Biovidenskab: generelle emner

This wide-ranging book introduces information as a key concept not only in physics, from quantum mechanics to thermodynamics, but also in the neighboring sciences and in the humanities. The central part analyzes dynamical processes as manifestations of information flows between microscopic and macroscopic scales and between systems and their environment. Quantum mechanics is interpreted as a reconstruction of mechanics based on fundamental limitations of information processing on the smallest scales. These become particularly manifest in quantum chaos and in quantum computing. Covering subjects such as causality, prediction, undecidability, chaos, and quantum randomness, the book also provides an information-theoretical view of predictability. More than 180 illustrations visualize the concepts and arguments. The book takes inspiration from the author's graduate-level topical lecture but is also well suited for undergraduate studies and is a valuable resource for researchers and professionals.

The second edition of this essential text provides readers with a detailed guide to performing various percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) techniques for treating coronary chronic total occlusion (CTO). PCI continues to be an effective procedure to help patients with this pathology, with high success and low complications rates. Chapters feature a step-by-step approach to relevant techniques and describe their potential pitfalls, enabling the reader to develop a thorough understanding of how to perform those procedures successfully. Details of the latest methods for angiography analysis and the management of ostial CTOs, plus heavily revised chapters on topics such as contemporary device-based antegrade dissection and the retrograde approach through septal and non-septal collateral channels ensure that this Work remains the most up-to-date reference on the subject.Percutaneous Intervention for Coronary Chronic Total Occlusion: The Hybrid Approach represents a vital reference to assist practicing and trainee interventional cardiologist in learning these techniques. Various examples are provided, with a vast selection of still images and angiographic video loops to enable the reader become confident in applying these methodologies into their day-to day clinical practice.

Literary Animal Studies and the Climate Crisis connects insights from the field of literary animal studies with the urgent issues of climate change and environmental degradation, and features considerations of new interventions by literature in relation to these pressing questions and debates. This volume informs academic debates in terms of how nonhuman animals figure in our cultural imagination of topics such as climate change, extinction, animal otherness, the posthuman, and environmental crises. Using a diverse set of methodologies, each chapter presents relevant cases which discuss the various aspects of these interstices. This volume is an intersection between literary animal studies and climate fiction intended as an interdisciplinary intervention that speaks to the global climate debate and is thus relevant across the environmental humanities.

This volume discusses the latest imaging and molecular techniques for studying microcephaly through neural progenitor proliferation, survival, and gene expression. All of the methods covered in this book use the mouse as a model system, and include cellular, metabolic, transcriptomic studies of neural progenitors, MR imaging studies of brain growth in 3-dimensions and developmentally-adapted studies of behavior in neonatal mice. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Cutting-edge and comprehensive, Microcephaly: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource for all researchers who want to expand their knowledge and understanding of this important and developing field.

This book, Gut microbiome and Brain Ageing, deals with the mechanisms and phenomenon that relates gut microbiome and aging of the brain. This book will bring forth the connection between good gut and brain aging and includes some cutting edge research topics dealing with gut physiology and its importance as future therapeutic option in neurological disorders. The gut microbiome's impact on neuronal function, mediated by neurotransmitters, vitamins, and neuroactive microbial metabolites, is an exciting area of investigation that this book thoroughly explores. It also covers the pivotal role of the gut microbiome in the etiology of various neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer¿s disease (AD), Parkinson¿s disease (PD), depression, or multiple sclerosis (MS). It also explores the expanding understanding of the importance of the early-life gut microbiota and its implications for long-term health consequences. This book primarily addresses researchers, clinicians, and doctoral andgraduate students working in biomedicine, neurobiology, nutrition, microbiology, and translational medicine streams.

This book covers the biotechnological advances being used for the understanding of plant diseases and the subsequent enhancement of disease resistance in crop plants. Chapters are focused on recent advances in sequencing technologies, computational resources and genomics tools useful for the identification of loci governing disease resistance. In addition, emphasis is given to novel approaches like genomic selection for achieving significant genetic gain for quantitative disease resistance. The book thoroughly describes sequencing-based approaches like whole genome sequencing, resequencing, and transcriptome profiling being explored for the understanding of disease resistance mechanisms. Finally, several chapters systematically describing the utilities and concerns of high-end technologies like genome-editing are provided. Simplified Illustrations are provided in every chapter to explain different biotechnological approaches and strategies. The book will help to better explore the biotechnological advances in development of disease resistant crop varieties.

This book provides a concise yet comprehensive review of the morphological, biochemical, electrical, mechanical, and metabolic properties of vascular smooth muscle, the regulation of vascular activities and the intracellular signaling involved. It particularly focuses on newly identified vasoactive agents, enzymes and transduction mechanisms. It also discusses the latest findings in the regulation of cerebral, coronary and pulmonary circulation as well as vascular activity under hypoxia and ageing. The second edition intends to update the contents of the first edition with the latest achievements in the regulation of vascular activities from biochemical, structural, genetic, physiological, and pharmacological aspects. In addition, two new chapters related to microRNA and extracellular vesicles have been added to reflect their newly discovered important roles in vascular activities. The contraction and dilatation activities of vasculature are of fundamental importance for maintaining circulation homeostasis and adapting to physiological changes. Over the last four decades, there have been significant advances in our understanding of the biochemical, structural, genetic, physiological, and pharmacological aspects of vascular activity regulation, and these insights into the responsiveness of blood vessels under normal and pathophysiological conditions help to provide valuable weapons in the fight vascular diseases. The book is of interest to researchers and graduate students, both in basic research and in clinic settings, in the field of vascular biology.

This volume discusses the latest advancements in modern methodologies used to study liver carcinogenesis. The first half of this book describes pertinent preclinical models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), established either through orthotopic induction of ectopic implantation. The second half of this book covers a diverse array of techniques applied to characterize the biochemical and cellular composition of hepatic malignancies that operate at the single-cell and histological levels. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Cutting-edge and comprehensive, Liver Carcinogenesis: Methods and Protocols, is a valuable resource for students and scientists who are interested in driving progress in the important field of liver cancer research.

This second edition details new and updated methods on circular RNA. Chapter guide readers through circular RNA purification, in silico characterization, circRNA detection, sequence validation, quantification , techniques related to gain- and loss-of-function approaches, circular RNA synthesis, split ligation, engineering, nanoparticle packaging, RNA modifications on circular RNA biogenesis, RNA translation potential, and vaccines based on circular RNAs. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and key tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Circular RNAs, Second Edition aims to ensure successful results in the further study of this vital field.

This detailed volume examines classical and cutting-edge methods involving double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), specifically regarding isolation, visualization, characterization, production, and application. Many protocols, such as co-immunoprecipitation-based isolation of double-stranded RNA-associated protein complexes, identification of mycoviruses by dsRNA extraction, application of dsRNA for fungi disease management (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cin), and production of double-stranded RNA in plants by plant viral vectors for gene silencing, can also be easily adapted for identification of viruses from other organisms, control of other pathogens, and fundamental research. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step and readily reproducible laboratory protocols, as well as tips for troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Reliable and practical, Double-Stranded RNA: Methods and Protocols serves as an ideal reference book for students and researchers who work with dsRNA.

This volume provides a variety of technical approaches to study dopamine system function and dysfunction. Chapters guide readers through dopamine release in ex vivo and freely moving animals, multi-recording devices for in vivo simultaneous single cell and population activity,  in silico modeling of dopamine neurons activity, neuroanatomical approaches, unbiased stereology, ultrastructural analyses of dopaminergic neurons, and axonal innervation. Additionally, chapters also incorporate pharmacological tools to model neuropsychiatric diseases, novel behavioral paradigms to dissect dopamine's role in behavior, and functional imaging to follow human dopamine system development. In the Neuromethods series style, chapters include the kind of detail and key advice from the specialists needed to get successful results in your laboratory.Comprehensive and cutting-edge, Dopamine Neurotransmission aims to be a valuable resource for researchers in various disciplines. 

The goal of this book is to convey the rich perspectives, principles, and enchantment of ecology to a broad audience of students and lifelong learners. The book is based on the belief that the science of ecology is best understood by examining familiar ecosystems from the natural world and weaving fresh insights and ecological concepts into an ecosystems framework to reveal the patterns, processes, and interactions that are the foundation of sustainable living systems in our biosphere. In the spirit of that teaching philosophy, the core of this book focuses on specific ecosystems that are familiar to most of us (e.g., forests, wetlands, streams, lakes, and the like).Taken as a whole, the chapters of this text are intended to provide a conceptual framework and an intellectual pathway for understanding and interpreting the ecology of the biosphere using elements of population, community, ecosystem, and landscape ecology. Equipped with this toolkit of ecological literacy, readers and students will hopefully be better prepared to make personal, business, and civic or governmental decisions that are consistent with a healthy and sustainable Earth.

Stepped Care 2.0: A Paradigm Shift in Mental Health, by Dr Peter Cornish, made a compelling argument for why the existing mental health care system has consistently struggled to meet the needs of clients from all walks of life, and laid out key principles and guidelines for how the system could be changed. But what challenges are involved in putting these ideas into practice? Stepped Care 2.0: The Power of Conundrums features essays, interviews, and arguments from a wide range of contributors who have tried to do just that. The Power of Conundrums dives deep into the practical application of the Stepped Care 2.0 model (SC2.0), looking at the ways SC2.0 has succeeded, the difficulties administrators face when implementing it, and how it could be improved. Chapters touch on topics including: the evidence for stepped care, the way SC2.0 can be stymied by the Western cultural values that dominate mental healthcare, implementation science and SC2.0, the riskparadigm and SC2.0, the model¿s one-at-a-time approach to therapy, what co-design means in an SC2.0 context, a case study on how implementing SC2.0 can go wrong, the understanding of recovery put forward by the model, and how SC2.0 can work for clients experiencing complex, persistent, or chronic mental health issues. Each chapter is followed by a reflection from Cornish, and the book concludes with a roundtable discussion about how SC2.0 can evolve to meet the challenges it faces. This text brings theory and practice together by including an updated version of Stepped Care 2.0: A Paradigm Shift in Mental Health, as well as the full text of Stepped Care 2.0: The Power of Conundrums.

This edited work presents a multi-faceted view on the causes and consequences of disturbance in ecosystems. Vegetation can be affected by a variety of different disturbances such as wind, floods, fire, and insect attack, leading to an abrupt change in live biomass. Disturbance is a motor of vegetation dynamics, but also sensitive to climate change and poses a challenge for ecosystem management.Readers will discover the global distribution of disturbance regimes and learn about the importance of disturbances for biodiversity and the evolution of plant and animal life. The book provides a Central European perspective on disturbance ecology, and addresses important disturbance agents such as fire, wind, avalanches, tree diseases, insect defoliators, bark beetles and large herbivores in dedicated chapters. It furthermore includes chapters on anthropogenic disturbances in forests and grasslands. The impact of climate change on disturbance regimes and approaches to address disturbance risks in ecosystem management are discussed in concluding chapters. Within the 18 chapters 14 textboxes highlight current topics of disturbance ecology and provide deeper methodological insights into the field.Disturbances strongly shape our landscapes and maintain our biodiversity. A better understanding of their ecology is thus fundamental for contextualizing the dynamic changes in our environment. This book is a valuable resource for students and practitioners interested in disturbances and their management.

The book provides an assessment of whether sustainability is realizable in the current societal framework. What are the challenges and the barriers - and what are the levers necessary to meet and overcome them?Through a revision of the essence of sustainability the book provides an opportunity to understand the deeper level of the radical change that sustainability represents, and the resistance that is preventing its realization.To build the argument the sustainable development model is compared with current development theories as well as alternative solutions based on utopian models of the past. The book assesses the results that can be achieved within the current systemic framework, based on case stories. It outlines the limitations to sustainability, pointing out and defining the multiple, cross-sectoral and systemic barriers that hinder the transition.Finally, the book offers perspectives on achieving a sustainable future, encompassing the impacts from recent events including the pandemic as well as the multiple mitigation and transition initiatives undertaken globally.Brian Goodwin's QuoteLike the caterpillar that wraps itself up in its silken swaddling bands prior to its metamorphosis into a butterfly, we have wrapped ourselves in a tangled skin from which we can emerge only by going through a similarly dramatic transformation.

Dieses Lehrbuch richtet sich an Studierende von fachfremden Studiengängen mit Informatikanteilen. Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf den sogenannten Lebenswissenschaften, wie Medizintechnik, Rettungsingenieurwesen, Biotechnologie, Umwelttechnik oder Verfahrenstechnik. Das Lehrbuch eignet sich für Leser in Studium und Praxis, die sich einen Einstieg in die Informatik verschaffen wollen. Die Besonderheit dieses Buches liegt in der problembasierten Herangehensweise, sowie der nach verschiedenen Taxonomiestufen konzipierten Übungsaufgaben.

The book presents a conceptual and methodological basis for the mathematical and computational analysis of genomes.Genomes are containers of biological information, which direct the cell functions and the evolution of organisms. Combinatorial, probabilistic, and informational aspects are fundamental ingredients of any mathematical investigation of genomes aimed at providing mathematical principles for extracting the information that they contain.The topics presented in the book include research themes developed by authors in the last 15 years, and in many aspects, the book continues a preceding volume (Vincenzo Manca, Infobiotics: Information in biotic systems, Springer, 2013). The main inspiring idea of the book is an informational perspective to Genomics. Information is the most recent, among the fundamental mathematical and physical concepts developed in the last two centuries. It has revolutionized the whole science and continues, in this direction, to dominate the trends of the contemporary science. In fact, any discipline collects data from observations, by providing theories able to explain, predict, and dominate natural phenomena. But data are containers of information, whence information is essential in any scientific elaboration.Many open problems in deciphering genomes will be addressed, by showing an informational approach to the discovery of ¿genome languages¿, according to which genomic texts are written. Life strategies, at many levels of organization, are encoded in these texts, and randomness has a crucial role in the birth and in the development of biological information, where the interplay of casualty and computation is probably the most secret key of life intelligence.

This book aims to provide the reader a neuroscientific understanding surrounding a very simple question: how do we learn not to fear? Exploring answers to this question is very important for two reasons. First, learning about the neural mechanisms of fear extinction is of relevance to everyone¿s life - it is such a basic yet relevant question to our daily experiences. Therefore, understanding brain mechanisms of fear and its regulation is essential from a basic neuroscience point of view. Second, excessive fear and the inability to regulate its expression is one of the hallmarks of fear-, anxiety-, trauma-, and stressor-related psychopathologies. And as such, learning about how fear is acquired, stored, expressed, and regulated could help advance our understanding of the etiology of psychopathology, the maintenance of symptoms pertaining to failure to regulate fear, and could help us develop novel therapeutics to equip providers and patients with the tools to better quell their fears.The contributions contained in this book are provided by experts in the fields of basic and clinical neuroscience, experimental and clinical psychology, and neuropsychiatry. The contributions are organized to start the reader with basic definitions of how we define fear, how we study its neural circuits at the molecular and cellular levels, how to study human behavior and the brain using state-of-the art experimental and statistical tools, to how much fear contributes to psychopathology. This volume ends with current advances aimed to enhance the capacity to extinguish fear; a clinical result that would aid in the treatment of multiple psychiatric disorders, followed by a discussion on future directions of this highly important and relevant field.

Neuroplasticity is the brain's ability to change through experience. It has several powerful applications such as learning new info, mastering a skill, quitting bad habits, overcoming obsessions and compulsions, and recovering from injuries.Everyone's brain has the capacity for neuroplasticity, but not everyone is maximizing it. This book will tell you what you need to do to benefit from your brain's natural capacity to heal and improve itself - even if you're a newbie to neuroplasticity. Here's just a tiny fraction of what you'll discover:A crash course on what exactly neuroplasticity is and why you need to be excited about this astounding discovery!Why the most popular brain games on the market are actually ineffective and what you should be playing insteadHow to change bad habits using neuroplasticity with 5 easy stepsThe simple yet effective 6-step process used by cognitive behavioral therapists to stimulate neuroplasticity in the brainWhy positive thinking may actually be hindering your progress and what you should be doing insteadThe brain is the most magnificent, powerful thing the universe have every created. It is responsible for consciousness, for our experience, and to our behavior. Brain scans have revealed that successful people have different brains than the brains of other, average people. And if that's not enough, recent studies have showed that our brain is constantly changing itself, according to our behavior! This outstanding revelation means that you are not a victim of who you are - you can change your brain and become the best version of yourself - if you only knew how to use neuroplasticity.

It's about time Darwinism is seen for what it is. Why are brilliant and logical scientists not reasonable on the question of the ultimate cause of the unity, diversity, and complexity of life on Earth? We wrongly think that an accurate view of life's origins can be deduced by science and logic alone apart from faith and humble submission to God's Word. Without the light of God's Word, unbelievers have built up an edifice, a theory of life's origins known as Darwinian Evolution, which they believe is an impregnable fortress. In our Darwin-dominated society, blind chance, mutation, and natural selection have received most of the glory for the unity, diversity, and complexity of life on Earth. It's about time this philosophy is seen for what it is: a sandcastle on the beach, in the face of the rising tide.

This book reviews math topics relevant to non-mathematics students and scientists, but which they may not have seen or studied for a while. These math issues can range from reading mathematical symbols, to using complex numbers, dealing with equations involved in calculating medication equivalents, the General Linear Model (GLM) used in e.g. neuroimaging analysis, finding the minimum of a function, independent component analysis, or filtering approaches. Almost every student or scientist, will at some point run into mathematical formulas or ideas in scientific papers that may be hard to understand, given that formal math education may be some years ago. In this book we will explain the theory behind many of these mathematical ideas and expressions and provide readers with the tools to better understand them. We will revisit high school mathematics and extend and relate this to the mathematics you need to understand the math you may encounter in the course of your research. This book will help you understand the math and formulas in the scientific papers you read. To achieve this goal, each chapter mixes theory with practical pen-and-paper exercises such that you (re)gain experience with solving math problems yourself. Mnemonics will be taught whenever possible. To clarify the math and help readers apply it, each chapter provides real-world and scientific examples.In this new edition, two new chapters covering statistics and differential equations have been added, which have been workshopped in the 'authors' popular lecture series in order to maximize the benefit for readers.

The year 2022 is the 50th anniversary of Alfred Crosby's celebrated book - The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492. In the book, Crosby was the first to discuss the impact that the Spanish and Portuguese colonial period had on world agriculture and human culture. How the crops of the world became homogenized, and how an indigenous culture was destroyed by disease after Columbus landed. His landmark study broke new ground in its broad conceptualization of the Atlantic exchange.Building on what Crosby so succinctly and brilliantly presented, the main goal of this new work is to present the depth of information that has emerged since "e;The Columbian Exchange"e; and to discuss more fully the development of crops and agriculture before and after the Iberian contact. It follows the journey of crops and livestock in the Old and New Worlds and end's with their distribution in today's world.

The basic goal of the volume is to compile the most up to date research on the effect of ecotourism on Indonesia's primates. The tremendous diversity of primates in Indonesia, in conjunction with the conservation issues facing the primates of this region, have created a crisis whereby many of Indonesia's primates are threatened with extinction. Conservationists have developed the concept of "e;sustainable ecotourism"e; to fund conservation activities.  National parks agencies worldwide receive as much as 84% of their funding from ecotourism.  While ecotourism funds the majority of conservation activities, there have been very few studies that explore the effects of ecotourism on the habitat and species that they are designed to protect.  It is the burgeoning use of "e;ecotourism"e; throughout Indonesia that has created a need for this volume where the successes and pitfalls at various sites can be identified and compared.