Materialelære

Presenting comprehensively the emerging field of MIMs and MIMats - a must read for everyone who is working on this topic.

This book provides a collection of recent research works related to new trends and pathologies associated with concrete structures, in order to contribute to the systematization and dissemination of knowledge related to moisture transport, durability, construction pathology, diagnostic techniques, and the most recent advances in this domain. The book is divided into five chapters that intend to be a resume of the current state of knowledge for benefit of professional colleagues, scientists, students, practitioners, lecturers, and other interested parties to network. At the same time, these topics will be going to the encounter of a variety of scientific and engineering disciplines, such as civil, mechanical, and materials engineering.

This book offers selected contributions on fundamental research and application in designing and engineering materials.  It focuses on mechanical engineering applications such as automobile, railway, marine, aerospace, biomedical, pressure vessel technology, turbine technology. This includes a wide range of material classes, like lightweight metallic materials, polymers, composites, and ceramics. Advanced applications include manufacturing using the new or newer materials, testing methods, multi-scale experimental and computational aspects.

This book reviews the history and evolution of district heating networks, with a focus on current and future issues of the district heating sector. Novel developments in the field of low temperature district heating are studied, limitations for safe operation and avoidance of bacteria are considered, and the associated improved performance of the system with fewer network losses is presented.This book showcases how the evolution of district heating networks is linked to the increased use of renewables and de-carbonized heat sources with specific focus to waste heat streams and solar energy systems. Considering the novelty of these technologies, technological developments and funding schemes for these investments are still immature to some extent. For that reason, a comprehensive review of the main aspects of energy planning as well as district heating economics and financing schemes for large-scale investments in renewable energy systems for district energy systems is performed.In the light of digitalization, networks are increasingly monitored, allowing for a drastic change in the approach for network operation. This book also explores the increased digitization and monitoring of networks and how this impacts network operation.This book is of interest to engineers, academics and officials interested in energy systems, presenting readers with the key concepts and tools to adapt to the evolution of district heating into an integrated, digitized and higher performing system.

This thesis investigates the detection efficiency of field-resolved measurements of ultrashort mid-infrared waves via electro-optic sampling for the first time. Employing high-power gate pulses and phase-matched upconversion in thick nonlinear crystals, unprecedented efficiencies are achieved for octave-spanning fields in this wavelength range. In combination with state-of-the art, high-power, ultrashort mid-infrared sources, this allows to demonstrate a new regime of linear detection dynamic range for field strengths from mV/cm to MV/cm-levels. These results crucially contribute to the development of field-resolved spectrometers for early disease detection, as fundamental vibrational modes of (bio-)molecules lie in the investigated spectral range.The results are discussed and compared with previous sensitivity records for electric-field measurements and reference is made to related implementations of the described characterization technique. Including a detailed theoretical description and simulation results, the work elucidates crucial scaling laws, characteristics and limitations. The thesis will thus serve as an educational introduction to the topic of field-resolved measurements using electro-optic sampling, giving detailed instructions on simulations and experimental implementations. At the same time, it showcases the state-of-the-art in terms of detection sensitivity for characterizing mid-infrared waves.

This book presents the state of the art on the topic of recycling of plastic building materials, comprising a synthetic market analysis, and presenting the latest developments in plastic recycling technologies. The book also makes recommendations to optimize the success of recycling and encourage the circular economy, while acknowledging the environmental and sustainability implications of plastic recycling for building construction. The distinctive features of this book are the variety of topics covered on sustainable plastic recycling, the discussion of advances in plastic recycling technology, detailed illustrations, and summarized descriptions of separation processes. This book is a guide for both technical and non-technical readers, and for anyone involved in plastic waste or recycling, including researchers and students in plastics engineering, polymer science, polymer chemistry, environmental science, and sustainable materials.

This book consists of selected peer-reviewed articles from the International Conference on Computer Vision, High Performance Computing, Smart Devices and Networks (CHSN-2020), held at JNTU, Kakinada, India. The theme and areas of the conference include vast scope for latest concepts and trends in communication engineering, information theory and networks, signal, image and speech processing, wireless and mobile communication, Internet of Things, and cybersecurity for societal causes and humanitarian applications.

Following the model of teaching from the top down, this book provides a jargon-free foundation in the burgeoning field of nanoengineering.

The book reviews new research in the area of deformation mechanisms of structural steels and the possibilities to control the process of strain hardening. Topics covered include: The bainite, martensite and pearlite structure of these steels; the strengthening mechanisms of quenched steel; the evolution of phase composition and defect sub-structure of bainitic steel under deformation; the hardening mechanisms of bainitic steels; and the strain hardening of structural steels with pearlite structure.Keywords: Structural Steels, Strain Hardening, Uniaxial Compression, Martensite Structure, Pearlite Structure, Bainite Structure, Plasticity, Fracture Toughness, Tribological Properties, Wear Resistance, Strength Properties, Corrosion Resistant Steel, Impact Strength, Dislocation Density, Weldability.

The book presents a supplement to the proceedings of the International Conference on 'Advanced Topics in Mechanics of Materials, Structures and Construction' (AToMech1-2023).Keywords: Hand Gesture Control Accuracy, Metal Hot Extrusion, Artificial Neural Networks, Ionanofluids, Concrete Made from Wastewater Bottle Caps, Machine Learning, Pool Boiling Heat Transfer, Nanofluids, Additively Manufactured Steels.

Perovskite supercapacitors have a promising future in the area of energy storage; due to their superior optoelectronic characteristics, simple device construction and increased efficiency. The book focuses on organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs); organometallic halides-based perovskite solar cells (OMHP-SCs); power conversion efficiency (PCE); ferroelectric-based perovskites; recycling of perovskite-based solar cell modules; lead-free perovskite solar cells (PSCs); and inorganic tin perovskite solar cells.

Structure-directed synthesis aims at the design and preparation of novel solid-state structures; using the structure-directing capability of some molecular additive, the so-called structure-directing agent. This general train of thought has led to the development of many weird and wonderful strategies. The book presents an in-depth review of the field and discusses the potential for further developments. Some of the topics are listed under 'Keywords'. The book references 343 original resources with their direct web links for in-depth reading.Keywords: Directed Synthesis, Multicomponent Colloidal Nanostructures, Nanoparticle-Seed Surfaces, Photocatalytic and Photo-Electrochemical Applications, Synthesis of Nanostructured Metal Oxides and Metal Oxalates, Wide-Bandgap Semiconductors and Metals with Surface Plasmon-Resonance Active Bands, Mesoporous Materials Possessing Multilevel Architectures, Spatially Distinct Nanostructured Organic and Inorganic Arrays, 2- and 3-Dimensional Periodic Composite Structures, Protein-Protein Interaction and DNA Hybridization, Polynuclear Complexes and Coordination Polymers of 3d Metals, Ultra-Small Metal Nanoclusters, Biomolecule-Nanocluster Composites, Nanostructured Sulphur-Carbon Nanotube Cathode.

The magic of flight has captivated humanity for centuries. From the dreams of Icarus to the jet-fueled adventures of today, the desire to break free from Earth's rope has been a persistent narrative. "Soaring Beyond the Horizon" delves deep into this enchanting world, unraveling aviation's mysteries, marvels, and milestones.Explore the early days of flight, such as the Wright brothers' pioneering endeavors. Learn about the technological leaps that transformed rickety biplanes into sleek supersonic jets. This book takes you on an exhilarating journey through the annals of aviation, introducing you to lesser-known tales and pivotal moments that shaped the skies above.Discover the intricacies of airplane design, the science behind keeping these magnificent machines aloft, and the engineering feats that have led to today's state-of-the-art aircraft. Get up close and personal with legendary aviators and unsung heroes who dared to dream and defied the odds.But it's not just about the past. "Soaring Beyond the Horizon" also ventures into the future of flight, from electric planes to the promise of space tourism. It delves into the aviation industry's environmental and economic challenges and showcases innovations aiming to make flying more sustainable and accessible.Peppered with fascinating anecdotes, detailed diagrams, and engaging narratives, this book is a treasure trove for aviation enthusiasts and curious minds alike. Whether you're a seasoned aviator, an aspiring pilot, or someone who loves to gaze up at passing planes, "Soaring Beyond the Horizon" promises to enlighten, entertain, and inspire.Embark on this flight through time and space, understanding the wonders of aviation as never before. Strap in and prepare for takeoff; the skies await!

This book gives an overview of electronic waste (e-waste) management and the latest technological aspects of recycling and disposal of obsolete electronic components while minimizing the environmental impact of toxic chemicals and heavy metals from e-waste. As electronics become more accessible worldwide, this effect generates up to 50 tonnes of e-waste that is only set to increase every year. The chapters in this book explore different strategies through recycling practices, green computing, and eco-friendly approach in handling e-waste through government policies to mitigate the growing side effects of e-waste. This book caters to researchers, policymakers, and industrial practitioners who are interested in more sustainable practices in e-waste management.  

This book gathers the latest advances, innovations and applications in the field of sustainable construction materials and structures, as presented by leading international researchers and engineers at the 14th International scientific conference ¿Modern Building Materials, Structures and Techniques¿ (MBMST 2023), held in Vilnius, Lithuania, on 5¿6 October 2023. It covers topics such as modern building materials and their production technologies; investigation and design of reinforced concrete, steel, glass, timber and composite structures; innovative calculation techniques for bridges; geotechnics; new building technologies and management; and building information modelling. The contributions, which were selected through a rigorous international peer-reviewed process, share exciting ideas that will spur novel research directions and foster new multidisciplinary collaborations.

This book is a collection of research papers presented at the International Conference on Innovative Research, a part of EUROINVENT 2023, held under the patronage of Romanian Ministry of Research Innovation and Digitization. The book features contributions from leading researchers, engineers, and students who have presented their insights and experiences on a wide range of topics in the field of Materials Science and Engineering. The papers cover advancements, innovations, and future directions in the field, and are grouped into sections based on the themes discussed at the conference. The book is a valuable resource for researchers, students, and professionals interested in the latest developments in materials science and engineering.

The thesis presents a systematic study of the Mpemba effect in a colloidal system with a micron-sized particle diffusing in a water bath. While the Mpemba effect, where a system's thermal relaxation time is a non-monotonic function of the initial temperature, has been observed in water since Aristotle's era, the underlying mechanism of the effect is still unknown. Recent studies indicate that the effect is not limited to water and has been studied both experimentally and numerically in a wide variety of systems. By carefully designing a double-well potential using feedback-based optical tweezers, the author demonstrates that an initially hot system can sometimes cool faster than an initially warm system. The author also presents the first observation in any system of another counterintuitive effect-the inverse Mpemba effect-where the colder of the two samples reaches the thermal equilibrium at a hot temperature first. The results for both the observations agree with theoretical predictions based on the Fokker-Planck equation. The experiments reveal that, for carefully chosen conditions, a strong version of both of the effects are observed where a system can relax to the bath temperature exponentially faster than under typical conditions.

This book describes most recent progress in the properties, synthesis, characterization, modelling, and applications of nanomaterials and nanodevices. It begins with the review of the modelling of the structural, electronic and optical properties of low dimensional and nanoscale semiconductors, methodology of synthesis, and characterization of quantum dots and nanowires, with special attention towards Dirac materials, whose electrical conduction and sensing properties far exceed those of silicon-based materials, making them strong competitors. The contributed reviews presented in this book touch on broader issues associated with the environment, as well as energy production and storage, while highlighting important achievements in materials pertinent to the fields of biology and medicine, exhibiting an outstanding confluence of basic physical science with vital human endeavor. The subjects treated in this book are attractive to the broader readership of graduate and advanced undergraduate students in physics, chemistry, biology, and medicine, as well as in electrical, chemical, biological, and mechanical engineering. Seasoned researchers and experts from the semiconductor/device industry also greatly benefit from the book's treatment of cutting-edge application studies.

This book, the first dedicated to the topic, provides a comprehensive treatment of forward stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in standard optical fibers. SBS interactions between guided light and sound waves have drawn much attention for over fifty years, and optical fibers provide an excellent playground for the study of Brillouin scattering as they support guided modes of both wave types and provide long interaction lengths. This book is dedicated to forward SBS processes that are driven by co-propagating optical fields. The physics of forward SBS is explained in detail, starting from the fundamentals of interactions between guided optical and acoustic waves, with emphasis given to the acoustic modes that are stimulated in the processes. The realization of forward SBS in standard single-mode, polarization-maintaining and multi-core fibers is then discussed in depth. Innovative potential applications in sensors, monitoring of coating layers, lasers, and radio-frequency oscillators are presented. This book introduces the subject to graduate students in optics and applied physics, and it will be of interest to scientists working in fiber-optics, nonlinear optics and opto-mechanics.Provides the first treatment of forward stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in book form;Reflects the dramatic recent increase in interest in forward SBS processes , driven in part by the promise of new fiber sensing concepts;Delivers a solid and comprehensive grounding in the physics of forward SBS along with detailed experimental set-ups, measurement protocols, and applications.

This book describes leading research in bioengineering for development of novel technologies for ferrous metal extraction. The author includes new developments in molecular biology, biochemistry, microbiology, cell metabolism, and engineering principles and applies them to the conventional iron ore industry - proposing innovative solutions to various industry challenges. The book focuses on applied approaches and describes emerging and established industrial processes, as well as the underlying theory of the process, and the biology of the microorganisms involved.Elaborates on bioprocessing technologies applicable for extraction of ferrous metals using cross-pollination of microbiology and extractive metallurgy;Presents a systematic overview of bioprocessing technologies encompassing laboratory research, pilot scale studies, and industrial process flowsheet design;Provides comprehensive coverage of the engineering principles behind bioprocesses of iron ores including material and energy balances, transport processes, reactions and reactor engineering.

Interaction of Disturbances in Shear Flows aims to provide a comprehensive, in-depth overview of the current state of knowledge on the subject. Authored by a recognized expert with decades of experience and many software patents to his credit, the volume covers advances in computational fluid dynamics to showcase innovative ways to apply physical measurements and visualization patterns to solve various aero- and hydrodynamic problems. It also delves into analytical methodologies to compare and contrast with the theoretical models most commonly used in the field. Additionally, it demonstrates the significance of comprehending and managing disturbances in shear flows, discussing practical applications of the research to optimize the design of aircraft, automotive vehicles, and marine vessels, with a strong emphasis on enhancing aero- and hydrodynamic efficiency, fuel economy, and the reduction of harmful emissions. Academia and industry readers alike will find this a useful resource to equip themselves with the tools needed to understand and address practical engineering challenges encountered in their studies or work.

Carbon Dioxide Sequestration in Cementitious Construction Materials, Second Edition, offers an updated and comprehensive overview of carbon dioxide storage-based cementitious construction materials, presenting a promising avenue for substantial eco-efficiency and economic advantages within the construction sector. The first part examines different methods and mechanisms for carbon dioxide sequestration in cementitious materials, including in steel slag, in magnesium-based binders and in autoclaved cement mixtures. Part two explores carbon capture in industrial waste and recycled materials, considering cost, energy, and aqueous carbonation kinetics. The final part is entirely new and investigates biological approaches to carbon dioxide sequestration in construction materials, involving bacteria, bamboo biochar, wood bio-concretes, and bio-inspired materials

Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels for Ophthalmic Drug Delivery covers fundamental aspects in the preparation of polymeric in-situ, stimuli-responsive hydrogels, including properties, characterization, chemistry, and fabrication of these hydrogels. The book will help the reader select the most appropriate material and design for the desired application. The book goes on to review applications in ophthalmic drug delivery, covering in vitro and in vivo models, animal models, preclinical testing, patents, and more. This is a must-have reference for researchers and academics in the fields of materials science, biomaterials, pharmacology and polymer science, with an interest in clinical aspects of hydrogel design and application.

This book presents nanomaterials for cancer detection using a variety of state-of-the-art imaging techniques.  Clinical applications are also highlighted. The unique size-dependent properties and convenient surfaces for molecular assembly make these nanomaterials essential for a variety of innovative imaging techniques. This book covers important imaging modalities, synthesis of nanoparticles with specific functional properties, and clinical applications including the development of anticancer drugs. The information presented here involves contributions from chemistry, materials science, materials characterization, cell engineering, and clinical testing.The book will be essential reading to experienced clinicians as well as a wide range of scholars and researchers interested in nanotechnology and imaging techniques for cancer detection.

When the author began working on phosphors based on rare-earth elements, he lacked an introductory textbook that explained the fundamental chemistry, basic optical properties, and magnetic characteristics of lanthanide elements. This book provides a concise overview of the rare-earth elements and is divided into two parts. In the first part, the reader receives an overview of solid-state chemistry and fundamental physical properties of these elements. Key topics of the first part include the separation chemistry of lanthanides, their chemical behaviour and physical properties. Then relevant compound classes are illustrated, crystal structures are systematically explained. The second part focuses on the optical and magnetic properties on relevant examples, also discussing many applications. Students and researchers new to the topic of "Rare-Earth Elements" receive a comprehensive introduction to understand basic optical and magnetic properties and incentives for deeper studies.

This textbook educates current and future materials workers, engineers, and researchers on Materials Informatics. Volume I serves as an introduction, merging AI, ML, materials science, and engineering. It covers essential topics and algorithms in 11 chapters, including Linear Regression, Neural Networks, and more. Suitable for diverse fields like materials science, physics, and chemistry, it enables quick and easy learning of Materials Informatics for readers without prior AI and ML knowledge.

This book presents applications of blockchain technologies to foster sustainable development in the textile and clothing supply chain. The concept of Textiles and Fashion Sustainability has grown to a wider extent today. Among the list of items to achieve Sustainability in Textiles and Fashion, the key element is the traceability of supply chains in terms of mapping and tracing the entire supply chain to ensure sustainable supply chain management. Reliable and transparent, efficient data is one of the crucial requirements for Textiles and Fashion Sustainability in today's advanced industrial context and this is possible in this advanced era by various technological advancements such as Block chain technologies. These days one can see a widespread application of blockchain technology in the Textiles and Clothing sector.  The core competencies of blockchain technology namely transparency, data auditability, privacy, value transfer, and process efficiency and automation are very much essential for achieving the multifold objectives under the theme Textiles and Fashion Sustainability.

This volume describes new insights into the main aspects of rubber degradation by material's fatigue, wear and aging evolution, as well as their impact on mechanical rubber properties. It provides a thorough state-of-art explanation of the essential chemical, physical and mechanical principles as well as practices of material characterization for wear prediction, and to convey or define novel strategies and procedures of planning effective wear test programs. The initiating factors of abrasion, the development of surface abrasion on sharp and blunt tracks (so called cutting and chipping) and the influence of smear and lubricants is also summarized. The volume is of interest to research scientists in related fields from academia and industry.