Organisk kemi

This book focuses on the different compounds (polyphenols, sterols, alkaloids terpenes) that arise from the secondary metabolism of plants and fungi and their importance for research and industry. These compounds have been the backbone and inspiration of various industries like the food, pharmaceutical and others to produce synthetic counterparts. Furthermore, many of these compounds are still widely used to carry out specific functions in all these industries. This book offers a compilation of different texts from world leading scientists in the areas of chemistry, biochemistry, plant science, biotechnology which compile information on each group of secondary metabolism compounds, and their most important applications in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and textile industry. By showcasing the best uses of these compounds, the chemistry behind their production in plants and fungi, this book is a valuable resource and a "go to" artifact for various audiences. The new approach this book offers, by linking research and the application of these compounds, makes it interesting as an inspiration for new research or as a hallmark of what has been done in the secondary metabolism of plants and fungi in recent years. Although this book may be technical, it is also enjoyable as an integral reading experience due to a structured and integrated flow, from the origins of secondary metabolism in organisms, to the discovery of their effects, their high intensity research in recent years and translation into various industries. Beyond learning more on their chemistry, synthesis, metabolic pathway, readers will understand their importance to different research and industry.

This book brings chemistry, biology, pharmaceutical science and medicine, to introduce readers to a number of classes of transition metal-containing dendrimers.

Living organisms are distinguished by their chemical basis. Thus, knowledge of the properties of the elements and the interactions of the resulting compounds is a prerequisite for understanding biology.Chemistry answers the questions of why, among the more than 100 elements of the periodic table (PSE), carbon and not silicon is the dominant element in biology and why precious metals, such as gold and silver, do not play a role. The PSE provides information about why phosphoric acid and not sulfuric acid acts as a bridge in polynucleic acids and why DNA had to evolve from RNA. At the same time, only chemistry makes clear why D-glucose is so central in building biopolymers such as cellulose and glycogen, and why the citrate cycle is logically self-contained and without alternative. Biochemistry is also a synthesis chemistry that differs from "man-made" synthesis chemistry "only" in terms of the framework conditions. Individuals are selected from the multitude of elements of the PSE and the almost infinite number of chemical compounds. The selection is based on the environmental conditions on Earth, such as moderate temperatures, preferably atmospheric pressure, solvent water and as primary reaction partner oxygen.The hypothesis is developed that the guiding principle of modern biology, the theory of evolution, has its roots in the underlying chemistry. This turns Darwinism from its biological head to its chemical feet. For example, the effect of phenols as radical scavengers is a priori chemical, before biological phenomena could evolve from it as differences in distinction in colored flowering plants. The book develops a completely new, chemistry-centered view of "animate nature" and challenges a changed, biologically oriented didactics of chemistry in schools and universities.

Coumarins are the derivatives of 1, 2 benzo pyrone and are well known laserdyes for the blue-green region. These molecules show strong polaritydependent Stokes shift, large changes in dipole moments on excitation, and very highfluorescence quantum yield. Photophysical properties of coumarin dyes have been investigated quite extensively over many years and they have variety of applications viz., biological and chemical sensors, fluorescent probes, fluorescent indicator, sun burn prevention, estimation of enzymes and laser dyes, perfumes, flavourings, anticoagulants androdent poison. Because of the wide spread applications of coumarin derivatives in various fields, we have chosen four newly synthesized coumarin derivatives along with readily available Lumefantrine, the anti-malarial drug viz., for the present study. These coumarin derivatives have been an important class of oxygenatedtriheterocycles, which have been investigated for their anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities, whereas, Lumefantrine is used in the treatment of malaria.

Nowadays, dendrimers are branched molecules with well-defined lengths, shapes, molecular weights, and monodispersity in comparison to linear polymers. The dual effect of the chromophores luminescence and the morphology of the synthesized dendrimers has drawn a lot of interest to the design of dendrimers with different chromophores. Furthermore, the stimuli-responsive systems can sequester the drug molecules under a preset set of parameters and release them in a different environment by either an exogenous or an endogenous stimulus. The addition of photoresponsive moieties to different dendrimer components, such as the core, branches, magnifies the importance of the dendrimer in several related sectors of nanotechnology, such as sensors, photoswitches, electronic gadgets, and drug delivery systems. This book focused on photoresponsive /glycoside dendrimer structure and their biomaterial applications.

Secondary metabolites are classified according to their chemical structures and this book will present the different classes of metabolites in turn while discussing their sources and distribution in plant families, their biosynthetic pathways, and their important and notable uses in phytochemistry and pharmacology.

The argan tree (Argania spinosa, Skeels L., Sapotaceae) is an endemic tree of southwest Morocco, where it plays a very important socio-economic and environmental role. It is deeply implanted in the daily life of rural populations and plays a fundamental role in their subsistence.The argan tree fights against desertification, protects soils against water and wind erosion, and maintains their fertility. In addition to this environmental role, it has a direct economic interest by providing oil, foliage, fodder, wood and indirectly by the agricultural productions that it allows under its shade. The argan tree provides a livelihood for 3 million people.Despite all these interests, we are witnessing an alarming decline in argan forests both in area and density. In less than a century, more than 2/3 of the forest has disappeared and we count 600 ha lost each year. This regression is mainly due to an ecological imbalance of anthropic (human) origin. In the mountains, there is overgrazing and overexploitation of wood, in the plains, the argan tree is cleared because it hinders the intensification of agriculture.

The 1, 4-thiazepine fused derivatives were synthesized by L-proline catalyzed one-pot mechanistic pathway. Though L-proline is being amphoteric molecule with both amine end carboxylic acid end, it worked as an enamine base for the catalysis. We aim to synthesize organic molecules with anti-cancer activity. This protocol provides a synthetic route for the efficient synthesis of 1, 4 -thiazepines. All the synthesized molecules were screened for the cytotoxicity studies. We have screened the synthesized 1, 4-thiazepines against to six cell lines, namely ¿Pancreas (PANC1), Renal (ACHN), Colon (HCT116), Non-small cell lung (H460), Lung (CALUl) and Normal breast epithelium (MCF10A)¿ with two concentration 1¿M and 10¿M concentration levels.

Die 1894 erstmals erschienenen "Logarithmische Rechentafeln für Chemiker" von Friedrich Wilhelm Küster mauserten sich zu einem Klassiker unter den Nachschlagewerken zur Analytischen Chemie. Im Vordergrund stand und steht immer die Unterstützung des Anwenders in Fragen der schnellen, hochqualitativen Versorgung mit Informationen rund um Analysentechniken. Dies ist auch in Zeiten der zunehmenden Dominanz des Internets noch von unschätzbarem Wert. Wer dort eine Frage stellt, bekommt darauf zwar Antworten, nur sind diese oftmals verschieden und auch widersprüchlich, so dass der nicht so versierte Experte hilflos vor dem Informationschaos steht. Hier setzt dieses mittlerweile "Analytik - Daten, Formeln, Übungsaufgaben" genannte Lehrbuch an und bietet von Experten gesichtete, bewertete und in vielen Fällen auch an praktischen Fragestellungen erklärte Informationen in geschickt aufbereiteter Form an. In der 110. Auflage wurden die für Analysentechniken relevanten Informationen durch Neusortierung besser zugänglich gemacht und die immer wichtiger werdende instrumentelle Analyse um neue Kapitel u.a. zur Atomspektrometrie und Massenspektrometrie erweitert. Gleichzeitig wurde die Nomenklatur an aktuelle Empfehlungen der IUPAC angepasst.

In this work we studied the chemical composition of argan oil (Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels, Sapotaceae) according to its extraction method and production origin. We then conducted multi-criteria analysis for the search of adulteration of pure argan oil by other food oils, and finally we studied the phenolic composition of the pulp of the fruit of the argan tree. In the first part of this work we compared the physicochemical characteristics and chemical composition of 21 samples differing by their mode of extraction or coming from different regions of Morocco. The results of this work have contributed to the development of a national standard for argan oil. The second part of this work has developed a simple method and feasible in Morocco by quality control laboratories, for the search for adulteration of argan oil by other virgin oils such as soybean oil, rapeseed, sunflower, olive, apricot, hazelnut, peanut and sesame, based on the composition of fatty acids, triglycerides and sterols. Based on our results, an adulteration.

Il lavoro presentato in questo libro, intitolato "Synthesis, Spectral Characterization and Antifungal Activity of Imidazo Pyridine Derivatives" (Sintesi, caratterizzazione spettrale e attività antifungina di derivati imidazo-piridinici), è suddiviso in due sezioni che possono essere riassunte come segue. Il Capitolo 1,6 tratta le proprietà e la storia delle imidazopiridine; il Capitolo 2,7 copre la sezione sperimentale con la procedura e i dati spettrali dei derivati sintetici delle imidazopiridine; il Capitolo 3,8 fornisce l'indice terapeutico con l'attività microbiologica e i dati fisici di ciascun composto; il Capitolo 4,9 i dati spettrali come l'IR di massa e l'NMR con gli spettri; il Capitolo 5,10 copre tutti i riferimenti. "Nessun sobrio impegno nella vita è totalmente consumato da se stessi". Questo libro non fa eccezione. La realizzazione di questo progetto è stata favorita dall'assistenza di numerosi ricercatori. In primo luogo, rendiamo omaggio a Dio onnipotente, che ci ha benedetti e ci ha dato la forza di portare a termine il presente lavoro con il massimo impegno e la massima disponibilità. Esprimiamo i nostri più sinceri ringraziamenti ai nostri rispettati genitori, familiari e amici per il loro costante sostegno, stimolo e sforzi persistenti per il completamento di questo libro.

Rabota, predstawlennaq w ätoj knige pod nazwaniem "Sintez, spektral'naq harakteristika i protiwogribkowaq aktiwnost' proizwodnyh imidazopiridina" razdelena na dwa razdela, kotorye mozhno kratko opisat' sleduüschim obrazom. Glawa 1,6 poswqschena swojstwam i istorii imidazopiridina; Glawa 2,7 ohwatywaet äxperimental'nyj razdel s proceduroj i spektral'nymi dannymi sinteticheskih proizwodnyh imidazopiridina; Glawa 3,8 daet terapewticheskij index s mikrobiologicheskoj aktiwnost'ü i fizicheskimi dannymi kazhdogo soedineniq; Glawa 4,9 spektral'nye dannye, takie kak IK-massa i YaMR so spektrami; Glawa 5,10 ohwatywaet wse ssylki. "Ni odno trezwoe nachinanie w zhizni ne zawershaetsq polnost'ü samostoqtel'no". Jeta kniga ne qwlqetsq isklücheniem. V realizacii ätogo proekta nam pomogla pomosch' celogo rqda issledowatelej. Prezhde wsego, my preklonqemsq pered wsemoguschim Bogom za to, chto On blagoslowil nas i dal nam sily wypolnit' ätu rabotu s maximal'noj otdachej i gotownost'ü. My wyrazhaem iskrennüü blagodarnost' nashim uwazhaemym roditelqm, chlenam sem'i i druz'qm za ih postoqnnuü podderzhku, stimulirowanie i nastojchiwye usiliq po zawersheniü ätoj knigi.

The book entitled, ¿Synthetic Studies towards Biologically Active Molecules and Development Of Important Synthetic Methodologies¿ is divided into three chapters. Chapter one deals with the introduction and synthesis of D-(+)-biotin. The second chapter deals with the synthetic studies towards olopatadine and methodology for one-pot migration-formylation of benzyl aryl ethers. The synthetic studies towards ¿-cuparenone are described in chapter three.

Specialized Plant Metabolites as Cosmeceuticals presents a comprehensive guide to traditional medicinal plants that are used in the field of cosmetics. Chapters cover geographical distribution, extraction of key components from each plant, traditional uses, pharmacognostic characteristics, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and future prospects. This book will be a valuable asset for researchers and graduate students of chemistry, botany, biotechnology, microbiology, cosmetology and the pharmaceutical sciences. As medicinal plants are a rich source of a variety of bioactive secondary metabolites, their wide range of pharmacological applications as antibiotics, antifungals, anticancer agents, and antimicrobial and antiviral applications provide new and exciting avenues. In addition, they have great implications for the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics and personal care product industries. Secondary metabolites also ecofriendly, cost effective, biocompatible, and cause less side effects as compare to synthetic compounds.

Glycosphingolipids in the Central Nervous System: Diversity in Structure, Metabolism, Distribution, and Function comprehensively covers progress made in the discovery, profiling and understanding of the metabolism, function and functional mechanism of GSLs in the CNS -as well as their synthesis, relationships with and therapeutic applications to neurodegenerative disorders, and related CNS diseases. Due to the important roles of GSLs in the CNS and various CNS-related diseases, the interest in these biomolecules is growing. GSLs are the principal glycolipids on the cell surface and an essential constituent of the cell membrane. They are widespread, but especially enriched in the central nervous system (CNS) in vertebrates. The diversity of GSL structures forges the molecular foundation for their broad spectrum of activity.

Jeta kniga daet predstawlenie o tom, kak modificirowat' reakcionnosposobnuü funkcional'nuü gruppu s-triazina s pomosch'ü substrata. V knige predstawleny oblasti primeneniq razlichnyh geterociklicheskih soedinenij s ih izbiratel'nost'ü i specifichnost'ü. 1,2,4-triaziny - shestichlennye geterociklicheskie soedineniq, soderzhaschie tri azota w swoej strukture s obschej formuloj C3H3N3. Nekotorye nowye 1,3,5-triazin-2,4,6-triaminy byli sintezirowany i oharakterizowany s pomosch'ü älementnogo analiza. Vwedenie grupp -OCH3, -F, -NO2, -Cl i -Br w geterociklicheskij karkas usililo antibakterial'nuü i protiwogribkowuü aktiwnost'. Harakteristika s pomosch'ü IK-spektroskopii i GHMS. Produkty byli protestirowany na antibakterial'nuü aktiwnost' protiw gram (+)we (POZITIVNYH) i gram (-)we (NEGATIVNYH) bakterij, a takzhe na razlichnye shtammy gribow.

This textbook is designed for students of biology, molecular biology, ecology,medicine, agriculture, forestry and other professions where the knowledge of organic chemistry plays an important role. The work may also be of interest to non-professionals, as well as to teachers in high schools. The book consists of 13 chapters that cover the essentials of organic chemistry, including - basic principles of structure and constitution of organic compounds, - the elements of the nomenclature, - the concepts of the nature of chemical bond, - introductions in NMR and IR spectroscopy, - the concepts and main classes of the organic reaction mechanisms, - reactions and properties of common classes or organic compounds, - and the introduction to the chemistry of the natural organic products followed by basic principles of the reactions in living cells. This second edition includes revisions and suggestions made by the readers of the first edition and the author's colleagues. In addition, it includes substantial changes compared to the first edition. The chapter on Cycloaddition has been completed by including the other pericyclic reactions (sigmatropic rearrangements, electrocyclic reactions). The chapter on Organic Natural Products has been extended to include new section covering the principles of organic synthesis. New chapter "Organic Supramolecular and Supermolecular Structures" is added. This chapter covers the basic knowledge about the molecular recognition, supramolecular structures, and the mechanisms of the enzyme catalyzed reactions.

This textbook provides a simple approach to understand the various complex aspects of stereochemistry. It deals with basic static stereochemistry and gives an overview of the different isomeric forms and nomenclatures. With simple writing style and many examples, this book covers the topics such as stereochemistry of hydrocarbons, alkenes, cycloalkenes, optically active compounds, trivalent carbon, fused, bridged and caged rings and related compounds. This textbook also covers the additional topics such as optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism, steroechemistry of elimination reactions, substitution reactions, rearrangement reactions and pericyclic reactions. The book includes pedagogical features like end-of-chapter problems and key concepts to help students in self-learning. The textbook is extremely useful for the senior undergraduate and postgraduate students pursuing course in chemistry, especially organic chemistry. Besides, this book will also be a useful reference book for professionals working in various chemical industries, biotechnology, bioscience and pharmacy.