Miljøkemi

Over the last two decades, advances in the design, miniaturization, and analytical capabilities of portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) instrumentation have led to its rapid and widespread adoption in a remarkably diverse range of applications in research and industrial fields. The impetus for this volume was that, as pXRF continues to grow into mainstream use, analysts should be increasingly empowered with the right information to safely and effectively employ pXRF as part of their analytical toolkit. This volume provides introductory and advanced-level users alike with readings on topics ranging from basic principles of pXRF and qualitative and quantitative approaches, through to machine learning and artificial intelligence for enhanced applications. It also includes fundamental guidance on calibrations, the mathematics of calculating uncertainties, and an extensive reference index of all elements and their interactions with X-rays. Contributing authors have provided a wealth of information and case studies in industry-specific chapters. These sections delve into detail on current standard practices in industry and research, including examples from agricultural and geo-exploration sectors, research in art and archaeology, and metals industrial and regulatory applications. As pXRF continues to grow in use in industrial and academic settings, it is essential that practitioners continue to learn, share, and implement informed and effective use of this technique. This volume serves as an accessible guidebook and go-to reference manual for new and experienced users in pXRF to achieve this goal.

A very complete survey of different approaches adopted by Eastern and Western countries for the disposal of surplus ammunition. Incineration and other techniques for the disposal of high explosives, gun and rocket propellants are introduced and discussed in relation to environmental and safety requirements. Proposals for and examples of the re-use of military explosives in commercial applications are given. Topics discussed range from the conversion of energetic systems into chemical raw materials to the new development of energetic systems with special features for commercial use (such as producing artificial diamonds by detonation, self-propagating high-temperature synthesis, fire extinguishing, etc.).

Emerging contaminants are chemical and biological agents for which there is growing concern about their potential health and environmental effects. The threat lies in the fact that the sources, fate and toxicology of most of these compounds have not yet been studied. Emerging contaminants, therefore, include a large number of both recently discovered and well-known compounds such as rare earth elements, viruses, bacteria, nanomaterials, microplastics, pharmaceuticals, endocrine disruptors, hormones, personal care products, cosmetics, pesticides, surfactants and industrial chemicals. Emerging contaminants have been found in many daily products, and some of them accumulate in the food chain. Correlations have been observed between aquatic pollution by emerging contaminants and discharges from wastewater treatment plants. Most actual remediation methods are not effective at removing emerging contaminants. This second volume presents comprehensive knowledge on emerging contaminants with a focus on remediation.

This volume is second part of the five-part set on bioenergy research. This book provides new insight about the latest development in bioenergy research. It presents the various bioenergy options which are further explored for practical viability, their progress and utility in the industry. The main objective of the book is to provide insights into the opportunities and required actions for the development of an economically viable bioenergy industry for practical replacement of fossil fuels. This book is of interest to teachers, researchers, scientists, capacity builders and policymakers. Also the book serves as additional reading material for undergraduate and graduate students of environmental sciences. National and international bioenergy scientists, policy makers will also find this to be a useful read. Other four volumes of this set explore basic concepts, commercial opportunities, waste to energy and integrated solution for bioenergy concerns.

This volume is first part of the five-part set on bioenergy research. This volume covers current developments and both basic and advanced concepts in bioenergy production. Based on bioenergy road map, the book will also evaluate about the ratio existing between current challenges associated and practical implementation of these biofuels. The book complies up to-date progressive development in available bioenergy options and discusses opportunities and existing risks. The main objective of the book is to provide insights into the opportunities and required actions for the development of an economically viable bioenergy industry for practical replacement of fossil fuels. This book is of interest to teachers, researchers, scientists, capacity builders and policymakers. Also the book serves as additional reading material for undergraduate and graduate students of environmental sciences. National and international bioenergy scientists, policy makers will also find this to be a useful read. Other four volumes of this set explore latest developments, commercial opportunities, waste to energy and integrated solution for bioenergy concerns.

"Science is so powerful that the powerful want to control it. From the author of Is Shame Necessary?, comes a biting satire of the techniques used by the corporate world to obfuscate and deny scientific truths. Taking the form of a corporate meeting agenda, The Playbook highlights the tactics used by the business elite to contradict climate change, ignore health risks, and undermine worker safety. The Playbook is a caustic handbook for tobacco, oil, and pharmaceutical company executives-epistolary non-fiction-advising whom to hire, how to recruit experts, how to obfuscate, and how to relentlessly and effectively challenge the threat of science, policy, reporters, and activists. Jacquet likens the machinery of deception and delays to a casino, with its deliberative architecture and design-the dimmed chandeliers, the comfortable furniture, the dealers, the drinks-to keep the customers inside comfortable and gambling as long as possible. The Playbook will help any business buy time if it is threatened by science, the most reliable form of knowledge the world has ever known. Part strategy, part social history, part resistance, part lampoonery, The Playbook illuminates the methods and motives of many successful scientific denial campaigns, and the social forces that may outwit them"--

Seminar paper from the year 2017 in the subject Economics - Innovation economics, grade: 1,0, Athens University of Economics and Business, course: BWL - Innovationsmanagement, language: English, abstract: That the global chemical industry with a worth of $2 trillion has an enormous impact on economy, society and the environment, is undisputed. However, with regard to the nowadays unstable economic and political situation worldwide, an increasing rate of development in science and technology and higher customer demands, chemical companies have to struggle for competitive advantages. A key factor for a company to maintain its market position and even enlarge it is successful innovation. Furthermore, the direction of innovation plays a major role for sustainable growth of a company. Nowadays, the basis of innovation in chemical industry is defined by sustainability and environmental protection due to climate change, pollution and therefore stricter regulations. But of course every manufacturing company, as most of the companies in chemical industry manufacture, searches for ways to produce more efficient, faster and cheaper. So might there be a way to combine both desires and transform the chemical industry to be more sustainable and increase their economic benefit at the same time? Even if one can hardly imagine, ¿green¿ chemistry is about to achieve both of these goals and leads to transformational changes in chemical industry due to ¿green¿ innovations in various chemical fields. Pike Research, a market research and consulting firm, predicts that ¿green chemistry represents a market opportunity that will grow from $2.8 billion in 2011 to $98.5 billion in 2020¿ and, which is also extremely promising for chemical companies, that green chemicals will save industry $65.5 billion by 2020. Various chemical inventions and technological developments, for example in the expanding field of catalysis, set the basis for the production of new, less-hazardous and multifunctional chemicals, which is at the same time more efficient and environmentally friendly. Hence, the impact on chemical industry through inventions in the field of green chemistry is obviously enormous. But how exactly do inventions in green chemistry, especially in the promising field of catalysis, affect innovation in chemical industry? Therefore, to find an answer to this question, the field of green chemistry and its potential to foster innovation in chemical industry is going to be examined in this work. [...]

Concern over the effects of chemicals in the environment has been increasing for many years. Environmental contamination by DDT, Aldrin, Dieldrin, mercury, PCBs, organotins and many other sub­ stances are all part of the public consciousness and have led to widespread attention to this topic. Some of the concerns have arisen because human health has been affected when contaminants have been consumed via the food chain-for instance in the case of 'Minimata disease' in Japan. In other cases, direct effects on other components of ecosystems have given cause for alarm. The toxic effects which any chemical can cause are a function of exposure and innate toxicity, i.e. of the ability to reach in sufficient quantity a site where a biological process can be disrupted and of the tendency to cause disruption when it gets there. The processes by which chemicals reach sites of toxic action are the subject of this book, and are a fundamental consideration in ecotoxi­ cology. When a chemical enters the environment e.g. via a spillage or in an effluent, it is potentially subject to a wide variety of processes which may eliminate it from the environment completely, modify it into a more or less harmful substance, or transfer it to another part of the environment. The processes involved are complex and highly variable, but it is essential to increase our understanding of them.

Ende April und Anfang Mai 2008 kam es in einigen Regionen in Sudwestdeutschland zu Bienenvergiftungen, bei denen nach letzten Erhebungen etwa 11.500 Volker von 700 Imkern teilweise erheblich geschadigt wurden. Sofort nach Bekanntwerden der Vorfalle begann eine intensive Suche nach den Ursachen. Dabei arbeiteten das Ministerium fur Ernahrung und Landlichen Raum in Baden-Wurttemberg (MLR) und die Behorden vor Ort mit der Imkerschaft, der Bienenuntersuchungsstelle im Julius Kuhn-Institut (JKI), dem Bundesamt fur Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit (BVL) und der Pflanzenschutzmittel-Industrie zusammen. Schnell richtete sich der Verdacht auf Maissaatgut, das mit dem insektiziden Wirkstoff Clothianidin behandelt war, ein Verdacht, der durch die chemischen Analysen des Julius Kuhn-Instituts bestatigt wurde.

Fishes live in a world that is unfamiliar to us. Although we may make or even more advanced brief visits to this other world using a snorkel, scuba diving equipment, we can never become a part of it. Yet, an understanding of fish ecology requires an awareness of the relationships between fishes and their environment. The purpose of this book is to introduce the ecology of fishes by describing the inter-relationships between fishes and the aquatic habitats they occupy. The book can be read in complementary ways. A sequential reading, chapter by chapter, covers the main themes of ecology, including habitat use, species interactions, migration, feeding, population dynamics and reproduction in relation to the major habitats occupied by fishes. An alternative reading selects a particular sort of habitat, such as rivers, and, by using the index and skipping from chapter to chapter, builds up a picture of the ecology of fishes living in that habitat. The text is written for advanced students. Its emphasis is on descriptive rather than quantitative ecology. It is assumed that the reader will be familiar with the basic biology of fishes, acquired from a text such as The Biology of Fishes (Bone and Marshall, 1982) also published in the Tertiary Level Biology series. I would like to thank Dr J. D. Fish and two anonymous reviewers who, within a tight time-schedule, tried to improve the text. Any mistakes and shortcomings are my contribution.

Ohne die Geowissenschaften ware die technische Entwicklung der Menschheit nicht dort, wo sie heute steht. In Zukunft wird es darauf ankommen, die Umwelt so schonend wie moglich zu nutzen, ohne die Lebensgrundlagen Wasser, Boden und Luft zu ubernutzen. Auch zu diesen Problemen leisten Geowissenschaftler grundlegende Beitrage.Ausgehend von Uberlegungen, wohin sich die zukunftige Umweltforschung orientieren wird, geben die Beitrage des Bandes aktuelle Einschatzungen uber den momentanen Stand ausgewahlter Forschungsrichtungen im geowissenschaftlichen Umweltbereich. Dabei geht es aber auch immer um den zukunftigen Zustand und darum, was die Forschung zur Verbesserung beitragen kann - in der Klimaforschung, in der Bodenforschung, in der Forschung zur Wasserversorgung und zum Umweltzustand, aber auch in der Forschung zur besseren Ausnutzung der irdischen Rohstoffe.

Altlasten und rezente Kontaminationen durch Unfalle und menschliches Fehlverhalten stellen eine Gefahrdung der Biosphare dar. Zum Schutz von Mensch, Tier und Pflanze mussen Boden, Wasser und Luft von anorganischen und organischen Schadstoffen moglichst freigehalten werden. Fur die Sanierung von Boden stehen dabei unterschiedliche Technologien zur Verfugung. Die Vorteile einer mikrobiologischen Bodensanierung liegen in einer hohen Umweltvertraglichkeit des Verfahrens, das durch minimalen Energieeinsatz und ohne Schaffung neuer Entsorgungsprobleme die Elimination und auch Mineralisation der Schadstoffe ermoglicht.

Dieser Tagungsband des vierten Symposiums "e;Informatik im Umweltschutz"e; (Karlsruhe, 6.-8. November 1989) behandelt den Einsatz von Informatikmethoden in allen Bereichen des Umweltschutzes: Luft, Klima, Wasser, Abfall, Altlasten, Boden, Naturraum, Raumplanung, Pflanzen, Wald, Tiere. Die Problematik wird sowohl praktisch anhand konkreter Projekte als auch methodisch anhand grundlegender Prinzipien und Verfahren dargestellt. Die Beitrage zeigen den derzeitigen Stand von Entwicklungen und Projekten und diskutieren anstehende Probleme und Losungen. Sie geben damit einen Uberblick uber die in diesem neuen Anwendungsgebiet gestellten Anforderungen an die Informatik und die zukunftig notwendigen methodischen Entwicklungen. Der Tagungsband wendet sich an alle Wissenschaftler, Ingenieure aus Forschung, Industrie und Behorden, die mit Umweltschutz befat sind.

Auch uber 50 Jahre nach dem Ende des 2. Weltkriegs sind ganze Landstriche noch immer durch Hinterlassenschaften der damaligen Rustungsindustrie belastet. Selbst aus der Zeit des 1. Weltkriegs gibt es noch rustungsbedingte Boden- und Grundwasserkontaminationen. Hinzu kommen die militarischen Altlasten der ehemals von der sowjetischen Armee beanspruchten Flachen in den neuen Bundeslandern. Der Inhalt dieses Buches reicht von der Erkundung uber die Probenahme bis hin zur Sanierung von Rustungsaltlasten, wobei u.a. auch Aspekte des Qualitatsmanagements und Umwelt-Audits im militarischen Bereich angesprochen werden.

This book focuses on the processes and materials behind energy technologies. The author details the underlying chemistry of renewable sources, such as biofuels and wind power, as well as the traditionally used coal and gas. Chapters on energy storage technologies and the connection between energy generation and climate change round off this uniquely concise overview of the relationship between chemistry and energy.

Ethnicity is a social construct within an ideological framework, ancient or modern. This wisdom has penetrated most scholarly disciplines, but its reception is delayed in Black Sea studies, where essentialist views still prevail. Nationalism, Rostovtzeff's culture-history and Marxist-Leninist materialism have cast longer shadows on this part of the ancient world. Likewise, the balance between documentary sources and ancient literature needs redressing. The latter has often been either accepted in a positivist manner or rejected due to perceived inconsistencies. More rewarding is to try to understand what exactly the ancient authors knew or intended. In this light, the contributors discuss the concept of Sarmatization, the implications of rural versus urban cults, ethnic hierarchies, interaction patterns in colonial settings, inversions of barbarian stereotypes, cultural affiliations of Bosporan kings, imperial policies of Pharnakes I and II, foreign princes on the Ara Pacis Augustae, the reorganization of Pontos under Pompey and Deiotaros, the sanctuary of Leukothea in Kolchis, Christian urbanism in Scythia Minor and crop selections of Anatolian farmers. Though selective, the book covers the four coastlines of the Black Sea, ranging from the archaic to the Byzantine periods.