediated approaches, imaging techniques, biomarkers, and 3D printing technology. It also reviews the applications of biosensing technologies in regenerative medicine, including biomanufacturing, organ-on-a-chip technologies, and as indicators of therapeutic efficacy. Further, it focuses on the regenerative medicine approaches for diseases of the central nervous system. It also provides the therapeutic potential of regenerative medicine to improve soft tissue and wound healing, cardiovascular, neural, bone, and orofacial regeneration.¿

The book focuses on the emerging anti-aging approaches for maintaining better health in old age. It provides a current understanding of the underlying principle, possible targets, implementation approaches, and efficacy of the various anti-aging strategies. The chapters include a wide range of topics incorporating the major advances in anti-aging strategies, including telomerase activation, stem cell therapy, autophagy induction, sirtuin activation, and dietary restrictions. Further, it discusses the epigenetic mechanisms underlying aging-related processes and epigenetic strategies to delay and reverse aging-related diseases. The book covers the strategy based on tissue engineering and regenerative medicine for understanding the complexity of aging and restoring the functionalities of organ systems. It further presents the applications of melatonin supplementation-based anti-aging therapeutic intervention. Finally, the book reviews the ethical dimension of anti-aging intervention strategies. This book is immensely useful to scientists and researchers from various disciplines in the life sciences.

Discover the Secrets of Longevity with 'Astragalus: The Way to Youth'Embark on an enlightening journey through the pages of 'Astragalus: The Way to Youth - Natural Anti-Aging Strategies with Astragalus,' where authors Marion S. Hummer and John T. Leroy unlock the ancient wisdom and modern science behind one of nature's most potent anti-aging remedies. This definitive guide takes you deep into the heart of traditional and contemporary health practices, revealing how Astragalus, a revered plant with a rich history in medicine, can significantly slow the aging process, revitalize your immune system, and restore youthful vitality.Explore detailed chapters that delve into the fascinating botany of Astragalus, its historical use in various cultures, and its myriad health benefits, including immune support, cardiovascular protection, energy balance, and skin rejuvenation. Learn about its profound impact on mental health and stress management, its role in maintaining hormone balance, and its promising potential in modern anti-aging medicine.'Astragalus: The Way to Youth' is more than a book; it's a gateway to a healthier, more vibrant life. It meticulously presents clinical studies, user experiences, and holistic approaches, offering a comprehensive view of how Astragalus is not just a supplement, but a lifestyle choice that could lead to a longer, more fulfilling life. Whether you're well-versed in herbal remedies or new to the concept of re-aging, this book will empower you with the knowledge and tools to embrace a naturally enriched path to wellness and longevity. Join us on this transformative journey and rediscover your body's innate ability to heal and thrive. Your quest for a life of improved health and sustained youthfulness begins here.

This book reviews state of the art of polymeric biomaterials for regenerative medicine and highlights advances in both fundamental science and clinical practice. It summarizes the latest techniques in polymeric scaffold fabrication, delivery carriers, physiochemical property modulation, as well as their influence on the adhesion and performance of biomolecules, cells, and tissues. It also describes methods for creating biofunctional surfaces/interfaces and subsequently modulating the host response to implantable materials. Lastly, it discusses the applications of biomaterials and constructs in soft-tissue regenerative medicine. It is a valuable resource for materials scientists and engineers wishing to identify research priorities to fulfill clinical needs and provides physicians with insights into emerging novel biomaterials. This integrated approach also offers engineering students a sense of the relevance of materials science in the development of novel therapeutic strategies.In the second edition, most of the chapters are updated according to the latest progress of this research field. A new chapter on nerve regeneration is also included.

This book outlines the latest research on the design and fabrication of the biomaterials used in mimicked scaffolds for tissue engineering for maxillofacial and orthopedic applications. The book is written based on integration and optimized concepts of 3 main parts 1) principle of tissue engineering; 2) mimicking of structure and function of scaffolds which is similar to extracellular matrix (ECM); and 3) mimicked scaffolds for tissue engineering in maxillofacial and orthopedic surgery. The content of this book which is interdisciplinary in nature caters to medical product designers, materials scientists and engineers, biologists, and surgeons who have interest in the field of bone tissue engineering.

Some of the biggest findings in the subject of nicotine have come from the secretive Nicotine Research Collaborative, which is made up of researchers, doctors, and academics. However, because they were worried about political and professional issues, they never linked the organisation to any papers that were disclosed. Since the group has conducted extensive research on the nicotine molecule and reached contentious and frequently unpopular conclusions, its membership has remained unknown to this day. The group focuses on studying nicotine, not cigarettes or other tobacco products, and has never accepted support from the industry. An overview of their meetings over the past 30 years is provided in this booklet. As a student and later as a research associate of one of the most well-known thinkers and researchers in the group, I had the honour of attending these sessions.

This book explores in depth the latest enabling technologies for regenerative medicine. The opening section examines advances in 3D bioprinting and the fabrication of electrospun and electrosprayed scaffolds. The potential applications of intelligent nanocomposites are then considered, covering, for example, graphene-based nanocomposites, intrinsically conductive polymer nanocomposites, and smart diagnostic contact lens systems. The third section is devoted to various drug delivery systems and strategies for regenerative medicine. Finally, a wide range of future enabling technologies are discussed. Examples include temperature-responsive cell culture surfaces, nanopatterned scaffolds for neural tissue engineering, and process system engineering methodologies for application in tissue development. This is one of two books to be based on contributions from leading experts that were delivered at the 2018 Asia University Symposium on Biomedical Engineering in Seoul, Korea - the companion book examines in depth novel biomaterials for regenerative medicine.

This collection explores the use of pluripotent cells to generate early embryo-like structures in vitro, with the resultant 3D embryo-like structures in vitro phenocopying many of the developmental landmarks and 3D architectures seen normally in vivo. The protocols gathered herein cover diverse aspects of the topic and exemplify some of the key developments and improvements in the field. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step and readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Embryo Models In Vitro: Methods and Protocols serves as an ideal guide to these exciting and innovative advances in developmental biology.

This edited collection deals with the structure-property relationships and biomedical applications of carboxymethyl chitosan derivatives in different fields. Readers will detailed overview of the preparatory methods involved in the derivatives of carboxymethyl chitosan and its interaction with metal ions.The chapters provide a detailed overview of the different types of carboxymethyl chitosan derivatives, including the preparatory methods involved, the interactions with metal ions, and the antimicrobial activities. These different forms of carboxymethyl chitosan derivatives are found to be potentially used in food packaging, in enhancing saltiness, as biosensors, and also as wound dressing. Chapters are also devoted to the fabrication and biomedical applications of carboxymethyl chitosan derivatives-based nanofibers as well as the interaction of carboxymethyl chitosan with blood in blood clotting and the underlying mechanism. Contributing authors additionally explore topicsrelated to carboxymethyl chitosan-based hydrogels, films, scaffolds, fibers, and composites. Finally, this volume presents the current challenges in developing biomedical products based on carboxymethyl chitosan derivatives. This book will be of interest not only to chemists, but to all scientists working in the fields of material/environmental science, biological science, and biomaterials. These chapters are great resources for any researcher who works with structure-property relationships, biological interactions, and the applications of carboxymethyl chitosan derivatives in different biomedical fields.

This detailed book brings together a collection of methodologies, from the most basic to the more complex, that provides researchers with a platform they can use to embark on a cartilage research career. To aid in the search for novel therapies for cartilage regeneration, this volume addresses 3D cartilage models, challenges associated with RNA and protein extraction, imaging, gene transfer, as well as stable differentiation and variations in cell phenotype from different tissue origins. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step and readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and up-to-date, Cartilage Tissue Engineering serves as an ideal guide for researchers working to advance the vital study of cartilage biology and repair.

This book combines discursive chapters that present the latest progress in molecular biology, drug discovery, organ-tissue engineering, and related fields, with a number of descriptive chapters on methods, protocols, and case studies. Structured into four parts, this volume walks the reader through the latest in cellular biology, with discussions on novel medicinal plant metabolites, nanotechnology in precision medicine, nucleic acid-based therapeutics and vaccines, genetic engineering, computational aid, bioinformatics, synthetic organs for transplantation, and organ-tissue engineering. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include the kind of detail and expert implementation advice that ensures quality results in the lab. Authoritative and informative, Gene, Drug, and Tissue Engineering serves as an ideal guide for undergraduate students, postgraduate researchers, and senior researchers working in biomedicine and its underlying technologies, stimulating both computational and experimental development and fostering the exchange of new ideas.

This handbook reviews the clinical applications of stem cell-based therapy. The book covers the clinical applications of stem cells in cardiovascular diseases, neurological and ocular diseases, pediatrics, and the role of cancer stem cell-derived exosomal microRNA payload in lung cancer. The chapter reviews emerging stem cell therapy and tissue engineering approaches in neurodegenerative diseases. The book further examines the applications of stem cells in various fields of dentistry, and for the regeneration of oral and non-oral tissues. The chapters also explore the application of 3D bioprinting in conjunction with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of bone defects and state-of-the-art technology for bone and cartilage regeneration using mesenchymal stem cells. The book presents stem cell-based therapy against renal, pancreatic, and kidney diseases and examines the advantages of a novel hepatic stem for cirrhotic liver repair and regeneration. Lastly, the book provides methodological and procedural advancements in stem cell-based therapy, including the applications of single-cell sequencing in stem cell research. This handbook is a major one-stop reference for researchers working in regenerative medicine, cellular pharmacology, stem cell research in general, and those involved in specific areas of adult stem cells as well as embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells.

This book discusses advancements in the applications of nanoparticles in tissue engineering. It examines the applications of nanobiomaterials in hard tissue regeneration, fabrication, and characterization. The book also analyzes the implication of three-dimensional and four-dimensional fabrication techniques for the production of the scaffold in tissue engineering and their advantages over conventional scaffold production techniques. Further, it presents smart materials used in making 4-D scaffolds that imitate the dynamic response of tissue against natural stimuli and adapt to the microenvironment by changing their conformation or other properties. It also summarizes the growing field of biomolecular detection and biosensors in tissue engineering and the increasing prominence of nanoparticles in the biosensors. Further, it provides the future outlook and associated challenges of the application of nanomaterials in tissue engineering.

Much research has focused on the basic cellular and molecular biological aspects of stem cells. Much of this research has been fueled by their potential for use in regenerative medicine applications, which has in turn spurred growing numbers of translational and clinical studies. However, more work is needed if the potential is to be realized for improvement of the lives and well-being of patients with numerous diseases and conditions.This book series 'Cell Biology and Translational Medicine (CBTMED)' as part of Springer Nature¿s longstanding and very successful Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology book series, has the goal to accelerate advances by timely information exchange. Emerging areas of regenerative medicine and translational aspects of stem cells are covered in each volume. Outstanding researchers are recruited to highlight developments and remaining challenges in both the basic research and clinical arenas. This current book is the 20th volume of acontinuing series.

This book provides readers a fundamental insight into the basic properties of the pharmaceutical agents used in the treatment of osteoporosis. It provides insight into mechanisms of action, updated information on clinical utility, and possible side effects associated with the use of these pharmaceutical agents. In particular, it highlights the use of two monoclonal antibodies romosozumab and denosumab in activating osteoblast differentiation and inhibiting osteoclasts. It also discusses two anabolic pharmaceutical agents, teriparatide and abaloparatide to treat osteoporosis. They have been shown to reduce the incidence of non-vertebral and vertebral fractures significantly after they were administered to patients daily as subcutaneous injections. The content of this book caters to researchers, scientists, and clinical practitioners who are interested in the treatment of osteoporosis using pharmaceutical agents.

The book provides an overview of prospective material simulants for hard tissues, such as knee joints, hip joint, and bones, and soft tissues, such as skin, muscles, and functional organs. These materials can repair, replace the functionality, or mimic the mechanical, structural, and biological properties of the parent tissue. This book discusses hard and soft human tissue simulating biomaterials under a single umbrella, covering a broad area of design and development of biomaterials, implants, and multi-functional materials along with their characterization. The progress in emerging biomaterials has increased manifold in the recent decades with the unprecedented focus on healthcare technologies. This book is dedicated to ground-breaking research in biomaterials and highlights the current trends and future roadmap of different materials for simulation of hard and soft tissues. Authored by prominent researchers around the globe, the chapters of this book emphasize recent advances in biomedical material simulation. This book brings together novel contributions to different aspects of hard and soft human tissue-based biomaterials, including recent advances and emerging developments in designing and developing simulants for tissue replacement alternatives. This book is anticipated to serve as a key reference textbook for research in tissue engineering & biomedical engineering, biomaterials, biomechanics, and implant & medical device development with contributed chapters solicited in the areas of soft materials, such as elastomers, hydrogels, etc., for various applications; auxetic metamaterials; additive manufacturing of bio-implants; artificial tissues and organs; development of biomimetic materials; medical implants and biomedical device design; bioinspired and bio-tribological materials; advances in materials science for biomaterial applications; biomechanical characterization of hard and soft human tissues; bioprinting and nano-biomaterials.

This volume explores the quickly evolving field of Purinergic signaling, and examines how receptors for ATP and other nucleotides, and receptors for adenosine, act in neuronal transmission, control of synaptic activity, proliferation, differentiation and cell death regulation in the CNS. This book focuses on the participation of purinergic receptors and ectonucleotidases, degrading ATP into adenosine, in embryonic and adult neurogenesis in vitro and in vivo as well as in synaptic transmission and pathophysiology. Further, the chapters discuss varying brain diseases, including Parkinson¿s, and Alzheimer¿s disease, autism, mood disorders and epilepsy, as well as brain tumors, in the context of purinergic signaling and its clinical aspects. The development of purinergic receptor agonists is also an important issue of this book. This book provides a critical review of the current state of science and will be useful for both scientists and students who are or would like to get involved in this area. Furthermore, this book addresses neuroscientists, physician and professionals from the industry, who would like to update themselves in this exciting and rapidly growing field of neuroscience.

This detailed volume presents a series of protocols that are representative of recent developments and improvements in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) and corresponding human disease models. Reflecting the latest technology for generating induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) and their initial characterization, the book explores techniques invaluable both for studies of disease-specific cell types and for their potential applications in regenerative medicine. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introduction to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step and readily reproducible laboratory protocols, as well as tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Human Disease: Methods and Protocols serves as a vital guide that is valuable for not only experts but also novices in the stem cell field.

This book addresses the structural and biological properties of the extracellular matrix component and glycosaminoglycan polymer hyaluronan (or hyaluronic acid, HA).The book discusses various aspects of HA biology, e.g., HA synthesis and degradation, as well as the role of HA in embryogenesis, development, and cell maintenance. The reader will learn about the role of HA in different tissues as well as its biological activities triggered by the interaction with different HA receptors. A closer look is had at the involvement of HA in human pathologies such as cancer, kidney fibrosis and wound healing. Biotechnological and biomedical applications for HA such as scaffold generation and drug delivery, including the novel synthetic sulphated HA are explored.This work will appeal to a wide readership within the extracellular matrix and hyaluronan field. It can serve as an introduction to the field for junior scientists but can also help senior scientists to gain a broader view of the field beyond their area of specialization.The series Biology of Extracellular Matrix is published in collaboration with the American Society for Matrix Biology and the International Society for Matrix Biology.

This volume focuses on the biomedical aspects of inorganic polyphosphates, a family of unique bio-inorganic polymers.In recent years, great advances have been made in understanding the development, metabolism, and physiological role of inorganic polyphosphates. These energy-rich polymers, which consist of long chains of phosphate units, are evolutionary old molecules. The acidocalcisomes, conserved organelles from bacteria to humans, as well as the mitochondria play a central role in polyphosphate production and storage. Polyphosphates have been assigned multiple functions, some of which are closely related to medically important processes, such as blood coagulation and fibrinolysis, energy metabolism, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, chaperon function, microvascularization, stress response, neurodegeneration and aging. The development of bioinspired polyphosphate particles, in combination with suitable hydrogel-forming polymers enabled the development of new strategies in regenerative medicine, in particular for hard and soft tissue repair, but also in drug delivery and antimicrobial defense. This book not only highlights the basic research in this area, but also discusses possible applications. Therefore, it appeals to scientists working in cell biology, biochemistry, and biomedicine and practicioners alike.

This book offers a comprehensive and timely overview of the latest developments in the field of biomechanics and extensive knowledge of tissue structure, function, and modeling. Gathering chapters written by authoritative scientists, it reports on a range of continuum and computational models of solids, and related experimental works, for biomechanical applications. It discusses cutting-edge advances such as constitutive modeling and computational simulation of biological tissues and organs under physiological and pathological conditions, and their mechanical characterization. It covers  innovative studies on arteries, heart, valvular tissue, and thrombus, brain tumor, muscle, liver, kidney, and stomach, among others. Written in honor of Professor Gerhard A. Holzapfel,  the book provides specialized readers with a thorough and timely overview of different types of modeling in biomechanics, and current knowledge about biological structures and function.

This contributed volume presents the current state of research on regenerative rehabilitation across a broad range of neuro- and musculoskeletal tissues. At its core, the primary goal of regenerative rehabilitation is to restore function after damage to bones, skeletal muscles, cartilage, ligaments/tendons, or tissues of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The authors describe the physiology of these neuro- and musculoskeletal tissue types and their inherent plasticity. The latter quality is what enables these tissues to adapt to mechanical and/or chemical cues to improve functional capacity. As a result, readers will learn how regenerative rehabilitation exploits that quality, to trigger positive changes in tissue function. Combining basic, translational, and clinical aspects of the topic, the book offers a valuable resource for both scientists and clinicians in the regenerative rehabilitation field.

This volume of the Springer book series Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology covers potency assays, one of the most complex yet fundamental evaluations that critically influence stem cell regenerative medicine. Developing potency assays for cell-based medicinal products comes with numerous challenges due to the highly specialised nature of the application and purpose. This book provides the reader with the knowledge necessary to understand issues governing the successful development of potency assays, highlighting an international outlook of how the various challenges raised are being managed. Stakeholders concerned with potency assay development range from patient and clinician to contract research organisations, small and medium enterprise, regulatory authorities and even politicians. The value of potency assays is poised to increase given the inevitable watershed as early-stage clinical trials addressing safety progress to trials testing efficacy. Contributors fromclinical, academic, industrial and regulatory sectors establish a broad point of view for guidance and timely debate. Potency assays require extensive collaboration across disciplines and sectors, as well as compromise and the authors aim to constructively address the many key aspects involved.Potency assays provide a quantitative measure of the biological activity of advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) and thus are required for their market authorization. As the pace of ATMP development accelerates, the need to develop specific, accurate, and robust potency assays for each product is also accelerating. The volume Potency Assays for Stem Cell Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products presents a broad outlook on the development, quality attributes, and implementation of potency assays for ATMPs. The first few chapters introduce a nuanced historical perspective on the science of potency assay development, describe specific quality attributes of an idealized potencyassay, indicate pitfalls associated with developing such assays for ATMPs, and review guidance recommended by regulatory authorities on assay suitability for product approval. Subsequent chapters highlight efforts to develop potency assays for specific ATMPs, including skeletal stem cells, mesenchymal stromal cells, extracellular vesicles, CAR T-cells, and discuss emerging technologies/platforms for potency assay design. The volume concludes with a chapter reviewing potency assays used for the release of commercial ATMP products, which amalgamates information contained in previous chapters. Overall, the knowledge contributed from leading authorities in both academia and industry is an ideal resource for technicians, scientists, clinicians, process engineers, and regulators working with ATMPs.¿Donald G. Phinney, PhD Professor, Department of Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology

Since its advent, nanotechnologies are considered key enabling technologies that take advantage of a wide array of nanomaterials (NMs) for biomedical and industrial applications generating significant societal and economic benefits. However, such innovation increases human exposure to these substances through inhalation, ingestion or dermal contact raising public health concerns. Furthermore, the NMs' specific physicochemical properties, that confer them unique beneficial characteristics, can also elicit nano-bio interactions leading to toxicity and concerns for public health. In addition, such properties can be affected by the surrounding matrix, particularly when incorporated in complex matrices such as food products, leading to secondary features potentially more relevant than primary characteristics for determining their toxicological outcome. These nano specific issues raise the question of whether the NMs may produce adverse outcomes that are not accounted for when using conventional toxicological approaches to assess their safety.Such uncertainties about the safety of NMs for human health and the environment may hamper a faster and more widespread exploration of their potentials. In response, the NMs definition has evolved, and nanotoxicology has developed towards new and more integrative approach methods to support regulatory and policy actions.This book provides a perspective on recent developments in the synthesis, application, and characterization of NMs and the related nanotechnologies, focusing on nanotoxicology for their accurate safety assessment early in the product development stage. The use of complex in vitro models, including multicellular systems and organoids, and "e;omics-based"e; approaches, such as transcriptomics or epigenomics, have greatly contributed to an in-depth understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind some NMs toxicity. Such mechanistic knowledge is equally addressed in this book and has set the basis for a predictive nanotoxicology approach building on adverse outcome pathways. In addition, considering the knowledge provided by the above-mentioned approaches, insights into risk assessment, standardization, and regulation of NMs are also included.Incorporating adequate nanosafety assessment early in the life-cycle of NMs will allow the implementation of the safe and sustainable-by-design paradigm enabling safety to keep pace with innovation.Chapters 10 and 15 are available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

Cutting-edge engineering approaches towards modelling lung homeostasis and disease have created dynamic new opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration and unprecedented progress toward understanding and treating lung disease. This text connects established research in lung biology and physiology to innovative engineering strategies for pulmonary modelling. This unique approach aims to encourage and facilitate progress among a greater audience of basic and translational scientists, clinicians, and medical practitioners. Engineering Translational Models of Lung Homeostasis and Disease illustrates the advances in lung tissue characterization, revealing dynamic changes in the structure, mechanics, and composition of the extracellular matrix. This information paves the way for tissue-informed engineering models of pulmonary tissue, improved design of clinical materials, and advances against a variety of common pathologies. Current translational challenges arehighlighted, as are engineering opportunities to overcome these barriers. This foundational text holds valuable lessons for researchers and clinicians throughout the fields of engineering, materials science, cell biology, pulmonary medicine, and clinical science.· Each section focuses on a specific region of the lung, presenting either the biological or clinical perspective along with complimentary engineering approaches · Covers the interface of engineering and lung biology · Highlights emerging new models to study lung disease and repairChapter 4 is available openaccess under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com