Genetik (ikke-medicinsk)

Aspen is a whiz at pop quizzes but she fails her DNA test big time!

This compendium includes the following 5 complete books featuring renowned researchers Jay Gargus, Alcino Silva, Nick Lane, Stephen Scherer and Matthew Walker, providing fully accessible insights into cutting-edge academic research while revealing the inspirations and personal journeys behind their research. A detailed preface highlights the connections between the different books and all five books are broken into chapters with a detailed introduction and questions for discussion at the end of each chapter:I. Autism: A Genetic Perspective - A conversation with Jay Gargus, Director of the Center for Autism Research and Translation, UC Irvine. This conversation examines the recent explosion in our genetic understanding of autism and its implications for the future of medicine, together with the importance of understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms in order to successfully treat a wide range of genetic disorders. Gargus discusses his extensive research on autism, dispelling myths associated with the condition, advocating why a treatment should be actively pursued, and illustrating what we can learn from the recent breakthrough in cystic fibrosis research.II. Learning and Memory - A conversation with Alcino Silva, Distinguished Professor of Neurobiology, Psychiatry and Psychology, UCLA. Silva runs a learning and memory lab that is focused on a vast number of research areas, from schizophrenia and autism to learning and memory. Topics covered include how Silva and his colleagues focus on understanding the specific molecular mechanisms of neurobiology with the goal of being able to intervene and repair these mechanisms when they go awry.III. A Matter of Energy: Biology From First Principles - A conversation with Nick Lane, Professor of Evolutionary Biochemistry, UCL. After an inspiring story of Nick Lane's career path, this conversation explores in detail Lane's research in biochemistry and his bioenergetic view of early, evolutionary history, the origin of life and how all complex life is composed of a very particular cell type that we all share.IV. Our Human Variability - A conversation with Stephen Scherer, Research Chair in Genome Sciences at the Hospital for Sick Children. Scherer discusses his lifelong passion for science that culminated in his groundbreaking discovery of copy-number variation. Further topics include a detailed exploration of his work in autism research and how copy number variation brings us a deeper understanding of both human variability and disease.V. Sleep Insights - A conversation with Matthew Walker, Professor of Neuroscience and Psychology and Founder and Director of the Center for Human Sleep Science, UC Berkeley. This conversation provides a detailed exploration of Walker's research on the purposes and effects of sleep and gives a clear and compelling picture of our recent understanding of sleep's essential role in our daily lives, from reinforcing learning and memory to regulating emotion.Howard Burton is the host and editor of all Ideas Roadshow conversations and was the Founding Executive Director of Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics. He holds a PhD in theoretical physics and an MA in philosophy. Ideas Roadshow offers a series of 20 Collections, including Conversations About Neuroscience, Conversations About Psychology, Volumes 1 and 2, and Conversations About Social Psychology.

Conservation of biodiversity including plant genetic resources are fundamental for the future life on Earth. To safe-guard crop wild relatives, locally adapted landraces and varieties, ex situ genebanks were established at the beginning of the 20th century; primarily to store seeds. However, as any other material on Earth, seeds age and lose viability when stored for prolonged periods. The main factors determining deterioration processes are the genotype, the environmental conditions during seed development and the storage conditions including relative humidity, temperature, gas composition and pressure. To understand physiological, biochemical and genetic changes during seed deterioration in genetic resources of wheat, barley and oilseed rape, fundamental processes of germination, dormancy and seed viability loss are discussed in this book based on 13 scientific publications. Here, the loss of seed viability was investigated depending on seed moisture contents (MCs) between 5 % and >25 , storage temperatures between 0°C and 45°C and a modified atmosphere with increased O2 concentration (75) or increased atmospheric pressure (18 MPa). Although, the response to the different conditions varied among species, overall, elevating seed MCs and storage temperatures led to a gradual change of biochemical mechanisms during seed deterioration. Under dry seed storage conditions, glutathione (GSH) and tocochromanols functioned as low-molecular-weight antioxidants and were degraded. Lipids were oxidised or hydrolysed, the pH decreased, whereas organic radicals accumulated over time and correlated negatively with seed viability. At high seed MCs (>13 %) and storage temperatures (>40 °C), membrane damages, changes of pH or organic radicals were absent. Furthermore, GSH and GSSG depleted whereas tocochromanols remained stable or increased. Therefore, seeds stored under high MCs and temperatures were exposed to a different environment than seeds exposed to lower MCs and temperatures where water activity and deterioration rate were reduced and the cytoplasm was assumed to be glassy. As a consequence, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) varied between ageing treatments; thus to understand genetic mechanisms of seeds deterioration in seedbanks, studies must be carried out on dry-stored seeds. Overall, our plant genetic resources are safely preserved in genebanks. However, to avoid genetic drift and to prolong the life of the seed, the conditions for pre-storage and storage should be further optimised and improved for each individual species.

"From ... genetic anthropologist Jennifer Raff comes the untold story--and fascinating mystery--of how humans migrated to the Americas"--

"Bracingly intelligent, lucid, balanced--witty, too. . . . A scrupulous and charming look at our modern understanding of genes and experience." -- Oliver SacksArmed with extraordinary new discoveries about our genes, acclaimed science writer Matt Ridley turns his attention to the nature-versus-nurture debate in a thoughtful book about the roots of human behavior.Ridley recounts the hundred years' war between the partisans of nature and nurture to explain how this paradoxical creature, the human being, can be simultaneously free-willed and motivated by instinct and culture. With the decoding of the human genome, we now know that genes not only predetermine the broad structure of the brain, they also absorb formative experiences, react to social cues, and even run memory. They are consequences as well as causes of the will.

The overall scope of this new series will be to evolve an understanding of the genetic basis of (1) how early mesoderm commits to cells of a heart lineage that progressively and irreversibly assemble into a segmented, primary heart tube that can be remodeled into a four-chambered organ, and (2) how blood vessels are derived and assembled both in the heart and in the body. Our central aim is to establish a four-dimensional, spatiotemporal foundation for the heart and blood vessels that can be genetically dissected for function and mechanism. Since Robert DeHaan's seminal chapter "e;Morphogenesis of the Vertebrate Heart"e; published in Organogenesis (Holt Rinehart & Winston, NY) in 1965, there have been surprisingly few books devoted to the subject of cardiovascular morpho- genesis, despite the enormous growth of interest that occurred nationally and inter- nationally. Most writings on the subject have been scholarly compilations of the proceedings of major national or international symposia or multi authored volumes, without a specific theme. What is missing are the unifying concepts that can often make sense out of a burgeoning database of facts. The Editorial Board of this new series believes the time has come for a book series dedicated to cardiovascular mor- not only as an important archival and didactic reference phogenesis that will serve source for those who have recently come into the field but also as a guide to the evo- lution of a field that is clearly coming of age.

A masterful guide to human development that redefines the nature versus nurture debateA much-needed antidote to genetic determinism, The Dependent Gene reveals how all traits-even characteristics like eye and hair color-are caused by complex interactions between genes and the environment at every stage of biological and psychological development, from the single fertilized egg to full-grown adulthood. How we understand the nature versus nurture debate directly affects our thoughts about such basic issues as sex and reproduction, parenting, education, and crime, and has an enormous impact on social policy. With life-and-death questions in the balance surrounding stem-cell research, cloning, and DNA fingerprinting, we can no longer afford to be ignorant of human development. An enlightening guide to this brave new world, The Dependent Gene empowers us to take control of our own destiny.

Seit 120 Jahren liegt die Stärke des STRASBURGERs in der ausgewogenen Darstellung aller Teilgebiete der Pflanzenwissenschaften. In der vorliegenden 38. Auflage sind besonders die Teile Struktur und Entwicklung stark überarbeitet worden.¿ Der Teil Struktur beschreibt den pflanzlichen Aufbau ausgehend von der Ebene der Zelle über die Gewebe bis hin zur Ebene der Organe. Bei der Neufassung dieser Kapitel war es ein besonderes Anliegen, Struktur als Ausdruck von Funktion sichtbar zu machen. Neben einer Beschreibung der Formen wurde versucht, die Erklärung dieser Formen stärker zu gewichten. Der Teil Genetik wurde neustrukturiert und aktualisiert. ¿ Der Teil Genetik wurde neustrukturiert und aktualisiert. Insbesondere die Bereiche Epigenetik und Gentechnik wurden erweitert. Hier spielen Weiterentwicklungen der Gentechnik zur gezielten Genomveränderung eine Rolle. Die methodischen Hintergründe werden im neuenAbschnitt Genomeditierung beschrieben.Der ebenfalls neu gestaltete Teil Entwicklung spiegelt die im Teil Struktur behandelten Ebenen (Zelle, Gewebe, Organ, Organismus) wider, wobei das Werden dieser Ebenen im Mittelpunkt steht. Es werden zentrale Konzepte der Entwicklungsbiologie an Beispielen aus dem Pflanzenreich geschildert. In den anschließenden Kapiteln geht es dann um die Steuerung dieser Vorgänge durch Phytohormone und den Einfluss endogener und exogener regulatorischer Faktoren.¿ Im Teil Physiologie werden ausgehend von der Beschreibung grundlegender Transport- und Stoffwechselprozesse die Anpassung des pflanzlichen Stoffwechsels an entwicklungs- und umweltbedingte Veränderungen betrachtet. Die Abschnitte zum Primärstoffwechsel wurden ergänzt und überarbeitet und die übrigen Teile aktualisiert.¿ Der evolutionäre Prozess, die Phylogenie und Systematik der Pflanzen und anderer photoautotropher Eukaryoten sowie die Geschichte der Vegetation der Erde sind Inhalt des Teils Evolution und Systematik. ¿ Im Ökologie-Teil wird die Pflanze in Beziehung zu den Lebensbedingungen am Wuchsort gesetzt. Pflanzliche Reaktionen auf Klima und Bodenfaktoren, Prozesse in Populationen und Artengemeinschaften sowie die großen Vegetationszonen der Erde werden erklärt. In dieser neu überarbeiteten Auflage wurden einige Abbildungen und Textstellen hinzugefügt sowie die Literatur aktualisiert.Der Tradition dieses einzigartigen Standardwerkes entsprechend soll es Studierenden als vierfarbig bebildertes Lehrbuch und Dozenten aller bio-, umwelt- und agrarwissenschaftlichen Fachrichtungen als verlässliches Nachschlage- und Referenzwerk dienen.Eduard Strasburger, geb. 1844 in Warschau. Nach dem Studium in Warschau, Bonn und Jena 1867 Habilitation an der Universität Warschau. 1869 Ruf an das Extraordinariat für Botanik in Jena einschließlich Leitung des PhytophysiologischenInstituts und des Botanischen Gartens. 1880 bis 1912 Ordinariat für Botanik in Bonn. 1894 Herausgabe der 1. Auflage des "Lehrbuchs der Botanik für Hochschulen" zusammen mit drei anderen Botanik-Dozenten aus Bonn.Joachim W. Kadereit, Studium der Biologie in Hamburg und Cambridge/UK. 1991 Berufung auf einen Lehrstuhl für Botanik an der Universität Mainz. Leitung des Botanischen Gartens. Forschungsschwerpunkte: Systematik, Evolution und Biogeografie der Blütenpflanzen, Evolution der Alpenflora, Hybridartbildung. Christian Körner, Studium der Biologie und der Erdwissenschaften in Innsbruck. 1989 Ordinarius für Botanik an der Universität Basel. Forschungsgebiet: Experimentelle Ökologie der Pflanzen mit Schwerpunkten im Hochgebirge und im Forstbereich; globale Vergleiche.Peter Nick, Studium der Biologie in Freiburg und St. Andrews/Schottland. 2003 Berufung auf den Lehrstuhl Molekulare Zellbiologie der Technischen Universität Karlsruhe (inzwischen Karlsruher Institut für Technologie). Forschungsgebiet: Zelluläre Grundlagen der pflanzlichen Entwicklung, Cytoskelett, Signalsteuerung der pflanzlichen Immunität, Pflanzenstress, Technologische Nutzung pflanzlicher BiodiversitätUwe Sonnewald, Studium der Biologie in Köln und Berlin. 1998-2004 Leiter der Abt. Molekulare Zellbiologie des Leibniz-Instituts für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung in Gatersleben. 2004 Berufung auf den Lehrstuhl Biochemie der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg. Forschungsschwerpunkte: Molekularbiologie und Physiologie der Pflanze, molekulare Mechanismen der Pflanzen-Umwelt Wechselwirkung, Pflanzenbiotechnologie.

Wir erleben derzeit eine Revolution in der Gentechnik: Mit einer molekularen Gen-Schere kann das Erbgut bei Lebewesen so gezielt wie nie zuvor verändert werden. Die damit mögliche Gen-Editierung bietet neue Möglichkeiten in der Tier- und Pflanzenzucht - und sie wird bereits beim Menschen angewendet. Wohin soll die Reise führen? Sollen wir Krankheiten therapieren oder besser reparieren? Führt die neue Gentechnik verbunden mit der modernen Reproduktionsbiologie zu Designer-Babies? Und: Dürfen wir eine Liberalisierung dieser Techniken als Bürgerwissenschaft (Citizen Science) zulassen? Mit der Verfügbarkeit der Gen-Schere stehen wir vor einer großen Verantwortung: Ist es akzeptabel die neuen Gentechnologien zu nutzen - oder verwerflich sie nicht zu nutzen? Wo ziehen wir die Grenze?An interessierte Leser gerichtet erklärt der Autor anschaulich und verständlich die Hintergründe der Züchtung, den Einsatz der Gentechnologie und -technik und die Möglichkeiten der Gen-Schere. Darüber spannt er einen weiten zeitlichen Bogen von den Genen unserer Vorfahren bis zur Fabrikation neuer Lebewesen. Wie stehen Sie zu den Entwicklungen? Mithilfe dieses Buches haben Sie die Chance sich eine differenzierte Meinung zu bilden.Röbbe Wünschiers ist habilitierter Genetiker und aktuell Professor für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie an der Hochschule Mittweida.

G proteins are the key regulators for a wide range of cellular processes in animals and plants. In comparison to animals and yeast, plants have a single Rho-GTPase subfamily called Rho-like GTPases (ROPs). The ROP family of monomeric GTPases has emerged as a versatile and key regulator in plant signal transduction processes. During the past few years' studies on plant RHO-type (ROP) GTPase have generated new insights into their role in diverse processes ranging from cytoskeletal organization, polar growth, development to stress and hormonal responses.  Studies have shown that plants have evolved specific regulators and effector molecules. ROP GTPases possess the ability to interact with these multiple regulator and effector molecules that ultimately determines their signaling specificity. Recently, genome wide studies in plants have shown that the Arabidopsis genome encodes 93, and rice has nearly 85 small GTPase homologs. And we have been able to identify four new homologs in the rice genome. Here, we focus on the complete phylogenetic, domain, structural and expression analysis during stress and various developmental processes of small GTPases in plants. The comparison of gene expression patterns of the individual members of the GTPase family may help to reveal potential plant specific signaling mechanisms and their relevance. Also, we are summarizing the role of currently known ROP GTPases and their interacting proteins with brief description, simultaneously, comparing their expression pattern based on microarray data. Overall, we will be discussing the functional genomic perspective of plant Rho like GTPases and their role in regulating several physiological processes such as stress, hormonal, pollen tube, root hair-growth and other developmental responses.¿

This volume shares technologies that detect common epigenetic changes which are very important in the early detection, progression, and prognosis of cancer as well as the design of new therapeutic tools against cancer cells. Beginning with a bit of background on epigenetic mechanisms, Cancer Epigenetics: Risk Assessment, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis continues with cancer specific type epigenetic change, methods and technologies used for detecting epigenetic changes, factors that influence epigenetic changes in cancer, as well as a final section on future directions in the field. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters in this volume include the kind of detailed implementation advice that guarantees easily reproducible results.Comprehensive and practical, Cancer Epigenetics: Risk Assessment, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis provides the most up-to-date knowledge of epigenetics and its implication in cancer prevention by risk assessment and screening and cancer control by treatment.

Calcium plays pivotal role in regulating the physiological as well as developmental processes in plants. Till now, several calcium sensors have been discovered, which regulate the diverse signaling pathways involved in plant growth and development. One of the major calcium sensors CBL (calcineurin B-like) is decoding the calcium signal during various environmental stresses in plants. Calcium mediated signal is transduced downstream by CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs), which generally phosphorylate the target proteins such as transcription factors or transporters/channel leading to a response. Mutant based approach has provided valuable information in the functional analysis of individual members of CBL and CIPK gene family in Arabidopsis. Both CBL and CIPK gene families have previously been identified and characterized in Arabidopsis and rice. Identification and characterization of CBLs and CIPKs in other plant species such as Oryza sativa, Pisum sativum, Cicer arietinum, Zea mays, Populus euphratica, Vitis vinifera, Malus domestica, Gossypium hirsutum, Sorghum bicolor, Brassica napus, Vicia faba, Phaseolus vulgaris, Ammopiptanthus mongolicus and Triticum aestivum are still in juvenile stage.Overall, Global Comparative Analysis of CBL-CIPK Gene Families in Plants is a comprehensive study focused on the diverse role of CBL-CIPK module in different stress signaling and also to identify a newly emerging role of this calcium-signaling module in plant growth and development across different plant species. In addition, beside Arabidopsis, it will provide backbone of knowledge to perform a detail molecular investigation in crop plant species and could possibly enable in designing strategies to tame abiotic stress tolerance and development in important agronomical crop plants. This book will act as handy and informative source in this field for students as well as advanced researchers.

The unique responses of plants to combined stresses have been observed at physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels. This book provides an analysis of all three levels of change in various plants in response to different combinations of stresses. The text provides a general review of the combined stress paradigm, focuses on the impact of higher CO2 levels in combination with other stresses, examines drought stress in conjunction with other abiotic factors in different crop plants as well as the combination of biotic and abiotic factors, and discusses the impact of combined stresses in forest ecosystems. Written by experts in the field, Combined Stresses in Plants: Physiological, Molecular, and Biochemical Aspects is a valuable resource for scientists, graduate students, and post-doctoral fellows alike working in plant stresses.