Biofysik

This book covers the basic knowledge of biojet fuel, explores the current technological status, and presents future prospects for commercial biojet fuel production. The focus of this book is on biojet fuel production from different types of potential substrates. It also includes technoeconomic analysis and life cycle assessment of biojet fuel. Biojet fuel is currently recognized as the best alternative to petroleum-based jet fuel due to its renewability and sustainable features. However, there is a scarcity of reports on biojet fuel production from various types of substrates.The aviation industry globally consumes approximately 200 million tonnes of jet fuels each year, with a projected continuous growth rate of 5% per year until 2050 (Seymour et al., 2020). Currently, the global demand for jet fuel is predominantly met by petroleum-based fuels. However, the limited availability of fossil fuels and increasing concerns about climate change have placed significant pressure on commercial airlines to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and embrace cleaner and more sustainable practices.Biojet fuel has emerged as the most favorable alternative to petroleum-based jet fuel due to its renewable nature and sustainable characteristics. Despite its potential, there is a limited number of reports available on the production of biojet fuel from different types of substrates. The present scenario of biojet fuel necessitates the development of improved and cost-effective technologies that can yield long-term benefits.The book is useful for students and researchers in various branches of life sciences, including environmental biotechnology, bioprocess engineering, renewable energy, chemical engineering, nanotechnology, biotechnology, microbiology, and more.

Fluorescence is the most popular technique in chemical and biological sensing and this book provides systematic knowledge of basic principles in the design of fluorescence sensing and imaging techniques together with critical analysis of recent developments. Its ultimate sensitivity, high temporal and spatial resolution and versatility enables high resolution imaging within living cells. It develops rapidly in the directions of constructing new molecular recognition units, new fluorescence reporters and in improving sensitivity of response, up to the detection of single molecules. Its application areas range from the control of industrial processes to environmental monitoring and clinical diagnostics. Being a guide for students and young researchers, it also addresses professionals involved in basic and applied research. Making a strong link between education, research and product development, this book discusses prospects for future progress.

This book approaches biofuels from a new biotechnological perspective with the aim of equipping researchers with a thorough, up-to-date understanding of biofuel research and related technologies. Topics include biomethane, bioethanol, biobutanol, biomass, hydrolysis, bio-oil, microbiology, and many more. Biofuel research has evolved mechanisms to advance their utilization and their application in our system. The chapters will provide concise and up-to-date information to aid our understanding of biotechnology-related implications of biofuels development and its advancements. Readers in the areas of bioengineering, sustainability, renewable energies and biotechnology will find this work useful to widen their knowledge and perspectives on biofuels.

This book presents the experimental development of an information-powered engine inspired by the famous thought experiment, Maxwell¿s demon, to understand its potential to produce energy for practical purposes. The development of an engine based on Maxwell¿s demon was for a long time inconceivable, but technological advances have led to novel investigations into theoretical and practical applications. The built information engine consists of a micron-sized glass bead trapped in a tightly focused laser beam. It rectifies the bead's Brownian motion by controlling the laser's position and generates a unidirectional motion against gravity without doing any work, thus converting thermal heat into stored gravitational potential energy. A theoretical model based on a spring-mass system describes the engine's dynamics and was then used to find optimum parameters to improve the engine's performance. Experimentally implementing these optimization strategies led to engine output powers comparable to those measured in biological motors. This book also highlights performance improvements made in the presence of measurement noise and presents important guiding principles to design information engines to operate in non-equilibrium environments. By focusing on practical applications, the book overall aims to broaden the scope of information-engine investigations.

This book aims to understand biological evolution through a physical approach, focusing on the macroscopic aspects of the biological genome. Readers will discover the connection between genomic information and the harmony of biological systems, a relationship that remains elusive to many researchers in biological sciences.The most common approach to understanding living organisms with physics is to begin with a single molecule of an organism. In contrast to this bottom-up approach, building from each molecule to the whole, this book takes a coarse-grained approach at the amino acid level to physically understand the macroscopic aspects of the organism. The book presents a system developed by the authors to predict membrane proteins with high accuracy using only physical parameters. Another distinctive perspective of this book is that it proposes the idea of a physical mechanism, other than natural selection, that orchestrates the emergence of order from random processes.The study of macroscopic aspects of living organisms based on this concept has parallels with thermostatistical mechanics for states of matter. Just as random processes create order in matter, there are physical random processes that form order in living organisms. This analogy is the central theme of the book.Using terms and analogies familiar to physicists, the book bridges the gap between biological and physical sciences. The book focuses on simple principles and is aimed primarily at researchers. While the content of this book is at the boundary area of biophysics, soft matter physics and bioinformatics, it will also be of interest to researchers and graduate students working on any biological topics.

This book showcases recent trends in brain-computer interface development. It highlights fascinating results in areas such as language decoding, spinal cord stimulation to enable gait and to restore hand functions. The contributions are based on the 12 nominated brain-computer interface projects of the BCI Award 2022. Every year an international jury selects the most innovate BCI projects and nominates 12 projects before selecting the 1st, 2nd and 3rd place winners. In the book, each project is described in detail by the team of scientists behind it, and the editors provide a concluding discussion of the highlights and overall progress in the field.

This book bridges the gap between physical foundations and medical applications of the NMR and MRI technologies, making them accessible to both physicists and biomedical scientists. The physical basis of these technologies is discussed in a manner that can be easily understood by scientists from different backgrounds, aiding them in gaining a clearer understanding of the subject.. For instance, the medical applications of NMR and MRI technologies are described in a way that is accessible to physicists. Moreover, geometrical descriptions and specific mathematical tools are used to facilitate the visualizations of many concepts. Furthermore, the book covers modern technologies such as hyperpolarization and several other state-of-the-art techniques, along with their foundations.

This book highlights the applications of nanotechnology in modern medicine. Today we are living in a world of fast-changing behavior and lifestyles. Despite health and wellbeing are often pronounced and enforced, the diseases and illnesses are emerging in different forms, at an alarming rate. Protecting the mankind is becoming ever more challenging. In this backdrop, medicine needs new approaches and technologies to build the defenses. Nanotechnology is successfully confronting the situation. It does so in two avenues, namely, nanomaterials, and, nanodevices. Nanomaterials possess extraordinary properties that are utilized to confront bacteria and viruses, and for targeted drug delivery. Nanodevices can be maneuvered inside the human body to reach extreme locations. This book presents the latest developments in these areas.

This book describes the development of novel protein¿RNA-binding assays and their applications in a high-throughput manner for the identification of small-molecule modulators of protein¿RNA interactions to treat cancer and COVID-19.Modulating protein¿RNA interactions with small molecules is expected to provide novel biological insights of the interrelation of diseases with the protein¿RNA interactome. The modulations may also be exploited therapeutically. For these reasons, the development of a simple, reliable, and sensitive protein¿RNA-binding assay is necessary for high-throughput screening to discover new effective chemical entities capable of acting on diverse protein¿RNA interactions. This book discusses the discovery of small-molecule modulators targeting protein¿RNA interactions that are potentially valuable to treat cancer and COVID-19 by constructing novel high-throughput screening methods. The results of this dissertation provide valuable insights into the regulation of protein¿RNA interactions in chemical biology and drug development.

This book highlights important aspects of nonlinear dynamics of biophysical nanosystems, such as DNA, alpha helix, and microtubules. It presents the differences between the linear and nonlinear models in these molecules and includes interesting chapters on Soliton dynamics of the DNA molecule. This book is meant not only for researchers but also for both graduate and undergraduate students. Chapters include derivations, detailed explanations, and exercises for students. Therefore, the book is convenient to be used as a textbook in suitable courses.

This book describes a new strategy for rehabilitation from injury and/or disease using Crucial Event Therapy. Recent studies have shown that individuals can recuperate more rapidly from surgery and other invasive procedures intended to correct the negative effects of disease or injury through the use of life support systems that operate at the body's natural biofrequencies. The same observation has been clinically shown to reverse the degenerative effects of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson¿s and Alzheimer's Disease.Crucial Event Therapy describes medicine as the operational control of the functions of the human body treated as a network-of-networks, with 1/f-variable crucial events coding the dynamic states of health and disease through information flow within a network and information exchange between biomedical networks. A new way of thinking based on the statistics of Cortical Events is presented and the relevant literature is suitably referenced. This is anideal book for biophysicists and data scientists seeking to understand the connection of complexity measures for the study of consciousness with the clinical aspects of designing a rehabilitation strategy.

This book addresses X-Ray Imaging Systems intended for biomedical engineering technology students and practitioners, and deals with the major technical components of x-ray imaging modalities. These modalities include film-based imaging, digital radiography, and computed tomography. Furthermore, principles and concepts essential to the understanding of how these modalities function will be described. These include fundamental radiation physics, imaging informatics, quality control, and radiation protection considerations.X-Ray Imaging Systems for Biomedical Engineering Technology: An Essential Guide is intended for biomedical engineering technologists, who provide technical advice and services relating to digital radiography and CT departments not only in hospitals but in private facilities as well. Students in radiological technology programs may also find this to be a useful resource.

This book highlights the advancements in different fields of clinical electrophysiology and gives the reader a good background of the established practices. To tackle such a wide topic, the book focuses on two main aspects: ablation and pacing, discussing the novel energy sources and approaches to rhythm restoration and control; devices and signal processing, highlighting the new available technologies and numerical approaches aiding practice and home medicine. It also presents the reader with selected strategies that could be a paradigm shifts for the field: in situ cell reprogramming, exploiting the newly founded achievements in epigenetic modification of somatic cells; artificial intelligence; cardiac digital twinning, which aims to collect the information from imaging, mechanics and electrophysiology and condense it into a patient-specific model for personalized treatment.

Reproducibility in Biomedical Research: Epistemological and Statistical Problems, Second Edition explores the ideas and conundrums inherent in scientific research. This second edition addresses new challenges to reproducibility in biosciences, namely reproducibility of machine learning Artificial Intelligence (AI), reproducibility of translation from research to medical care, and the fundamental challenges to reproducibility. All current chapters are expanded to cover advances in the topics previously addressed. This book provides biomedical researchers with a framework to better understand the reproducibility challenges in the area. Newly introduced interactive exercises and updated case studies help students understand the fundamental concepts involved in the area.

Sensors & Instrumentation and Aircraft/Aerospace Testing Techniques, Volume 8: Proceedings of the 41st IMAC, A Conference and Exposition on Structural Dynamics, 2023, the eighth volume of ten from the Conference brings together contributions to this important area of research and engineering. The collection presents early findings and case studies on fundamental and applied aspects of Shock & Vibration, Aircraft/Aerospace Testing Techniques including papers on:Alternative Sensing & AcquisitionActive ControlsInstrumentation

This book presents the fundamentals of advanced ceramics, their stages of development, types and classifications, advanced processing techniques, properties, sintering, and new forms of applications. It highlights specific examples such as alumina, zirconia, Mg-Al-spinels, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, ceramic composites, and thin films with their specific applications. The book reviews progress in perovskite ceramics, in which the synthesis, processing, characterization, and advanced applications of perovskite ceramics are all thoroughly discussed. In addition, developments of perovskite solar cells, the main factors affecting their stability, current problems, development prospects in the research, and application of perovskite solar cells are all highlighted. This book also includes a review of a particular class of rare-earth-based mixed-metal oxides, namely Ln2B2O7 nanostructures (B = Zr, Sn, and Ce), where advantages and disadvantages of each production technique are addressed along with the properties of as-produced nanostructures. The solar photocatalytic uses of Ln2B2O7 nanostructures such as photodegradation of contaminants are also discussed. Yttria-based transparent ceramics for photonic applications are reviewed, along with a discussion of powder synthesis, green body preparation, sintering, and optical properties. In addition, the fundamentals of electrophoretic deposition of hydroxyapatite incorporated composite coatings on metallic substrates are presented and discussed. The different types of ceramics-based self-healing coatings and their fabrication processes have also been reported and discussed in this book. These include titania, zirconia, titanium-alumina, and zirconia-alumina incorporated with Benzotriazole (BTA) as an inhibitor. Advanced ceramic materials that have been used for the purpose of wastewater treatment including ceramic sorbents, resins, aerosols, and ceramic membranes that have been widely used for wastewater treatment purposes are also discussed in depth.Moreover, the book presents the preparation of geopolymers by microwave treatments and explains how their properties can be tuned using microwaves. Furthermore, the future and perspective of these advanced ceramic materials and their modifications to ensure better efficacy toward environmental remediation purposes are highlighted in this book.

This book focuses on biomedical applications of polarized light, covering instrumentation and modeling specific to the field. This will be the first book, written by leading researchers in the field, to tackle this important topic. Readers will learn the fundamentals of polarized light transport and how to develop instrumentation for clinical and preclinical studies. They will also become familiar with the latest advancement in data analysis and image processing for a variety of medical applications. The book is dedicated specifically to the biomedical community, including scientists, engineers, and physicians working on the development of instrumentation for clinical and preclinical use.Emphasizes biomedical imaging and sensing;Describes new computational approaches with examples;Provides detailed descriptions of novel instrumentation.

This book brings together a selection of papers by George Gerstein, representing his long-term endeavor of making neuroscience into a more rigorous science inspired by physics, where he had his roots. Professor Gerstein was many years ahead of the field, consistently striving for quantitative analyses, mechanistic models, and conceptual clarity.  In doing so, he pioneered Computational Neuroscience, many years before the term itself was born.  The overarching goal of George Gerstein's research was to understand the functional organization of neuronal networks in the brain. The editors of this book have compiled a selection of George Gerstein's many seminal contributions to neuroscience--be they experimental, theoretical or computational--into a single, comprehensive volume .The aim is to provide readers with a fresh introduction of these various concepts in the original literature.  The volume is organized  in a series of chapters by subject, ordered in time, each one containing one or more of George Gerstein's papers.

This book covers the tremendous progress in the current understanding of the molecular physiology of voltage-gated calcium channels. This book includes unparalleled insights into structural features of calcium channels due to X-ray crystallography and cryo-EM, which in turn yielded critical information into how these channels function under normal and pathophysiological conditions, and how they interact with calcium channel therapeutics. The chapters investigate how, with the advent of high throughput genome sequencing, numerous mutations in various calcium channel genes have been identified in patients with neurological, cardiovascular, neuropsychiatric and other disorders. This is further complemented through a much larger in vivo toolkit such as knock-out and knock-in mice. The chapters further discuss the increased complexity of calcium channel physiology that arises from mRNA editing and splicing.  Finally, the book also provides an overview of the updated research on calcium channel inhibitors that can be used both in vivo and in vitro, and which may serve as a spring board for new calcium channel therapeutics for human disease. Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels is useful for academic researchers at all levels in neuroscience, biophysics, cell biology and drug discovery.

Das grundlegende Kompendium führt in das zunehmend wichtiger werdende Thema der Biosginalverarbeitung ein. Der inhaltliche Aufbau orientiert sich an der Abfolge der diagnostischen Kette: von Sensorik, Signalverstärkung und -konditionierung über Signalabtastung und -digitalisierung, Methoden der Biosignalverarbeitung bis zu Auswertung und Diagnosevorschlag. Dabei liefert jedes Kapitel das entsprechende theoretische und methodische Wissen, behandelt Realisierungsalternativen und stellt Praxisbeispiele sowie die aktuell verfügbare Technik vor.

The series Topics in Current Chemistry Collections presents critical reviews from the journal Topics in Current Chemistry organized in topical volumes. The scope of coverage is all areas of chemical science including the interfaces with related disciplines such as biology, medicine and materials science. The goal of each thematic volume is to give the non-specialist reader, whether in academia or industry, a comprehensive insight into an area where new research is emerging which is of interest to a larger scientific audience.Each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years are presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. The coverage is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the field or include large quantities of data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist reader to understand the information presented. Contributions also offer an outlook on potential future developments in the field.Chapters "e;Metal Peptide Conjugates in Cell and Tissue Imaging and Biosensing"e;, "e;Luminescent Metal Complexes as Emerging Tools for Lipid Imaging"e; and "e;Determination and Imaging of Small Biomolecules and Ions Using Ruthenium(II) Complex Based Chemosensors"e; are available open access under a CC BY 4.0 License via link.springer.com.

This book provides an exclusive and critical in-depth analysis of paddy straw waste valorization at a broad scale for different industrial applications. It explores and discusses the various valorization pathways of paddy straw into valuable products connected to biorefineries' products and byproducts. The book also examines the scope, potential, and availability of paddy straw in the field of biorefineries.Various lignocellulosic biomasses with expanded potential are known for their industrial applications, even at a broad pilot range. Among these biomasses, paddy straw has emerged as the most suitable lignocellulosic waste for various biorefinery applications. Paddy is a crucial and widely consumed crop globally, and it generates the highest annual production of waste compared to other cereal crops. The cellulose content, accounting for approximately 47% of the total cellulosic biomass, offers significant potential for valorization, along with hemicellulose and lignin, which can also be explored and expanded on an industrial scale. However, despite the tremendous scope for valorization, lignocellulosic biomass-based biorefineries face cost-effectiveness challenges that need to be addressed for sustainable and uniform expansion, distribution, and economic scalability in various applications.The book's specific feature lies in its targeted and specific valorization of paddy straw into biofuels and other biorefinery-based products, which hold promising industrial applications and easily scalable approaches for mass production. This book is an essential resource for students, scientists, engineers and practitioners working in the biorefinery industry and academia.