Matematikkens fundament

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This primer on mathematics formalisation provides a rapid, hands-on introduction to proof verification in Lean.After a quick introduction to Lean, the basic techniques of human-readable formalisation are introduced, illustrated by simple examples on maps, induction and real numbers. Subsequently, typical design options are discussed and brought to life through worked examples in the setting of simplicial complexes (a higher-dimensional generalisation of graph theory). Finally, the book demonstrates how current research in algebraic and geometric topology can be formalised by means of suitable abstraction layers.Informed by the author's recent teaching and research experience, this book allows students and researchers to quickly get started with formalising and checking their proofs. The core material of the book is accessible to mathematics students with basic programming skills. For the final chapter, familiarity with elementary category theory and algebraic topology is recommended.

Die Schulmathematik vermittelt meist nur einen sehr eingeschränkten Einblick in die beweisorientierte und axiomatisch aufgebaute moderne Mathematik ¿ Studienanfänger werden daher oft unvorbereitet von der Hochschulmathematik getroffen.Dieses Lehrbuch erleichtert den nötigen Übergang zum selbstständigen Erarbeiten und Lernen mathematischer Beweise und Inhalte: Es motiviert die Lesenden, selbst aktiv zu werden und sich alleine an den gegebenen Problemstellungen zu versuchen. Dabei wird viel Wert auf leichte Sprache, ausführliche Erklärungen und detaillierte Beispiele gelegt. Somit ist das Buch optimal zum Selbststudium, als Material für Online-Lehrveranstaltungen oder als Ergänzung zu klassischen Mathematik-Vorkursen geeignet.Die einzelnen Kapitel können weitgehend eigenständig und selektiv gelesen bzw. bearbeitet werden, sind aber einheitlich aufgebaut: Jedes Kapitel orientiert sich inhaltlich an einer zu Beginn dargestellten Leitfrage. Auf dem Weg zur Antwort werden die Lesenden von ausführlichen Erläuterungen, Schnellaufgaben, klassischen Übungsaufgaben und Wiederholungsaufgaben begleitet. Die Relevanz der Ergebnisse wird abschließend erläutert; an einigen Stellen gehen die Autoren sogar auf aktuelle Forschung ein oder geben Ausblicke auf tiefere mathematische Erkenntnisse.Die mathematische Basis dieses Buchs ist die zweisemestrige Vorlesung zur Elementarmathematik für das Haupt- und Realschul-Lehramt an der Goethe Universität Frankfurt. Daher eignet sich das Buch besonders gut für Lehramtsstudierende (auch für das gymnasiale Lehramt), als Anregung für Lehrkräfte oder als Ausblick für motivierte Schüler sowie als Brückenkursmaterial.

Starting with the historical evolution of computer and communications networks and their security, the book then arrives at the main definitions of cryptography and network security. Next, the basics of information theory, how to measure information, the information associated with a certain source are also discussed. Source codes are presented, along with the concepts of information transmission, joint information, conditional entropy, mutual information and channel capacity. Computer networks are discussed, including the main protocols and network architectures, and the important TCP/IP protocol. Network security, a topic intrinsically connected to computer networks and the Internet, is presented, along with information about basic hacker attacks, alternatives to prevent attacks, data protection and secure protocols. The information theoretical aspects of cryptography are described including the hash function. An appendix includes a review of probability theory. Illustrations and graphics will help the reader understand the theory.

"Discrete quantum walks are quantum analogues of classical random walks. They are an important tool in quantum computing and a number of algorithms can be viewed as discrete quantum walks, in particular Grover's search algorithm. These walks are constructed on an underlying graph, and so there is a relation between properties of walks and properties of the graph. This book studies the mathematical problems that arise from this connection, and the different classes of walks that arise. Written at a level suitable for graduate students in mathematics, the only prerequisites are linear algebra and basic graph theory; no prior knowledge of physics is required. The text serves as an introduction to this important and rapidly developing area for mathematicians and as a detailed reference for computer scientists and physicists working on quantum information theory"--

During his lifetime, Kurt Godel was not well known outside the professional world of mathematicians, philosophers and theoretical physicists. Early in his career, for his doctoral thesis and then for his Habilitation (Dr.Sci.), he wrote earthshaking articles on the completeness and provability of mathematical-logical systems, upsetting the hypotheses of the most famous mathematicians/philosophers of the time. He later delved into theoretical physics, finding a unique solution to Einstein's equations for gravity, the 'Godel Universe', and made contributions to philosophy, the guiding theme of his life. This book includes more details about the context of Gdel's life than are found in earlier biographies, while avoiding an elaborate treatment of his mathematical/scientific/philosophical works, which have been described in great detail in other books. In this way, it makes him and his times more accessible to general readers, and will allow them to appreciate the lasting effects of Gdel's contributions (the latter in a more up-to-date context than in previous biographies, many of which were written 15-25 years ago). His work spans or is relevant to a wide spectrum of intellectual endeavor, and this is emphasized in the book, with recent examples. This biography also examines possible sources of his unusual personality, which combined mathematical genius with an almost childlike naivet concerning everyday life, and striking scientific innovations with timidity and hesitancy in practical matters. How he nevertheless had a long and successful career, inspiring many younger scholars along the way, with the help of his loyal wife Adele and some of his friends, is a fascinating story in human nature.

Sir William Rowan Hamilton was a genius, and will be remembered for his significant contributions to physics and mathematics. The Hamiltonian, which is used in quantum physics to describe the total energy of a system, would have been a major achievement for anyone, but Hamilton also invented quaternions, which paved the way for modern vector analysis. Quaternions are one of the most documented inventions in the history of mathematics, and this book is about their invention, and how they are used to rotate vectors about an arbitrary axis. Apart from introducing the reader to the features of quaternions and their associated algebra, the book provides valuable historical facts that bring the subject alive. Quaternions for Computer Graphics introduces the reader to quaternion algebra by describing concepts of sets, groups, fields and rings. It also includes chapters on imaginary quantities, complex numbers and the complex plane, which are essential to understanding quaternions. The book contains many illustrations and worked examples, which make it essential reading for students, academics, researchers and professional practitioners.