Kondenserede fasers fysik (væskeform og faststoffysik)

The main motivation for the organization of the Advanced Research Workshop in Belgirate was the promotion of discussions on the most recent issues and the future perspectives in the field of Solid State lonics. The location was chosen on purpose since Belgirate was the place were twenty years ago, also then under the sponsorship of NATO, the very first international meeting on this important and interdisciplinary field took place. That meeting was named "e;Fast Ion Transport in Solids"e; and gathered virtually everybody at that time having been active in any aspect of motion of ions in solids. The original Belgirate Meeting made for the first time visible the technological potential related to the phenomenon of the fast ionic transport in solids and, accordingly, the field was given the name "e;Solid State lonics"e;. This field is now expanded to cover a wide range of technologies which includes chemical sensors for environmental and process control, electrochromic windows, mirrors and displays, fuel cells, high performance rechargeable batteries for stationary applications and electrotraction, chemotronics, semiconductor ionics, water electrolysis cells for hydrogen economy and other applications. The main idea for holding an anniversary meeting was that of discussing the most recent issues and the future perspectives of Solid State lonics just twenty years after it has started at the same location on the lake Maggiore in North Italy.

Techniques for the preparation of condensed matter systems have advanced considerably in the last decade, principally due to the developments in microfabrication technologies. The widespread availability of millikelvin temperature facilities also led to the discovery of a large number of new quantum phenomena. Simultaneously, the quantum theory of small condensed matter systems has matured, allowing quantitative predictions. The effects discussed in Quantum Dynamics of Submicron Structures include typical quantum interference phenomena, such as the Aharonov-Bohm-like oscillations of the magnetoresistance of thin metallic cylinders and rings, transport through chaotic billiards, and such quantization effects as the integer and fractional quantum Hall effect and the quantization of the conductance of point contacts in integer multiples of the `conductance quantum'. Transport properties and tunnelling processes in various types of normal metal and superconductor tunnelling systems are treated. The statistical properties of the quantum states of electrons in spatially inhomogeneous systems, such as a random, inhomogeneous magnetic field, are investigated. Interacting systems, like the Luttinger liquid or electrons in a quantum dot, are also considered. Reviews are given of quantum blockade mechanisms for electrons that tunnel through small junctions, like the Coulomb blockade and spin blockade, the influence of dissipative coupling of charge carriers to an environment, and Andreev scattering. Coulomb interactions and quantization effects in transport through quantum dots and in double-well potentials, as well as quantum effects in the motion of vortices, as in the Aharonov-Casher effect, are discussed. The status of the theory of the metal-insulator and superconductor-insulator phase transitions in ordered and disordered granular systems are reviewed as examples in which such quantum effects are of great importance.

In the ten years since the scientific rationale for the design, synthesis and application of inorganic and organometallic polymers (IOPs) was first conceptualised, we have witnessed the first tentative exploration of IOPs as precursors to new materials, with efforts focusing on the design and synthesis of novel ceramic precursors. Developing expertise led to precursor studies combined with the characterisation of the transformation processes that occur when IOPs are converted to ceramic materials. Now at maturity, the science presented in this volume reveals the polymer precursor approach to materials synthesis together with examples of processing ceramic shapes for a range of mechanical properties, the development of sophisticated, noninvasive analytical techniques, and IOP design rationales relying on well-defined processing-property relationships. The production of multifunctional IOPs is described, providing ion conductivity, gas sensing, bioactivity, magnetic properties, etc., combined with processability. The existence of well-defined IOPs and the exquisite control that can be exerted on sol-gel systems now provide access to such a variety of mixed organic-organometallic and/or inorganic hybrid systems that their exploitation is likely to develop into an entirely new field of materials chemistry. Future exciting avenues of research are also being opened up with the advent of buckyballs, Met-Cars, dopable preceramics, rigid-rod organometallics, and molecular tinkertoys.

The aim of this NATO Advanced Study Institute was to bring together scientists and students working in the field of laser matter interactions in order to review and stimulate developmentoffundamental science with ultra-short pulse lasers. New techniques of pulse compression and colliding-pulse mode-locking have made possible the construction of lasers with pulse lengths in the femtosecond range. Such lasers are now in operation at several research laboratories in Europe and the United States. These laser facilities present a new and exciting research direction with both pure and applied science components. In this ASI the emphasis is on fundamental processes occurring in the interaction of short laser pulses with atoms, molecules, solids, and plasmas. In the case of laser-atom (molecule) interactions, high power lasers provide the first access to extreme high-intensity conditions above 10'8 Watts/em', a new frontier for nonlinear interaction of photons with atoms and molecules. New phenomena observed include multiphoton ionization processes, atomic collisions in the presence of a strong laser field, Coulomb explosion following rapid ionization of a molecule and the production of high harmonics of the laser source. Another important topic reviewed in this ASI is the lasercooling ofatoms.

Ongoing developments in nanofabrication technology and the availability of novel materials have led to the emergence and evolution of new topics for mesoscopic research, including scanning-tunnelling microscopic studies of few-atom metallic clusters, discrete energy level spectroscopy, the prediction of Kondo-type physics in the transport properties of quantum dots, time dependent effects, and the properties of interacting systems, e.g. of Luttinger liquids. The overall understanding of each of these areas is still incomplete; nevertheless, with the foundations laid by studies in the more traditional systems there is no doubt that these new areas will advance mesoscopic electron transport to a new phenomenological level, both experimentally and theoretically. Mesoscopic Electron Transport highlights selected areas in the field, provides a comprehensive review of such systems, and also serves as an introduction to the new and developing areas of mesoscopic electron transport.

Supercritical fluids are neither gas nor liquid, but can be compressed gradually from low to high density and they are therefore interesting and important as tunable solvents and reaction media in the chemical process industry. By adjusting the density the properties of these fluids can be customised and manipulated for a given process - physical or chemical transformation. Separation and processing using supercritical solvents such as CO2 are currently on-line commercially in the food, essential oils and polymer industries. Many agencies and industries are considering the use of supercritical water for waste remediation. Supercritical fluid chromatography represents another, major analytical application. Significant advances have recently been made in materials processing, ranging from particle formation to the creation of porous materials.The chapters in this book provide tutorial accounts of topical areas centred around: (1) phase equilibria, thermodynamics and equations of state; (2) critical behaviour, crossover effects; (3) transport and interfacial properties; (4) molecular modelling, computer simulation; (5) reactions, spectroscopy; (6) phase separation kinetics; (7) extractions; (8) applications to polymers, pharmaceuticals, natural materials and chromatography; (9) process scale-up.

Discontinuous (first-order) phase transitions constitute the most fundamental and widespread type of structural transitions existing in Nature, forming a large majority of the transitions found in elemental crystals, alloys, inorganic compounds, minerals and complex fluids. Nevertheless, only a small part of them, namely, weakly discontinuous transformations, were considered by phenomenological theories, leaving aside the most interesting from a theoretical point of view and the most important for application cases. Discontinuous Phase Transitions in Condensed Matter introduces a density-wave approach to phase transitions which results in a unified, symmetry-based, model-free theory of the weak crystallization of molecular mixtures to liquid-crystalline mesophases, strongly discontinuous crystallization from molten metals and alloys to conventional, fully segregated crystals, to aperiodic, quasi-crystalline structures. Assembly of aperiodic closed virus capsids with non-crystallographic symmetry also falls into the domain of applicability of the density-wave approach.The book also considers the applicability domains of the symmetry-based approach in physics of low-dimensional systems. It includes comparisons of stability of different surface superstructures and metal monoatomic coverage structures on the surface of single-crystalline substrates. The example of the twisted graphene bilayer demonstrates how parametrization in the spirit of an advanced phenomenological approach can establish symmetry-controlled, and therefore model-free, links between geometrical parameters of the twisted bilayer structure and reconstruction of its Brillouin zone and energy bands.

The field of high-temperature superconductivity has encouraged an inter- disciplinary approach to research. It has required significant cooperation and collaboration among researchers, each of whom has brought to it a rich variety of experience from many other fields. Recently, great improvements have been made in the quality of research. The subject has matured and been launched into the next stage through the resonance between science and technology. The current progress of materials processing and engineering in this field is analogous to that previously seen in the development of semiconductors. These include the appearance of materials taking the place of YBa2Cu307 owing to their improved properties (higher critical temperatures and stronger flux pin- ning) in which rare earth ions with large radii (La, Nd, Sm) substitute for Y; the development of technology enabling growth control on the nanometer scale; and precise and reproducible measurements that can be used as rigorous tests of theoretical models, which in turn are expected to lead to the develop- ment of new devices. For further progress in high-T research, academics and c technologists must pool their knowledge and experience. I hope that this volume will promote that goal by providing the reader with the latest results of high-temperature superconductor research and will stimulate further discussion and collaboration.

Phase separation has become a fascinating subject in the discussion of cuprate superconductors. All these materials have layered structures containing CU02 planes as the most important building blocks. They are coupled only weakly so that the electronic properties show a nearly two-dimensional behaviour. Due to correlations the undoped compounds are insulators of the Mott- Hubbard type exhibiting long-range antiferromagnetic order. Upon doping a rich scenario of physical phenomena appears: Even at low hole concentra- tions the antiferromagnetic ordering temperature is reduced drastically and spin-glass behaviour as well as a hopping type conductivity can be observed. Further doping leads to metallic-like conductivity and below Tc to super- conductivity. In this doping regime antiferromagnetic fluctuations are still observed. At very high charge carrier densities superconductivity is lost and the systems show pure metallic conduction without ,magnetic correlations. One of the most interesting phenomena in high-T c research is the interplay between magnetism and conductivity or superconductivity. Especially the behaviour of charge carriers in the antiferromagnetic background raises a number of open questions. Two scenarios become possible: the carriers tend to delocalize over the whole crystal forming a homogeneous state with band-like structure or they separate into hole-rich (conducting, superconducting) and hole-poor (insulating, antiferromagnetic) phases leading to an inhomogeneous structure.

The crystallization process may be used in chemistry, physics, or materials science to prepare materials for special applications such as batteries, fuel cells, and optics. In chemistry and physics, researchers prepare polycrystalline powders or thin films. In biology and pharmacology, proteins and drugs are obtained as polycrystalline powder and their structures are determined by X-ray powder diffraction or neutron diffraction. The synthesis of polycrystalline powder or thin films depends on several factors such as temperature, pressure, and operating parameters. This book discusses the phenomenon of crystallization in several fields and applications.

Der InhaltNach einer Einfuhrung in die Grundlagen der Werkstoffwissenschaft werden die Anwendungsaspekte behandelt. Insbesondere die Gesetzmaigkeiten der mechanischen Eigenschaften und das Verhalten von Werkstoffgruppen unter unterschiedlichen Umgebungs- und Belastungsbedingungen werden erlautert. Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt liegt auf der Darstellung der technischen Gebrauchseigenschaften der Werkstoffe. Fur die gebrauchlichsten Werkstoffe werden die elastischen Konstanten und Festigkeitskennwerte angegeben.Angesprochen werden die Moglichkeiten der Werkstoffprufung, wobei die zerstorungsfreie Werkstoffprufung einbezogen wurde.Behandelt werden Stahle, Stahllegierungen fur besondere Anwendungen, Leichtmetalle, Nichteisenmetalle, Kunststoffe, Keramiken und Verbundwerkstoffe im Hinblick auf den gesamten Bereich der technischen Anwendung. Die Schadigung der unterschiedlichen Werkstoffgruppen durch Korrosion und Verschlei wird diskutiert. Verstandnisfragen zu jedem Kapitel runden das Buch ab.Die ZielgruppenDas Buch wurde fur Studierende der Facher Maschinenbau, Fahrzeug- und Motorentechnik sowie artverwandte Ingenieursstudiengange konzipiert. Aufgrund seines leicht verstandlichen Aufbaus bietet es aber auch Studierenden aus den Natur- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften die Moglichkeit sich mit werkstoffkundlichen Fragestellungen auseinanderzusetzen. Es eignet sich ebenso als berufsbegleitendes Nachschlagewerk.Die AutorenProf. Dr.-Ing. habil. Eberhard Roos wurde, nach verschiedenen Stationen in der Industrie, 1995 zum Direktor der Materialprufungsanstalt (MPA) der Universitat Stuttgart berufen. Die Schwerpunkte in der Lehre waren Materialprufung, Werkstoffkunde und Festigkeitslehre.Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Karl Maile ist seit 1998 stellvertretender Direktor der Materialprufungsanstalt (MPA) der Universitat Stuttgart. Die Schwerpunkte in Forschung und Lehre liegen in Werkstofftechnik, Bauteilbewertung und Qualitatssicherung.

The RF power amplifier is a key component in a wireless transceiver and is considered by many as the design bottleneck in the transmitting chain. Linear CMOS RF Power Amplifiers for Wireless Applications addresses two fundamental aspects in RF power amplifier design for integration in CMOS technologies at 2.4, 3.7 and 5.2 GHz: efficiency enhancement and frequency agility.The well-known linearity-efficiency trade-off is circumvented by employing an efficiency-enhancement technique called the dynamic supply RF power amplifier. The design of this system is described with great detail and compared with other efficiency enhancement techniques.The frequency agility is achieved with a novel impedance matching network based on coupled inductors. The design of a dual-band RF power amplifier is shown, with a careful analysis of the tunable matching network and its interaction with the rest of the circuit.The considerations and conclusions drawn throughout this book are based on simulation as well as measurement results from the integrated circuit prototypes carefully built and respecting best practices in RF design.

During the past decade, the mathematics of superconductivity has been the subject of intense activity. This book examines in detail the nonlinear Ginzburg–Landau functional, the model most commonly used in the study of superconductivity. Specifically covered are cases in the presence of a strong magnetic field and with a sufficiently large Ginzburg–Landau parameter kappa. Key topics and features of the work: * Provides a concrete introduction to techniques in spectral theory and partial differential equations * Offers a complete analysis of the two-dimensional Ginzburg–Landau functional with large kappa in the presence of a magnetic field * Treats the three-dimensional case thoroughly * Includes open problems Spectral Methods in Surface Superconductivity is intended for students and researchers with a graduate-level understanding of functional analysis, spectral theory, and the analysis of partial differential equations. The book also includes an overview of all nonstandard material as well as important semi-classical techniques in spectral theory that are involved in the nonlinear study of superconductivity.

A detailed presentation of the physics of the various hysteresis models that are currently used to explain the magnetization reversal process, including coherent and incoherent magnetization processes, micromagnetism and its application in thin films, multilayers, nanowires, particles and bulk magnets, domain wall pinning and domain wall dynamics, and Preisach modelling. Some of the faulty concepts and interpretations that still exist in the literature are rectified. Magnetic imaging techniques are reviewed, including TEM, SEM, magnetic force microscopy, and optical microscopy. Temperature, field and angular dependence of coercivity, magnetic interactions and magnetic phenomena are reviewed and their effect on magnetic hysteresis is discussed. The magnetic properties of novel materials are discussed, including nanoparticles, nanocrystalline granular solids, particulate media, thin films, and bulk magnets. Finally, present and future applications of novel materials are presented, including magnetic and magneto-optic recording media, magneto-electronics, sensors, magnetic circuit design, and novel structures created from rigid, high-energy permanent magnets.

Die dritte Auflage der Quantenmechanik fur Fortgeschrittene wurde grundlegend uberarbeitet und behandelt die weiterfuhrenden Themen Vielteilchensysteme, Relativistische Wellengleichungen und Relativistische Felder. Die bereits in der Quantenmechanik des gleichen Autors uberzeugende stringente mathematische Darstellung wird durch die Angabe aller Zwischenschritte, durch zahlreiche Anwendungsbeispiele im Text und Ubungen erganzt. Der Text legt insbesondere durch Darstellung der relativistischen Wellengleichungen und ihrer Symmetrieeigenschaften sowie der quantenfeldtheoretischen Grundlagen das Fundament fur das weitere Studium von Festkorperphysik, Kern- und Elementarteilchenphysik und ist im gesamten Hauptstudium ein unentbehrlicher Begleiter.

How to determine transistor sizes and currents when the supply voltages of analog CMOS circuits do not exceed 1.2V and transistors operate in weak, moderate or strong inversion? The gm/ID methodology offers a solution provided a reference transconductance over drain current ratio is available. The reference may be the result of measurements carried out on real physical transistors or advanced models. The reference may also take advantage of a compact model. In The gm/ID Methodology, a Sizing Tool for Low-Voltage Analog CMOS Circuits, we compare the semi-empirical to the compact model approach. Small numbers of parameters make the compact model attractive for the model paves the way towards analytic expressions unaffordable otherwise. The E.K.V model is a good candidate, but when it comes to short channel devices, compact models are either inaccurate or loose straightforwardness. Because sizing requires basically a reliable large signal representation of MOS transistors, we investigate the potential of the E.K.V model when its parameters are supposed to be bias dependent. The model-driven and semi-empirical methods are compared considering the Intrinsic Gain Stage and a few more complex circuits. A series of MATLAB files found on extras-springer.com allow redoing the tests.