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This volume is one in a continuing series of books now being prepared by the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress under the Country Studies-Area Handbook Program.

On 14 June 1993, the Army issued its new keystone doctrine in Field Manual (FM) 100-5. It clearly and concisely expresses how the Army intends to conduct war and operations other than war (OOTW) now and into the twenty-first century. This manual, "Division Operations (FM 71-100)," builds on the doctrine principles describe in FM 100-5 as well as those described in FM 100-15. It applies these doctrinal principles and new concepts to the full dimension of Army division operations. Additionally, this manual is consistent with joint doctrine. Joint doctrine is Army doctrine. This is the capstone manual for Army division operations. This manual will assist division commanders, their staffs, and subordinate commanders in planning and conducting division operations. It will guide many organizations regarding the capabilities, limitations, and employment of US Army divisions. It also will guide the development of subordinate unit doctrine. FM 71-100 sets forth doctrinal principles that apply to all types of Army divisions.

The objective of the Army garrison dining facility is to provide authorized diners quality meals in an environment that is comparable to first-class commercial cafeterias, such as any of the national chain restaurants that provide full meal service. This technical manual (TM) provides operational procedures for garrison dining facilities in an effort to meet this objective. It provides guidance for commanders, food service warrant officers, non-commissioned officers, food program managers, dining facility managers and food service personnel.

This manual, "Food Sanitation for the Supervisor," is for the use of supervisors of food sanitation. It tells the food service supervisor-Why food sanitation is important; Why some foods spoil; Why some foods are potentially hazardous; How germs (microorganisms) contaminate foods; How people get sick from food; and What the supervisor can do to stop foodborne illness.

Army Doctrine Publication (ADP) 3-28 describes a doctrinal foundation for the Army's contribution to defense support of civil authorities (also called DSCA) (see figure 1, page iv, for a graphical overview). ADP 3-28 focuses on the operational Army battalions, brigades, division headquarters, and Army Service component headquarters conducting DSCA, with support from the generating force. A corresponding Army doctrine reference publication (ADRP) elaborating on the principles in ADP 3-28 is expected to replace Field Manual (FM) 3-28. The principal audience for ADP 3-28 is all members of the profession of arms. Commanders and staffs of Army headquarters serving as joint task force or multinational headquarters should also refer to applicable joint or multinational doctrine concerning the range of military operations and joint or multinational forces. Trainers and educators throughout the Army will also use this publication. Commanders, staffs, and subordinates ensure their decisions and actions comply with applicable United States, international, and, in some cases, host-nation laws and regulations. Commanders at all levels ensure their Soldiers operate in accordance with the law of war and the rules of engagement. (See Field Manual [FM] 27-10.) ADP 3-28 applies to the Active Army, Army National Guard/Army National Guard of the United States, and United States Army Reserve unless otherwise stated. ADP 3-28 does not apply to certain Army organizations and activities that support civil authorities or emergency response. First, state Army National Guard support in state active duty status falls outside the definition of DSCA. Second, ADP 3-28 does not address domestic counterterrorism operations. Third, it does not apply to any state defense force or equivalent that is not part of a state's National Guard. Fourth, ADP 3-28 does not apply to military activities conducted wholly within any military installation in the United States. Finally, it does not apply to the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) although USACE plays a significant role in DSCA. United States Pacific Command (USPACOM) and United States Northern Command (USNORTHCOM) conduct DSCA within their respective combatant commands. This ADP uses terminology and methods universal to DSCA. Users in USPACOM should refer to theater plans and procedures for DSCA.

This volume is one of a continuing series of books prepared by Foreign Area Studies, The America University, under the Country Studies/Area Handbook Program.

This field manual (FM), "Medical Platoon Leaders' Handbook, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures," provides information on the structure and operation of all medical platoons and medical sections that are organic to combat and combat support (CS) battalions and squadrons. It is directed toward the medical platoon leader and medical platoon members. The tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) provided are not all-inclusive. They provide a way of performing a particular mission, but may require modification based on mission, enemy, terrain, troops, time available, and civilian considerations (METT-TC). This publication provides information on the organization of the division and how medical platoons and sections organic to division units provide combat health support (CHS). It outlines the responsibilities of medical platoon/section leaders. It provides definitive information on planning, rehearsing, and conducting CHS at Echelon I. It provides TTP for directing, controlling, and managing CHS at the medical platoon/section level. It describes the troop-leading procedures for CHS operations and identifies interface and coordination requirements with other brigade medical elements. This publication provides doctrine for the Force XXI medical platoon.

This manual, "Aircraft Recovery Operations," (FM 3-04.513) is the Army's doctrine for battlefield and garrison recovery operations. Emphasis is placed on modular force structure and the enhanced operational capability provided by Army aviation transformation. It builds on the collective knowledge and experience gained through recent operations, numerous exercises, and the deliberate process of informed reasoning. This publication is rooted in time-tested principles and fundamentals, while accommodating new technologies and evolving responses to the diverse threats to national security. Aircraft recovery missions include the assessment, repair, and retrieval, if possible, of aircraft forced down due to component malfunction, accident, or combat-related damage that prevents the continued safe flight or operation of the aircraft. The aircraft recovery mission is complete upon the return of all personnel and either: The return of the aircraft through self-recovery or dedicated recovery utilizing aerial or surface recovery methods and techniques, or The selective cannibalization and destruction or abandonment of the aircraft. Aircraft recovery is a pre-planned mission for all units with assigned or operational control of Army aircraft and may require extensive coordination with supporting units. Aircraft recovery is time sensitive to the tactical situation. Aircraft recovery and maintenance evacuations are closely related, however, maintenance evacuation is the physical act of moving an aircraft from one maintenance location to another.

This regulation/order provides revised range safety policy for the Army and Marine Corps. For both the Army and Marine Corps, this regulation is to be used in conjunction with DA Pan 385-63.

The United States Army Engineer School developed this publication with the joint participation of the approving Service commands. The test procedures and terminology used in this manual conform to the latest methods and specifications of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), the American Concrete Institute, and the Portland Cement Association. The ASTM source publications are not required for testing specified in this document as the procedure is fully explained for military personnel use. This manual, "Theater of Operations: Roads, Airfields, and Heliports - Road Design," (TM 3-34.48-1 / formerly FM 5-430-00-1) is adopted for use by United States Navy and United States Air Force personnel. Certain tests and procedures prescribed differ in principle or method and are more detailed than counterpart tests that are currently required by the United States Navy for new construction at Navy installations (including those in forward areas). The tests in this manual also apply to arctic construction. However, cold-weather effects present different problems and additional tests will be required for correct evaluation of the materials.

This manual contains information on the fundamental principles and approved methods and techniques used when preparing military supplies and equipement for air shipment.

"Air and Missile Defense Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield" (ATP 3-01.16) provides detailed techniques for conducting Air and Missile Defense Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield (IPB). Conducting Air Missile Defense (AMD) IPB reduces uncertainties regarding terrain, weather, and adversary capabilities and can assist in the development of potential adversary courses of action. It also provides the intelligence analyst the tools to support commander and staff planning and decision making at the joint, combined, and service levels by providing a systematic, continuous, and common methodology for analyzing the adversary Air and Missile force.

This joint regulation on the Defense Foreign Language Program has been revised. Major changes include more precise definition of responsibilities and detailed information concerning processing of resident training and training development requirements. Also included are the principal forms applicable to the Defense Foreign Language Program.

This handbook, "Joint Force Land Component Commander Handbook (FM 3-31 / MCWP 3-40.7)," is designed for planning and conducting land operations requiring the close coordination of Army forces (ARFOR) and Marine Corps forces (MARFOR) under the control of a joint force land component commander (JFLCC) within the joint operations area (JOA). Joint force land component (JFLC) command operations addressed are primarily those involving large forces to include Army divisions and Marine expeditionary forces (MEFs) and the conduct of operations outside of an amphibious objective area (AOA), if designated. This handbook is also useful for planning and conducting land operations across the range of military operations and in multinational environments. Formation, functions, and organization of the JFLC command are addressed herein. Also discussed are the operational questions of who, what, when, and how of JFLC command operations in support of a campaign by a joint force commander (JFC). Joint doctrine establishes that the JFLCC option is available to the JFC. However, the doctrine necessary for planning and executing the JFLCC concept is still evolving. This United States Army (USA)/United States Marine Corps (USMC) handbook provides information and guidance to assist readers in the forming, planning, training, and execution of the JFLCC concept.

This field manual (FM 4-02.19) "Dental Service Support Operations," provides doctrinal guidance for the employment of dental units conducting dental service support missions. The manual is intended for use by medical and nonmedical unit commanders and their staffs.

This publication, Field Manual [FM] 3-60, "The Targeting Process," describes the targeting process used by the United States Army. This manual has applicability in any theater of operations. The manual offers considerations for commanders and staffers in preparing for challenges with targeting, yet it is flexible enough to adapt to dynamic situation. The FM 3-60 addresses how D3A methodology interfaces with the joint targeting cycle, military decisionmaking process (MDMP), and operations process. Successful targeting requires that the leadership team and their staff possess an understanding of the functions associated with the targeting process. The FM 3-60 builds on the collective knowledge, experience gained through recent operations, and numerous exercises. The manual is rooted in time tested principles and fundamentals, while accommodating force design, new technologies, and diverse threats to national security. The targeting process is challenging. The challenge includes locating, identifying, classifying, tracking, and attacking targets and assessing battle damage with limited assets and weapon systems, which makes this process complicated. The process becomes even more difficult with long range and fast moving targets. It is even more complex at division and higher echelons with more decisionmakers, acquisitions, surveillance assets, and weapon systems. This challenge is particularly true when joint and combined assets are included. The competition for assets is intense. Many intelligence systems are capable of situation development, target acquisition, and battle damage assessment (BDA), but may not be able to do all at the same time. Detailed guidance, thorough planning, and disciplined execution prevent unnecessary redundancy and make the most of available combat power.

The purpose of "Visual Signals" (TC 3-21.60/FM 21-60), is to standardize visual signals and to serve as a training reference. It is a guide. It does not cover all visual signals used in the Army, only those that are commonly used. Signals used with equipment or during operations are in manuals that relate to such operations. Efficient combat operations depend on clear, accurate, and secure communication among ground units, Army aviation, and supporting Air Force elements. Control and coordination are achieved by the most rapid means of communication available between Soldiers and units. When electrical and/or digital means of communication are inadequate, or not available, a station-to-station system of visual communication is an alternate means for transmitting orders, information, or requests for aid or support. Through the use of hand-and-arm signals, flags, pyrotechnics, and other visual aids, messages may be transmitted. Although many of these signals are widely used, incorporated into unit communications-electronics operating instructions and standing operating procedures, Army-wide standardization will increase their effectiveness.

This change incorporates the rigging procedures for the M1151 Armament Carrier and the procedure to mount a driver vision enhancer model number AN/VAS-5 on specific HMMWV series vehicles.

The mission of Field Artillery surveys is to provide a common grid that will permit the massing of fires, delivery of surprise observed fires, delivery of effective unobserved fires, and transmission of target data from one unit to another to aggressively neutralize or destroy enemy targets. Establishing a common grid and the single operational datum within the common grid is a command responsibility. This publication, "Field Artillery Survey, FM 6-2" is a guide for commanders, survey personnel, and personnel whose duties include planning, supervising, and performing field artillery (FA) surveys or training in those areas. This manual provides-Techniques for instruction and employment of survey sections, Guidance and reference in survey principles, Techniques used to operate and maintain equipment.

ATP 6-02.70, "Techniques for Spectrum Management Operations," establishes Army doctrine for Army spectrum management operations (SMO). This publication provides overarching doctrinal guidance to Army spectrum users and describes how spectrum managers support commanders through the warfighting functions, the military decisionmaking process, and the common operational picture (COP). This ATP provides technical descriptions of the SMO tool's capabilities and compatibility with other tools, as well as how to use these tools in the execution of spectrum management operations in unified land operations.

The Army garrison food program is a multi-billion dollar a year business encompassing personnel, subsistence, contract and equipment costs. Although Installation and Garrison Commanders are ultimately responsible for the installation food program, they rely on many activities and organizations to oversee daily food service operations. This technical manual (TM) provides procedures for food program operations in an effort to assist in this task. It provides guidance for commanders, food program managers (FPMs), subsistence supply managers (SSMs), food service warrant officers, non-commissioned officers, dining facility managers (DFMs) and food service personnel. This manual is the second part of a total rewrite of field manual (FM) 10-23-2, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Garrison Food Preparation and Class I Operations Management. All topics related to food program management and subsistence supply management from this FM have been included in this manual. All garrison dining facility management, operations and techniques are contained in TM 4-41.11, "Dining Facility Operations."

This Army techniques publication (ATP), "Casualty Evacuation" provides doctrine for conducting casualty evacuation (CASEVAC). Casualty evacuation encompasses both the evacuation of Soldiers from the point of injury or wounding to a medical treatment facility (MTF) and the coordination requirements for the use of nonmedical transportation assets to accomplish the CASEVAC mission. This publication is intended for use by all commanders and their staff involved in CASEVAC operations. For the Army, CASEVAC involves the unregulated movement of casualties using predesignated or opportune tactical or logistic aircraft and vehicles. These vehicles/rotary-wing aircraft are not staffed with medical personnel for en route care (unless augmentation is planned for in the operation plan). These vehicles/aircraft do not have organic medical equipment. If the combat medic is not available to provide care en route, the combat lifesaver (CLS) may accompany the casualties to monitor their conditions. Casualty evacuation is oftentimes the first step in a process that moves a wounded or injured Soldier from the point of wounding into the multifaceted Army Health System. Casualty evacuation can be accomplished by a variety of transportation platforms. These methods must be trained and practiced and include manual carries, litter evacuation, and the use of nonmedical vehicles. In order to determine the appropriate evacuation method, the Soldier executing the movement of the casualty must be able to determine the most effective mode of movement available to them to best meet their operational needs and the needs of the casualty. The movement of a casualty begins the evacuation chain which clears the operational area of casualties and moves the casualty through successively enhanced roles of medical care. Once the casualty is in the medical evacuation system, they receive en route medical care and emergency medical intervention, if required; this enhances the Soldier's prognosis and can reduce long-term disability. Upon arrival at an MTF the patient continues through the Army Health System until he is treated and released or continues through the Army Health System for more definitive care in the continental U.S.

Army Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (ATTP) 1-19, U.S. Army Bands, is the key doctrinal publication of Army bands. It outlines the fundamental principles of employing Army bands and provides an overview of operational considerations and the internal structure of Army bands. United States Army bands provide music throughout the entire spectrum of operations to instill in our forces the will to fight and win, foster the support of our citizens, and promote America's interests at home and abroad.

This field manual, "Tactics in Counterinsurgency" (FM 3-24.2), establishes doctrine (fundamental principles) for tactical counterinsurgency (COIN) operations at the company, battalion, and brigade level. It is based on lessons learned from historic counterinsurgencies and current operations. This manual continues the efforts of FM 3-24, Counterinsurgency, in combining the historic approaches to COIN with the realities of today's operational environment (OE)-an environment modified by a population explosion, urbanization, globalization, technology, the spread of religious fundamentalism, resource demand, climate change and natural disasters, and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.

The U. S. Army exists for one reason-to serve the Nation. From the earliest days of its creation, the Army has embodied and defended the American way of life and its constitutional system of government. It will continue to answer the call to fight and win our Nation's wars, whenever and wherever they may occur. That is the Army's non-negotiable contract with the American people. The Army will do whatever the Nation asks it to do, from decisively winning wars to promoting and keeping the peace. To this end, the Army must be strategically responsive and ready to be dominant at every point across the full spectrum of military operations. Today, the Army must meet the challenge of a wider range of threats and a more complex set of operating environments while incorporating new and diverse technology. The Army meets these challenges through its core competencies: Shape the Security Environment, Prompt Response, Mobilize the Army, Forcible Entry Operations, Sustained Land Dominance and Support Civil Authorities. We must maintain combat readiness as our primary focus while transitioning to a more agile, versatile, lethal, and survivable Army. Doctrine represents a professional army's collective thinking about how it intends to fight, train, equip, and modernize. When the first edition of FM 25-100, Training the Force, was published in 1988, it represented a revolution in the way the Army trains. The doctrine articulated by FMs 25-100, Training the Force, and 25-101, Battle Focused Training, has served the Army well. These enduring principles of training remain sound; much of the content of these manuals remains valid for both today and well into the future. FM 7-0 updates FM 25-100 to our current operational environment and will soon be followed by FM 7-1, which will update FM 25-101. FM 7-0 is the Army's capstone training doctrine and is applicable to all units, at all levels, and in all components. While the examples in this manual are principally focused at division and below, FM 7-0 provides the essential fundamentals for all individual, leader, and unit training. Training for warfighting is our number one priority in peace and in war. Warfighting readiness is derived from tactical and technical competence and confidence. Competence relates to the ability to fight our doctrine through tactical and technical execution. Confidence is the individual and collective belief that we can do all things better than the adversary and the unit possesses the trust and will to accomplish the mission. FM 7-0 provides the training and leader development methodology that forms the foundation for developing competent and confident soldiers and units that will win decisively in any environment. Training is the means to achieve tactical and technical competence for specific tasks, conditions, and standards. Leader Development is the deliberate, continuous, sequential, and progressive process, based on Army values, that develops soldiers and civilians into competent and confident leaders capable of decisive action. Closing the gap between training, leader development, and battlefield performance has always been the critical challenge for any army. Overcoming this challenge requires achieving the correct balance between training management and training execution. Training management focuses leaders on the science of training in terms of resource efficiencies (such as people, time, and ammunition) measured against tasks and standards. Training execution focuses leaders on the art of leadership to develop trust, will, and teamwork under varying conditions-intangibles that must be developed to win decisively in combat.

FM 6-99.2, "US Army Report and Message Formats," is the Army's keystone manual for standardized report and message formats. It provides a standard, readily available reference from which soldiers as well as automation designers can extract report and message templates. FM 6-99.2 is a compendium of formats commonly used by tactical units from small unit to corps and forms the baseline for reporting and communicating as command, control, and communications technology evolves. It allows a common, authoritative understanding of reporting and communicating to exist among all US Army elements. It also relates to, supports, and drives command, control, and communications doctrine and US Army interaction with the joint and multinational communications communities. FM 6-99.2 facilitates the tailoring and task organization of US Army elements through standardization of the command, control, and communications formats units use to communicate internally. The voice-message templates contained in FM 6-99.2 provide the bridge between technologically advanced units and those not yet modernized. This is significant because, while our modernized units are among the most capable, nonmodernized units currently comprise the majority of the US Army's active component, all of the reserve components, and the majority of our potential allies. The US Army will continue to modernize all units, but the requirement to communicate expeditiously and succinctly via voice will remain. Potential attacks on our command, control, and communications networks, equipment damage, incompatible communications systems, and equipment failures are other consequences that may require the use of voice message formats, even for modernized units. As the US Army's doctrinal library for report and message voice templates, FM 6-99.2 is intended to prevent units from wasting time and resources designing command and control formats. Units at different locations and echelons can develop similar SOPs for report and message formats (voice and digital) that facilitate command, control, communications, computer, and intelligence (C4I) exchanges. The FM 6-99.2 formats are derived from existing Army Battle Command System (ABCS), United States Message Text Formats (USMTF), Allied Procedures Publication- 9 (APP-9) formats, as well as numerous unit SOPs. These sources, especially the formats from existing unit SOPs, have been collected, discussed, and chosen as the most user friendly, functional, and adaptable. As a user's manual, FM 6-99.2 will drive the formatting of future ABCS report and messages, US Army input to the development of APP-9, and the USMTF message formats. Formats contained in FM 6-99.2 are the mechanism through which the US Army seeks to adapt these joint and multinational formats into a user-friendly and standardized land component message format library. Parallel formats for ABCS, APP-9 and USMTF will enable US Army units to operate in joint and multinational command structures without reconfiguring their normal mode of operation. All future digitization formats for the US Army will be based on these voice message templates.

Operating Procedures for the Army Food Program have been consolidated into one publication encompassing garrison, field, and subsistence support. This publication establishes procedures for implementing a la carte dining facilities and watercraft facilities that provide subsistence when underway or in dock. Additionally, the publication provides procedures for using catered meals and host nation meals. It gives procedures for operating under the subsistence prime vendor program and includes guidance for the implementation of the U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Recovery Program.

Army Techniques Publication (ATP) 3-09.13 provides doctrine for the battlefield coordination detachment (BCD) when interfacing with other Service components to include multinational forces. The "battlefield coordination detachment" is an Army liaison located in the air operations center that provides selected operational functions between the Army forces and the air component commander (Joint Publication [JP] 3-03). The ATP 3-09.13 provides guidance for joint task forces, subordinate and Service components. The BCD exists to support the Army forces (ARFOR) commander's maneuver forces.

This manual is a compilation of tables and charts which are used in field computations of astronomical observations by the field artillery. These tables and charts are compiled and provided by the Astronomical Applications Department, US Naval Observatory H. M. Nautical Almanac Office, Royal Greenwich Observatory; and National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration. This manual reflects the update of data to encompass the years 1993 through 1997. It is designed to be used in conjunction with FM 6-2, "Field Artillery Survey."

FM 3-36 provides Army doctrine for electronic warfare (EW) planning, preparation, execution, and assessment in support of full spectrum operations. Users of FM 3-36 must be familiar with full spectrum operations established in FM 3-0; the military decision making process established in FM 5-0; the operations process established in FMI 5-0.1; commander's visualization described in FM 6-0; and electronic warfare described in JP 3-13.1. FM 3-36 provides guidance on EW operations for commanders and staffs at all echelons. This FM serves as an authoritative reference for personnel who-Develop doctrine (fundamental principles and tactics, techniques, and procedures), materiel, and force structure; Develop institutional and unit training; Develop standing operating procedures for unit operations; Conduct planning, preparation, execution and assessment of electronic warfare. FM 3-36 applies to the Active Army, Army National Guard/Army National Guard of the United States, and U.S. Army Reserve, unless otherwise stated.