Cellebiologi (cytologi)

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) represents a complex disease where the inheritable component has been estimated to be up to 60%. This PIR volume deals with the genetic basis and regulation of rheumatic diseases. The first part of the book describes genetic studies on rheumatic diseases. The second part deals with the shared heredity of rheumatic diseases, e.g., RA, lupus and ankylosing spondylitis. The third part of the volume describes tools for analysing genetic complexity, ranging from animal models to new molecular tools. The volume is essential reading for researchers and clinicians from rheumatology, inflammation research, immunology, and cell and molecular biology.

A must for researchers in the biological sciences, this valuable book takes the time to explain something often taken for granted - buffers used in experiments. It answers the common questions such as: Which buffer should I choose? What about the temperature effects? What about ionic strength? Why is the buffer with the biggest temperature variation used in PCR? It is an indispensable guide for everyone using buffers, providing even the most experienced researchers with the means to understand the fundamental principles behind their preparation and use.

The overall scope of this new series will be to evolve an understanding of the genetic basis of (1) how early mesoderm commits to cells of a heart lineage that progressively and irreversibly assemble into a segmented, primary heart tube that can be remodeled into a four-chambered organ, and (2) how blood vessels are derived and assembled both in the heart and in the body. Our central aim is to establish a four-dimensional, spatiotemporal foundation for the heart and blood vessels that can be genetically dissected for function and mechanism. Since Robert DeHaan's seminal chapter "e;Morphogenesis of the Vertebrate Heart"e; published in Organogenesis (Holt Rinehart & Winston, NY) in 1965, there have been surprisingly few books devoted to the subject of cardiovascular morpho- genesis, despite the enormous growth of interest that occurred nationally and inter- nationally. Most writings on the subject have been scholarly compilations of the proceedings of major national or international symposia or multi authored volumes, without a specific theme. What is missing are the unifying concepts that can often make sense out of a burgeoning database of facts. The Editorial Board of this new series believes the time has come for a book series dedicated to cardiovascular mor- not only as an important archival and didactic reference phogenesis that will serve source for those who have recently come into the field but also as a guide to the evo- lution of a field that is clearly coming of age.

"The most interesting and portentous biological experiment of the 20th century authoritatively described by one of the three principal executants." -Sir Peter Medawar"The education of the transforming principle, i.s., genes, as DNA ranks with the contributions of Darwin and Mendel. Here is the chronicle of that revolutionary advance in biology told in eloquently humble fashion by one of the insiders . . . . This work gives another glimpse into the daily joys and frustrations of the scientific life, a story rarely told with such directness and candor." -Joshua Lederberg, Ph.D., president, Rockefeller University"Maclyn McCarty's The Transforming Principle is an elegantly written story of the discovery that DNA is hereditary material-perhaps the most important discovery in biology of the twentieth century. Also, it is the story of the scientists and the science which represents compelling reading for all science watchers." -Paul A. Marks, M.D., president, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center

These Proceedings have been assembled from papers presented at the Conference on Models of Biological Growth and Spread, held at the German Cancer Research Centre Heidelberg and at the Institute of Applied Mathematics of the University of Heidelberg, July 16-21, 1979. The main theme of the conference was the mathematical representation of biolog- ical populations with an underlying spatial structure. An important feature of such populations is that they and/or their individual com- ponents may interact with each other. Such interactions may be due to external disturbances, internal regulatory factors or a combination of both. Many biological phenomena and processes including embryogenesis, cell growth, chemotaxis, cell adhesion, carcinogenesis, and the spread of an epidemic or of an advantageous gene can be studied in this con- text. Thus, problems of particular importance in medicine (human and veterinary), agriculture, ecology, etc. may be taken into consideration and a deeper insight gained by utilizing (more) realistic mathematical models. Since the intrinsic biological mechanisms may differ considerably from each other, a great variety of mathematical approaches, theories and techniques is required. The aims of the conference were (i) To provide an overview of the most important biological aspects. (ii) To survey and analyse possible stochastic and deterministic approaches. (iii) To encourage new research by bringing together mathematicians interested in problems of a biological nature and scientists actively engaged in developing mathematical models in biology.

This textbook teaches bioengineers critical concepts about protein three dimensional structures, how proteins fold, and how the folding affects the functioning of the protein. Protein folding has profound effects on the discovery of biopharmaceutical drugs (especially the transport of immunological compounds to their site of action) as well as on tissue engineering. Dr. Dods covers topics in easily understood terms through the use of glossaries heading each chapter and footnotes and summaries at the end of each chapter. The chapters cover disordered proteins and large sequences of disorder that exists within proteins, secondary structure (¿-helix and ¿-pleated structure), tertiary and quaternary structure, post-translational changes, proteopathies, bioengineering approaches used to study protein folding, and computer software for protein folding. For each of these topics the elements of biomolecular imaging, cellular and tissue engineering, and health care systems engineering are built. Molecular engineering concepts such as site-directed mutagenesis are addressed. For reinforcement of the concepts presented in this text, activities and problems (Queries) are included in the chapter.

The main aim of this fourth volume is to complement the first three volumes published in 2004 and 2012 by adding advanced methodologies and perspectives. Chapters guide readers through new techniques into the study of platelets and megakaryocytes, including new imaging approaches, new methods for platelet production in vitro, and systems biology approaches. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, methods chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and vital tips on troubleshooting or avoiding known pitfalls.Authoritative and up-to-date, Platelets and Megakaryocytes: Volume 4, Additional Protocols and Perspectives adds a wealth of new expertise for the labs of scientists working in this key biological area of study.

This volume represents a valuable and readily reproducible collection of established and emerging techniques for neuronal cell death research. Conveniently divided into four parts, sections cover a series of techniques for the molecular, structural, functional and genomic characterization of dying neurons, a number of protocols that are of primary interest in neuropathology and in experimental neuropathology, a series of gene engineering techniques to obtain and manipulate neuronal stem cells and progenitors, to prepare HSV-1 vectors for the gene therapy, and to CNS transplantation of bone marrow stem cells, and finally, some very interesting protocols for the study of cell death in non-mammalian models. Written in the successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols, and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Authoritative and easily accessible, Neuronal Cell Death: Methods and Protocols seeks to serve a large audience of scientists that are currently active in the field or are willing to enter such an exciting and still expanding area of neurobiology.

This book serves as an introduction to the continuum mechanics and mathematical modeling of complex fluids in living systems. The form and function of living systems are intimately tied to the nature of surrounding fluid environments, which commonly exhibit nonlinear and history dependent responses to forces and displacements. With ever-increasing capabilities in the visualization and manipulation of biological systems, research on the fundamental phenomena, models, measurements, and analysis of complex fluids has taken a number of exciting directions. In this book, many of the world's foremost experts explore key topics such as:Macro- and micro-rheological techniques for measuring the material properties of complex biofluids and the subtleties of data interpretationExperimental observations and rheology of complex biological materials, including mucus, cell membranes, the cytoskeleton, and bloodThe motility of microorganisms in complex fluids and the dynamics of active suspensionsChallenges and solutions in the numerical simulation of biologically relevant complex fluid flowsThis volume will be accessible to advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate students in engineering, mathematics, biology, and the physical sciences, but will appeal to anyone interested in the intricate and beautiful nature of complex fluids in the context of living systems.

It is now established that dysregulated cell stress response pathways play a critical role in tumorigenesis, and a refined mechanistic understanding of this phenomenon at the molecular level promises to open new avenues for targeted therapeutic strategies that may benefit cancer patients in the near future. Coauthored by recognized leaders in cancer research from five continents, this novel book provides a comprehensive perspective on cell stress response pathways and therapeutic opportunities. Focusing on the role of genotoxic, proteotoxic, oxidative, metabolic, and inflammatory stress in tumorigenesis, the book is essential reading for students, basic researchers, and biomedical health care professionals interested in cancer and therapeutic development.

In this volume expert researchers in the field detail the many methods for further research into regulation of mitochondrial function. Chapters focus on mitochondria with other cellular components, discussing how these interactions influence the dynamics of mitochondrial structure and biogenesis. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and key tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Authoritative and practical, Mitochondrial Regulation: Methods and Protocols seeks to aid advanced undergraduates, graduates, postgraduates, and beginning researchers in the areas of molecular and cellular biology, biochemistry and bioenergetics.

This volume presents detailed, recently-developed protocols ranging from isolation of nuclei to purification of chromatin regions containing single genes, with a particular focus on some less well-explored aspects of the nucleus. The methods described include new strategies for isolation of nuclei, for purification of cell type-specific nuclei from a mixture, and for rapid isolation and fractionation of nucleoli. For gene delivery into and expression in nuclei, a novel gentle approach using gold nanowires is presented. As the concentration and localization of water and ions are crucial for macromolecular interactions in the nucleus, a new approach to measure these parameters by correlative optical and cryo-electron microscopy is described. The Nucleus, Second Edition presents methods and software for high-throughput quantitative analysis of 3D fluorescence microscopy images, for quantification of the formation of amyloid fibrils in the nucleus, and for quantitative analysis of chromosome territory localization. Written in the successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols, and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and easily accessible, The Nucleus, Second Edition seeks to serve both professionals and novices with its well-honed methods for the study of the nucleus.

Nuclear Reprogramming: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition includes not only classic methods to perform nuclear transfer in different species but also several techniques to assess the early and late development of the reconstructed embryos, at the cellular, molecular, and epigenetic level. Over the past several years, many technical improvements have been made to improve somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) efficiency, all of which are reflected in the detailed chapters of this fully revised collection. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Authoritative and up-to-date, Nuclear Reprogramming: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition will be of interest not only to cloners but also to researchers concerned with studying the development of embryos.

Notch Signaling: Methods and Protocols focuses on molecular, biochemical and bioinformatics aspects of Notch signaling. Chapters analyze the Notch interactome, post-translational modifications of Notch, ligand binding assays, methods to assess proteolytic cleavage and transcriptional targets. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols and key tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Authoritative and practical, Notch Signaling: Methods and Protocols is a valuable contribution to hundreds of labs and thousands of scientists who pursue this research area with vigor.

Reflecting over three decades of advances, Epidermal Cells: Methods and Protocols, Third Edition underscores these advances in our understanding of epidermal biology with updated and entirely new protocols that compliment and extend the earlier edition. The inclusion of protocols useful for both in vitro and in vivo studies reflects many useful developments in the field. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Dependable and easy to follow, Epidermal Cells: Methods and Protocols, Third Edition serves researchers working to accelerate the work in this vital field of study.

Regulatory B Cells: Methods and Protocols present the current experimental set-ups and methodologies useful for the identification and characterization of B cells with suppressive functions and for the study of their biological and immunological properties. Organized into four sections, this detailed volume covers the basic methods for the isolation and immunophenotypical characterization of specific B cell subsets from mouse and human tissues, methods for the investigation of the mechanisms of immune suppression operated by B cells, several experimental approaches for the ex vivo generation/expansion of IL-10-producing B cells, as well as procedures for the study of the immune suppressive function of B cells in specific pathological settings. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Practical and authoritative, Regulatory B Cells: Methods and Protocols serves as an ideal guide for immunologists as well as for cell and molecular biologists interested in the intricacies of B cell biology.

Updating and building upon previous editions, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Protocols, Third Edition provides up-to-date protocols from leading stem cell researchers. This in-depth volume presents a clear view of the landscape of assays available to the stem cell researcher working in the growing hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) field. A robust and active field, it is supported by an abundance of innovative mouse models and molecular tools for analysis of phenotypes and functions in mouse and human cells. Understanding more about hematopoietic stem cell biology is integral if these versatile cells are to be applied effectively to treat and cure a wide range of blood diseases. An introductory chapter puts the major contributions of the book into the proper perspective. Written in the successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols, and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Essential for the laboratory-based researcher, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Protocols, Third Edition is a much needed technical resource in the critically important field of hematopoietic stem cell investigation.

This book provides the Assisted Reproduction Technologies (ART) community an update of the fast approaching novel technologies that may allow improved assessment of the reproductive potential of sperm, oocytes and embryos. The reader has access to concise updates on the rapidly developing diagnostic technologies (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics) and morphological methods which may help us better assess the gametes and embryos. Methodologies are described which enable selection of the best gamete or embryo by invasive and non-invasive diagnostics, as well as the clinical validity of these techniques.

Calcium is crucial in governing contractile activities of myofilaments in cardiomyocytes, any defeats in calcium homeostasis of the cells would adversely affect heart pumping action. The characterization of calcium handling properties in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPS-CMCs) is of significant interest and pertinent to the stem cell and cardiac regenerative field because of their potential patient-specific therapeutic use.

About the Series:Fundamental Biomedical Technologies features titles in multidisciplinary, technology-driven areas, providing the foundations for breakthrough advances in medicine and biology. The term technology refers, in a vigorously unrestrictive sense, to a broad array of engineering disciplines, the sciences of computation and informatics, mathematical models exploiting and advancing methods of mathematical physics, and the development of novel, experimental discovery devices. Titles in this series are designed and selected to provide high-level visionary input for specialists, while presenting overviews of emerging fields for those in related areas. Volumes in this series aim to provide technologists with the material to gain competent entry into biomedical research and biomedical researchers to understand and embrace novel technological foundations and tools. About the Series Editor:Mauro Ferrari is a professor in the Brown Institute of Molecular Medicine, a professor of internal medicine in the division of cardiology, and the chairman of the department of biomedical engineering at the University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston, Texas. He holds concurrent professor appointments at the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center as professor of experimental therapeutics, and at Rice University in bioengineering. Dr. Ferrari is the current President of the Alliance for NanoHealth and he has spearheaded the development of the National Cancer Institute's nanotechnology programs. Dr. Ferrari is also the founder and Editor-in-Chief of Springer's archival journal Biomedical Microdevices. Nanobiotechnology of Biomimetic MembranesDonald Martin, EditorNanobiotechnology of Biomimetic Membranes focuses on biomimetic membranes, one of the fundamental building blocks ofnanobiotechnology. The application of nanotechnology principles and methodology to problems in biotechnology provides an exciting new discipline that will generate a revolution of novel applications, across many disciplines. This valuable new title offers an international perspective on the development of biotechnology applications. Key topics:The Significance of Biomimetic Membrane Nanobiotechnology to Biomedical ApplicationsLangmuir-Blodgett technique for Synthesis of Biomimetic Lipid MembranesLiposome techniques for Synthesis of Biomimetic Lipid MembranesCharacterization and Analysis of Biomimetic Lipid MembranesBiomimetic Membranes in Biosensor ApplicationsNanobiotechnology of Biomimetic Membranes will serve as a useful resource on the fundamental science of membranes in their interactions with macromolecules, providing a research platform for producing novel nanobiotechnology applications. About the Editor: Donald Martin is currently an Associate Professor at the University of Technology, Sydney. He was the first Australian recipient of the Bausch & Lomb International Travel Award.

-There is an acceleration in prion disease research because of the spread of mad cow disease.-This book covers in vitro, cellular, and animal models adapted for the study of TSEs.-Includes bio-saftey procedures.

Sodiumpotassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na+/K+-ATPase) is an enzyme located in the plasma membrane of most eukaryotic cells, responsible for maintaining ion concentration gradients against their concentration scale using ATP hydrolysis as a source of energy. The enzyme is involved in many cellular activities, including maintaining cell volume, transporting nutrition, electrical potential, neurotransmission, and any dysfunction or modification of enzyme activity is directly linked to many diseases, such as epilepsy, cardiovascular disease and hypertension, diabetes and other metabolic disorders, digoxin toxicity, fetal abnormalities, neurological disorders, and pulmonary conditions. In this book, the authors present current research on regulation strategies, Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase as a biomarker in diseased states, and the use of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase in the physiological and ecological adaptations of insects. Other topics discussed in this compilation include the effects of hormonal and non-hormonal stimulation on Na+/K+-ATPase activity, the physiology and pathophysiology of Na+/K+-ATPase, Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase as a biomarker for energy metabolism and oxidative stress in diseased states, the neurotensin inhibitory effects of [3H]-Ouabain binding to striatal membranes and inversion by administration of clozapine, and Na+/K+-ATPases important functional roles in human body.

Rb and Tumorigenesis examines how recent advances have demonstrated the interaction of Rb with chromatin remodeling enzymes. This new title explores the potential roles of these interactions in Rb functions and provides some evidence that distinct Rb co-repressor may target different genes in different phases of the cell cycle.

Cell Therapy offers a discussion of facility design operation issues, complete with practical approaches. This facility-focused resource also includes in-depth reviews of quality, supply management, regulation frameworks and professional standards

in the human visceral pleura is the sole reliable criterion for the statement that it belongs to the 'thick type', while all observed animals have a 'thin' type VP. We strictly de?ned and nominated the main structures of the lymphatic regions as lymphatic units, stomata, and LL.