Materialeprøvning

This volume highlights the latest advances, innovations, and applications in bituminous materials and structures and asphalt pavement technology, as presented by leading international researchers and engineers at the RILEM International Symposium on Bituminous Materials (ISBM), held in Lyon, France on December 14-16, 2020. The symposium represents a joint effort of three RILEM Technical Committees from Cluster F: 264-RAP "e;Asphalt Pavement Recycling"e;, 272-PIM "e;Phase and Interphase Behaviour of Bituminous Materials"e;, and 278-CHA "e;Crack-Healing of Asphalt Pavement Materials"e;. It covers a diverse range of topics concerning bituminous materials (bitumen, mastics, mixtures) and road, railway and airport pavement structures, including: recycling, phase and interphase behaviour, cracking and healing, modification and innovative materials, durability and environmental aspects, testing and modelling, multi-scale properties, surface characteristics, structure performance, modelling and design, non-destructive testing, back-analysis, and Life Cycle Assessment. The contributions, which were selected by means of a rigorous international peer-review process, present a wealth of exciting ideas that will open novel research directions and foster new multidisciplinary collaborations.

This book summarizes many of the recent research accomplishments in the area of polyvinylchloride (PVC)-based blends and their preparation, characterization and applications. Various sub-topics are addressed, such as the state-of-the-art of PVC based blends, new challenges and opportunities, emphasis being given to the types and sizes of components/fillers and optimum compositions of PVC blends, their processing and structure-properties relationships, modification/compatibilization methods, and possible applications. PVC/thermoplastic based nano, micro and macro blends, PVC membranes, bio-based plasticizers and PVC blends with components from renewable resources are reported. The various chapters in this book are contributed by prominent researchers from industry, academia and government/private research laboratories across the globe. It covers an up-to-date record on the major findings and observations in the field of PVC-based blends.

This book comprehensively outlines synchrotron-based X-ray imaging technologies and their associated applications in gaining fundamental insights into the physical and chemical properties as well as reaction mechanisms of energy materials. In this book the major X-ray imaging technologies utilised, depending on research goals and sample specifications, are discussed. With X-ray imaging techniques, the morphology, phase, lattice and strain information of energy materials in both 2D and 3D can be obtained in an intuitive way. In addition, due to the high penetration of X-rays, operando/in situ experiments can be designed to track the qualitative and quantitative changes of the samples during operation. This book will broader the reader's view on X-ray imaging techniques and inspire new ideas and possibilities in energy materials research.

The validation of equipment, processes and methods is a basic requirement that nowadays has to be met in most industries. This handbook deals with the validation of computerized systems in general as well as with analytical method validation. The many detailed practical examples focus on thermal analysis of materials, such as plastics and rubber.The handbook is intended for newcomers interested in the theoretical and regulatory aspects of validation and for thermal analysis practitioners who have to validate their equipment and methods.Contents:Part 1: Validation of Computerized SystemsRecent Changes in Regulations and Regulatory GuidanceInstrument Qualification, Computerized System Validation and Method ValidationRegulatory Requirements for Computerized System ValidationComputerized System ValidationWriting the User Requirements Specification (URS)Auditing the System SupplierInstallation Qualification and Operational Qualification (IQ and OQ)Performance Qualification (PQ) or End User TestingPart 2: Method ValidationMeasurement Errors and Uncertainty of MeasurementValidation of Analytical Procedures and MethodsInterlaboratory Studies in Thermal AnalysisMethod Development Through to SOPPractical ExamplesAppendix 1: 21 CFR Part 11 and EU GMP Annex 11Appendix 2: Basic StatisticsAppendix 3: Standard Test Methods for Thermal Analysis

Civil and military aircraft - and aerospace vehicles in general - face two related problems:- They depend heavily upon electronic systems and thus must be shielded against electromagnetic interference (EMI). This interference may come in the form of lighting strikes, interference from radio emitters, nuclear electromagnetic pulses (EMP), or even high power microwave (HPM) threats- Environmental conditions including moisture, rain, and pollution from the atmosphere may corrode airframes, skin, and other bonded joints. Most importantly, this corrosion may damage the conductivity and electromagnetic shielding of the vehicleThis book addresses both problems.

The subject of liquid crystals and their use in electronic displays and in non-linear optical systems has become of tremendous importance during the last decade; and the incorporation of liquid crystal units into polymeric materials has led to a group of new materials with diverse properties. Some of these properties have been utilized in new products and some have yet to be used. Much published work has appeared that deals with specific materials or particular applications, and it was felt that a book was needed to examine and explain the underlying principles governing the diverse properties of these liquid crystal polymers, LCPs. The current work describes the diverse nature of LCPs, their synthesis, characterization, properties and finally their applications. It describes the manner in which liquid crystallinity or mesomorphism occurs in small molecules, monomer liquid crystals and polymer liquid crystals. Chapter 1 gives a classification of the various ways in which the meso­ gens may be connected to the polymer chains. Currently, the bulk of LCP material is based on main chain or longitudinal LCPs for use in engineering applications. The side chain or comb polymers are intended for use in electronics and opto-electronic systems and as surfactants. Many other variants and possibilities exist but their properties have not yet been fully studied or used. In this respect it is hoped that the current work will indicate future possibilities as well as discussing current opinion. v Preface vi Chapters 2 and 3 describe methods of characterizing the mesophases.

The rapid pace of current developments in the theoretical, analytical, numerical and experimental fields of dynamic failure of materials called for an international seminar of workshop style aimed at improving the finding and understanding of solutions to the basic physical processes involved in dynamic failure. The Vienna Seminar DFM-l was held at the Technical University Vienna in the historic administration building in the city center under the auspices of the university. More than 30 international experts from all over the world followed the invitation to participate at this seminar. High in the list of priorities was the common desire for ample time for discussions after each technical presenta­ tion, a fact and a chance frequently made overextensive use of during the seminar. Thus, opportunity was given to the seminar participants to present and expose ideas and results of their original research work, either terminated, ongoing, proposed or conceived and intended, to an international forum of experts for critical discussions, evaluation and appraisal. The technical program included dynamic failure of polymers and steel, numerical modelling of fracture processes, experimental techniques and analytical/numerical investigation of crack/wave interaction problems. The scope of the contributions stretched from implementation of advanced mathematical techniques in the theoretical developments to most direct applications in various fields of engineering practice. Papers published in this volume represent revised, updated and expanded versions of the seminar contributions.

New composite materials and semi-fabricates, as disparate in their nature as solid multilaminates and powder compacts, have been steadily increasing in importance. Their application to a variety of industrial situations is being made easier by the considerable development of conventional manufacturing techniques which fulfil many of the requirements imposed on such materials. At the same time, however, the degree of their exploitation can be limited by, either the inadequate final product properties, or simply - as in the case of particulate matter - by the inability of these techniques to produce significant quantities of the composite. For these reasons, combined with the ever increasing demand for highly sophisticated composites, attention has been focused on the dynamic manufacturing methods. Not only do they extend the range of the available routes, but they also offer the possibility of achieving chemical and/or structural syntheses of new materials from either the elemental or complex constituents. What is more, these techniques often tend to ensure integral bonding of the elements of the structure and they thus enhance the mechanical properties of the composite.

In the ten years since the scientific rationale for the design, synthesis and application of inorganic and organometallic polymers (IOPs) was first conceptualised, we have witnessed the first tentative exploration of IOPs as precursors to new materials, with efforts focusing on the design and synthesis of novel ceramic precursors. Developing expertise led to precursor studies combined with the characterisation of the transformation processes that occur when IOPs are converted to ceramic materials. Now at maturity, the science presented in this volume reveals the polymer precursor approach to materials synthesis together with examples of processing ceramic shapes for a range of mechanical properties, the development of sophisticated, noninvasive analytical techniques, and IOP design rationales relying on well-defined processing-property relationships. The production of multifunctional IOPs is described, providing ion conductivity, gas sensing, bioactivity, magnetic properties, etc., combined with processability. The existence of well-defined IOPs and the exquisite control that can be exerted on sol-gel systems now provide access to such a variety of mixed organic-organometallic and/or inorganic hybrid systems that their exploitation is likely to develop into an entirely new field of materials chemistry. Future exciting avenues of research are also being opened up with the advent of buckyballs, Met-Cars, dopable preceramics, rigid-rod organometallics, and molecular tinkertoys.