Biovidenskab: generelle emner

This book showcases recent trends in brain-computer interface development. It highlights fascinating results in areas such as language decoding, spinal cord stimulation to enable gait and to restore hand functions. The contributions are based on the 12 nominated brain-computer interface projects of the BCI Award 2022. Every year an international jury selects the most innovate BCI projects and nominates 12 projects before selecting the 1st, 2nd and 3rd place winners. In the book, each project is described in detail by the team of scientists behind it, and the editors provide a concluding discussion of the highlights and overall progress in the field.

This book gives a general overview on current research focusing on geoenvironmental issues and challenges in hydrogeosciences in the Middle East and Mediterranean region and surrounding areas. The book is based on the accepted papers for oral/poster presentations at the 3rd Springer Conference of the Arabian Journal of Geosciences (CAJG-3). Studies discuss the latest advances in geoenvironmental and hydrogeosciences from diverse backgrounds including climate change, geoecology, biogeochemistry, water resources management, and environmental monitoring and assessment. It shares insights on how the understanding of ecological, climatological, oceanic, and hydrological processes is the key for improving practices in environment management. It is of interest to scientists, engineers, practitioners, and policymakers in the field of environmental sciences including climatology, oceanography, ecology, biogeochemistry, environmental management, hydrology, hydrogeology, and geosciences in general. In particular, this book is of great value to students and environment-related professionals for further investigations on the state of earth systems.

The state of the world's forests has become an alarming indicator of the imbalances that existbetween the planet's tree population and humanity's production of carbon dioxide. Logging andthe profit-oriented exploitation of woodlands are accelerating the ecological crisis, while climatechange fuels deforestation. The publication Into the Woods, which accompanies the exhibitionof the same name, focuses on the forest as a habitat, its ecological processes, and the threats itfaces. Works by eighteen contemporary artists examine how humans influence the condition offorests and cause their destruction, while at the same time exploring the collective and symbioticnature of the forest ecosystem.With works by Rodrigo Arteaga, Anca Benera & Arnold Estefán, Eline Benjaminsen, Alma Heikkilä,Monica Ursina Jäger, Markus Jeschaunig, Isa Klee, Susanne Kriemann, Jeewi Lee, Antje Majewski,Richard Mosse, Katie Paterson, Oliver Ressler, Abel Rodríguez, Diana Scherer, Rasa smite & Raitissmits.The publication appears in conjunction with the Klima Biennale Wien 2024, 5 April - 14 July 2024

"Evolution and Ethics" is a collection of essays written by Thomas Henry Huxley, a prominent English biologist and advocate for Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. The book was first published in 1893 and brings together Huxley's thoughts on the implications of evolutionary theory for ethics and morality.Key features of "Evolution and Ethics" include:Integration of Evolutionary Theory and Ethics: Huxley explores the relationship between the theory of evolution and ethical principles. He seeks to reconcile the scientific understanding of evolution with moral philosophy, addressing the potential impact of evolutionary ideas on traditional ethical frameworks.Naturalistic Ethics: One of the central themes of the book is Huxley's advocacy for a naturalistic approach to ethics. He suggests that ethical principles can be derived from an understanding of the natural world and human evolution, rather than relying solely on religious or supernatural foundations.Scientific Rationalism: Throughout the essays, Huxley emphasizes the importance of applying scientific reasoning to ethical questions. He promotes a rational and empirical approach to understanding human behavior and morality.Critique of Social Darwinism: While Huxley was a strong supporter of evolutionary theory, he was critical of certain interpretations, particularly those associated with Social Darwinism. He cautioned against using evolutionary ideas to justify social inequality or unethical practices, emphasizing that ethical considerations should guide human conduct.Humanitarian Values: Despite the naturalistic approach, Huxley advocates for humanitarian values. He argues that an understanding of evolution should lead to a greater sense of human responsibility and empathy, rather than providing a rationale for selfish or ruthless behavior.Intellectual Rigor: Huxley's writing in "Evolution and Ethics" reflects his characteristic intellectual rigor and clarity. He presents his arguments in a logical and systematic manner, making the complex relationship between evolution and ethics accessible to a broad readership."Evolution and Ethics" is an important work in the history of the discussion on the relationship between science and morality. It reflects the intellectual climate of the late 19th century and the ongoing dialogue about the implications of Darwinian evolution for various aspects of human thought and society.

Capute and Accardo's Neurodevelopmental Disabilities in Infancy and Childhood, Fourth Edition provides updated foundational, theoretical, and practical knowledge on the spectrum and continuum of neurodevelopmental disabilities shaped by ongoing advances in neuroscience and related disciplines. It reviews the over-arching principles of assessment, diagnosis, and management of patients with a wide range of neurodevelopmental disabilities. Streamlined or fully rewritten chapters, including developmental screening and surveillance, neuroimaging and genetic evaluation, early intervention, principles of pharmacological treatment, principles of successful management programs, aging and transition planning, telemedicine and care in low-resource settings are included.The book's practical, expert-led approach aims to prepare future clinicians to skillfully assess and manage children with neurodevelopmental disabilities with the aid of clinical approach flowcharts to common presentations, diagnostic algorithms and clinic notes templates.

This second edition volume expands on the previous edition with discussions of the latest technology and advancements in the development of RNA vaccines and proposed solutions on how to tackle currently unmet medical needs. The chapters in this book are organized into four parts and cover topics such as replication and non-replicating RNA vectors, formulation and delivery of RNA vaccines, and clinical and nonclinical development of RNA vaccines. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Practical and comprehensive, RNA Vaccines: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition is a valuable resource for any researcher interested in learning more about this important and developing field.

This volume explores the latest techniques and protocols used by researchers to address unique biological questions, model organisms not typically studied by Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH), protocols combining FISH with immunofluorescence (FISH-IF), and high-throughput experiments. The chapters in this book are divided into two parts: RNA FISH protocols and DNA FISH protocols. Part One covers methods for designing OligoPaint probes and studying distinct aspects of RNA biology such as transcription and splicing dynamics, and mRNA and small RNA expression and localization. Part Two discusses DNA repair dynamics, gene compaction, and chromatin conformation and gene rearrangements in plants, insects, and mammalian cells. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Cutting edge and thorough, Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH): Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource that will benefit the broader scientific community in their studies and understanding of this important field.

Discover the fascinating stories behind 300 species of insects and explore their world.Did you know that insects are essential to life on Earth? Without them, we simply couldn't exist-they pollinate our crops, break down dead matter, and play a vital role in our ecosystems. Yet their numbers are plummeting in the face of changing climates, pesticide use, and threats to their essential habitats. This cutting-edge book, grounded in the latest research by the Royal Entomological Society, teaches you all you need to know about bugs, beetles, butterflies, and more-revealing how vital they are to us and we are to them.From a look at Ancient Egyptian beekeeping, to the use of insects in medicines, to their importance in art and literature, this fascinating book knits together science, food, culture, and natural history.With advice on spotting insects in a range of habitats, species identification notes, a guide to attracting beneficial insects to your outdoor space, and more, this book is the ultimate wildlife lover's companion.

Non-coding RNA in Plants: Modulation and Stress Responses¿ is the first book to present the basics of the importance of long non-coding RNA and its potential in addressing abiotic and biotic stresses. Describing¿the MiRNA and small RNA and their role in plant development, this book explains the importance of long non-coding RNA in plants, including its significance in virus resistance, its transposable elements, effector trigger immunity, and fungal and bacterial resistance in plants. Non-coding RNA for Modulation and Stress Response in Plants¿presents the state-of-the-science from its historical foundation through application throughout the lifecycle and production of agricultural and non-agricultural plants.¿ While various coding has been explored within animal science, plant exposition has been minimal.¿ This book is designed to inspire additional research and developments toward improved plant resiliency and production.

Microbiome-Based Decontamination of Environmental Pollutants explores the complex interactions of plant-associated microbiomes, providing insights into the pressing challenges of managing environmental resources such as soil, water, and waste. Analysis has shown a formidable potential based in the network interactions between plant microbiota and environmental contaminants. This book presents insights into the potential exploitation of these plant-associated microbial functions. This volume in the Plant and Soil Microbiome series summarizes microbiological aspects of environmental management from the basics to advanced theoretical as well as practical aspects of microbial-based approaches. The physical and chemical changes caused by pollution of an ecosystem can occur rapidly, significantly impacting the functionality of ecosystem services in that environment. Environmental contamination poses and increasingly global challenge through direct and indirect adverse impacts on the climate, soil productivity and the health concerns of human beings. Traditional remediation techniques are not consistently feasible in mitigating environmental contaminants challenges in terms of cost-effectiveness, limited land resources and toxic residual products. The use of plant-associated microbes as part of a network of tools opens a new door to explore an alternative, eco-friendly and economical technology to mitigate the challenges of environmental contamination.

Personalized Epigenetics, Second Edition discusses the core translatability of epigenetics to health management of individuals who have unique variations in their epigenetic signatures that can guide both disorder and disease prevention and therapy. Fully updated and revised, this new edition details inter-individual variability in the major epigenetic process in humans consisting of DNA methylation, histone modifications, noncoding RNA, and the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic potential of the field. It also reviews the impact of the environment on epigenetic variations among individuals and the role of pharmacology and drug development in personalized epigenetics. Most importantly, the text covers personalized epigenetics from a disease-oriented perspective, presenting chapters that provide advances in widespread disorders or diseases, including diabetes, cancer, autoimmune disorders, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, and pain management.

In diesem essential werden verschiedene Möglichkeiten zur Identifizierung von Bakterien dargestellt. Zunächst werden allgemeine Eigenschaften von Bakterien (Zellaufbau, Form, Stoffwechsel) beschrieben. Im Anschluss werden Anzucht und Vereinzelung und der Einsatz von Selektivmedien erklärt. Nach einer Darstellung der Gramfärbung werden einige biochemische Tests inklusive der Standard-Methode API zur Identifizierung erläutert. Abschließend werden moderne Analysemethoden (Schnelltests, PCR, LAMP, Sequenzierung und MALDI-TOF MS) beschrieben sowie Stärken und Schwächen zusammengefasst.

¿This book examines the under-researched field of communication by bilingual people with dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT). The aging population is increasingly affected by neurocognitive diseases such as DAT, and over the past 30 years, the growing research body concerned with monolingual DAT discourses has seen significant growth. The findings from monolingual studies and institutional settings highlight the importance of code choice for a person¿s sense of autonomy, especially against the background of changing communicational abilities. Adding a new perspective, this book investigates how ten Puerto Rican speakers living with varying stages of DAT draw on their bilingual resources to accomplish verbal interaction in informal settings with their primary care partners. Drawing on narrative interviews conducted in Orlando, Florida, this multi-case study investigates situated language choices and code-switches by applying the ethno-social approach, i.e. combining features of conversation analysis and ethnography of communication. The author sheds light both on the question of how people living with DAT engage in conversations and which strategies they employ in their languages (English and Spanish) to reach their communicative goals. Specifically, by analyzing the role of code choice and code-switching in a qualitative manner, two main functional categories emerge: discourse-related and participant-related code-switching. Bilingual competencies remain even among participants living with severe DAT symptoms, as evident in retained interactional sequences such as salutations. Persons living with DAT competently negotiate code, either through exploratory code-switching or metalinguistic commentary, emphasizing the need for conversational partners to be sensitive to the communicative needs, in both languages, of speakers living with DAT. This book will be of interest to students and researchers working on dementia discourses, health communication, multilingualism and ageing, as well as Bilingual/ Multilingual families or individuals living with dementia.

This book presents the case for legal protection for animals based on humanity¿s shared interests and destinies with the animal kingdom. To underscore the urgent need for legal reform, the book documents how animals are in crisis, with separate discussions on animals in entertainment, research, fashion, the food industry, and animals in our homes, as well as issues that impact wildlife and aquatic animals. In each of the foregoing areas, there is a discussion of major developments for animals across the globe, the objective being to demonstrate how the U.S. is out of step with other major countries in its legal treatment of animals. The importance of media as a driver of change is also considered. This background culminates to the heart of the book, which discusses and analyzes the link between human rights and animal rights, with nine areas explored (e.g., loss of biodiversity; environmental destruction; zoonotic diseases; world hunger; violence). Challengesto legal reforms are also explored, including issues associated with weak laws, the failure to enforce existing laws, and governmental agencies that tend to overlook the actions of industries. Finally, the book explores the development of animal law and the trajectory of current laws, with analysis of developing ¿rights of nature¿ laws and ¿legal personhood¿ status for animals.

Greatest Mysteries in Human Evolution: Solutions to Ancient Archaeological and Anthropological Anomalies uses the most updated research and data to examine human evolution and the unsolved answers of our evolutionary history. Written by an acclaimed pioneer in cognitive archaeology, this book begins with an assessment of Neanderthals, using historical and archaeological evidence to explore how and why they became extinct. It then moves to the scientific discovery of the Peking Man fossils and why the proof of a 700,000-year-old skull would try to be erased from evolutionary history. The book also explores the first traces of the creation and evolution of language, communication, human abstract thinking, and tool creation, presenting an approachable and important resource for researchers and students in evolutionary biology, cognitive archaeology, and similar studies of human evolution.

This book addresses Epigenetics in Cancer and covers the most recent advances in RNA/histone/DNA epigenetics in Oncology. RNA/histone/DNA epigenetics have been shown to play pivotal roles in cancer initiation, progression, maintenance and drug response/resistance, tumor microenvironment, cancer stem cell self-renewal, cancer metabolism, and tumor immune evasion. In particular, research in RNA cancer epigenetics has made impressive progress in the last few years.Individual chapters in Part I (focusing on RNA epigenetics) are devoted to RNA modifications in Cancer Metabolism and Microenvironment, Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Immune Surveillance, Solid Tumors and Tumor Immunity, and Hematopoietic Malignancies, as well as to RNA editing in Cancer. Chapters in Part II and III of the book focus on histone epigenetics and DNA epigenetics, respectively.By familiarizing readers with the latest developments in this complex and challenging field, the book offers a valuable resourcefor scientists, graduate students and clinicians alike.

This book, entitled Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments: Volume 6 ¿ Sedimentary DNA, provides an overview of the applications of sedimentary DNA-based approaches to paleolimnological studies. These approaches have shown considerable potential in providing information about the long-term changes of overall biodiversity in lakes and their watersheds in response to natural and anthropogenic changes, as well as tracking human migrations over the last thousands of years.Although the first studies investigating the preservation of these molecular proxies in sediments originate from the late-1990s, the number of scientific publications on this topic has increased greatly over the last five years. Alongside numerous ecological findings, several sedimentary DNA studies have been dedicated to understanding the reliability of this approach to reconstruct past ecosystem changes. Despite the major surge of interest, a comprehensive compilation of sedimentary DNA approaches and applications has yet to be attempted. The overall aim of this DPER volume is to fill this knowledge gap.

This book is an analysis and discussion of the soul as a psychophysical process and its role in mental representation, meaning, understanding and agency. Grant Gillett and Walter Glannon combine contemporary neuroscience and philosophy to address fundamental issues about human existence and living and acting in the world. Based in part on Aristotle's hylomorphism and model of the psyche, their approach is informed by a neuroscientific model of the brain as a dynamic organ in which patterns of neural oscillation and synchronization are shaped by biological, social and cultural factors inside and outside of it. The authors provide a richer and more robust account of the soul, or mind, than other accounts by framing it in neuroscientific and philosophical terms that do not explain it away but explain it as something that is shaped by how it responds to the natural and social environment in enabling flexible and adaptive behavior.

This volume explores the South Brazilian grasslands, a unique complex of ecosystems in Brazil. Despite high biodiversity and many important ecosystem services, their biodiversity and conservation are neglected, both nationally, and globally. This book provides a state-of-the-art synthesis of knowledge on the biodiversity and its drivers in South Brazilian grasslands and associated ecosystems. Further, the book discusses conservation challenges and options, as well as management strategies that help to maintain the region¿s uniqueness. The chapters present information on biodiversity and ecological features of the region, and put this information into the context of historical and current human land uses, allowing for links to global discussions of conservation and sustainable development. Altogether, the book contains 20 chapters organized in four sections. The book is directed at researchers, students and professionals working with biodiversity and sustainable development in southern Brazil, as well as to the international scientific and conservation community interested in grasslands and associated ecosystems, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions.