Bøger af John Stuart Mill

John Stuart Mill was one of the most influential philosophers of the 19th century. His more well-known works include On Liberty, a highly-influential treatise applying the Utilitarian philosophy to systems of government, and The Subjugation of Women, a treatise arguing for gender equality in an age where that was anything but the norm.Besides these monumental works, he also produced A System of Logic, an important work on the philosophy of science, Principles of Political Economy, one of the most influential economics textbooks of the 19th century, and many other notable books of philosophy. When not composing profound tracts that would shape philosophy in the next century, he wrote volubly in various magazines and newspapers of the day, became the godfather of Bertrand Russell¿himself the 20th century¿s most prominent logician¿and even spent time as a Member of Parliament, becoming the first M.P. in history to call for women to be given the right to vote.But perhaps the most interesting part of Mill¿s rich life is his education. His father, Utilitarian philosopher James Mill, raised John in a special mode of education purposefully designed to produce a genius, with the intent of making John the standard-bearer of Utilitarianism in the next generation. To this end he kept young John isolated from his school-age peers to prevent them from making him feel too smart, and gave John a rich classical, moral, and scientific education. By the age of three John was studying Greek, and by eight he was studying Latin and in charge of educating his younger siblings; by twelve, he was studying scholastic logic, and had already consumed nearly all of the major Greek and Latin classics in their original language. That James Mill¿s unique method of education produced a genius is without a doubt, and John¿s youthful experiences are recounted here in detail.This short and to-the-point autobiography is a fascinating window into the life of one of the 19th century¿s most important thinkers.

Known primarily for his work in political philosophy, ethics, and economics, John Stuart Mill is perhaps less well known as an early feminist thinker.Published in 1869, The Subjection of Women was ahead of its time. Motivated by the conviction that the subordination of women was ¿one of the chief obstacles to human improvement,¿ Mill argued not merely for women¿s suffrage, but for ¿a principle of perfect equality¿¿the complete social, political, and legal equality of the sexes.Mill credited his late wife, Harriet Taylor Mill, with many of the important ideas put forth in the book.

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Considerations on Representative Government is a political science book by John Stuart Mill published in 1861.¿¿Mill argues for representative government, the ideal form of government in his opinion. One of the more notable ideas Mill puts forth in the book is that the business of government representatives is not to make legislation. Instead Mill suggests that representative bodies such as parliaments and senates are best suited to be places of public debate on the various opinions held by the population and to act as watchdogs of the professionals who create and administer laws and policy. In his words:

'Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign.' -John Stuart MillOn Liberty presented one of the most eloquent defenses of individual freedom in nineteenth-century social and political philosophy and is today perhaps the most widely-read liberal argument in support of the value of liberty. Mill's passionate advocacy of spontaneity, individuality, and diversity, along with his contempt for compulsory uniformity and the despotism of popular opinion, has attracted both admiration and condemnation.On Liberty was a greatly influential and well-received work. The ideas presented in On Liberty have remained the basis of much political thought.

The anxiety of mankind to interfere in behalf of nature, for fear lest nature should not succeed in effecting its purpose, is an altogether unnecessary solicitude. What women by nature can't do, it is quite superfluous to forbid them from doing.John Stuart Mill attacks the argument that women are naturally worse at some things than men and should, therefore, be discouraged or forbidden from doing them. He says that we simply don't know what women are capable of, because we have never let them try - nobody can't make an authoritative statement without evidence. We can't stop women from trying things because they might not be able to do them. He also points out that while there may be physical differences between men and women, there is no evidence that they differ substantially in mental or moral capabilities. He regards gender inequality as part of an older social system in which matters were decided by use of force and makes a strong argument that modern society should operate on the basis of reason rather than force.In sum, Mill's The Subjection of Women is perhaps the finest essay of social and political philosophy produced in the modern era, and should be read by all interested in social justice, feminism, or ethics.

Utilitarianism brilliantly expounds a pragmatic ethic based on one controversial proposition.Mill believed that happiness was the only thing humans do and should desire for its own sake. Since happiness is the only intrinsic good, and since more happiness is preferable to less, the goal of ethical life is to maximize happiness. How do we decide what is "good" and what is "bad"? According to the ethical theory of Utilitarianism, to do good is to "always perform that act, of those available, that will bring the most happiness or the least unhappiness." By far the most widely read introduction to this theory. Mill's Utilitarianism is one of the most important and controversial works of moral philosophy ever written. From common-day dilemmas to large-scale social decisions, this exposition remains as relevant today as it was to intellectual and moral dilemmas of the nineteenth century.

John Stuart Mill analyzes the values and procedures of democracy and representative government in his work "Considerations on Representative Government". Since it enables citizens to engage in politics by electing representatives, Mill claims that representational government is the ideal form of government. However, he criticizes the democratic systems that were in place at the time, especially the British system, contending that it is not genuinely representative and urging the expansion of the right to vote to all adult citizens. In addition, Mill highlights the interdependence between the person and the state as well as the significance of press and speech freedoms in a democratic society. He thinks that as long as no one is harmed, everyone should be allowed to pursue their interests and happiness and that the state's job is to defend such rights without needlessly interfering with people's daily lives. In conclusion, "Considerations on Representative Government" is a significant book of political philosophy that is still pertinent to current discussions of democracy and government.

"Autobiography" is a memoir written by John Stuart Mill, one of the most prominent philosophers and political economists of the 19th century. The book details Mill's life from his childhood through his adulthood and his intellectual development as a philosopher and economist. Mill begins the autobiography by discussing his upbringing and the education he received from his father. He goes on to describe his own experiences with education and his struggles with depression and a lack of purpose in his early adulthood. The book also delves into Mill's political and philosophical beliefs, including his advocacy for utilitarianism and his support for women's rights and social equality. Mill discusses his work as a member of parliament and his involvement in the debates over colonialism and the treatment of India by the British Empire. Throughout the autobiography, Mill reflects on the influences and experiences that shaped his intellectual development and his contributions to political and philosophical thought. "Autobiography" is a fascinating and insightful account of the life and intellectual development of one of the most influential philosophers and political economists of the 19th century.

"Auguste Comte and Positivism" is a critical essay written by John Stuart Mill, one of the most influential philosophers of the 19th century. The essay focuses on the ideas of Auguste Comte, a French philosopher and founder of the philosophy of positivism. In the essay, Mill examines Comte's belief that society can only be understood through scientific observation and that knowledge should be based on empirical evidence rather than speculation. Mill also critiques Comte's view that human beings should abandon the search for ultimate causes and instead focus on understanding the laws that govern social and natural phenomena. Despite his criticisms, Mill recognizes Comte's contributions to the development of the social sciences. Hereby, "Auguste Comte and Positivism" is a thought-provoking analysis of one of the most influential philosophers of the 19th century. Mill's essay continues to be studied and debated by scholars today as an important contribution to the ongoing discussion of the role of science in understanding society and the human experience.

"Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy" is a collection of essays written by the famous British philosopher and economist, John Stuart Mill. In the first essay, Mill examines the concept of free trade and argues that it benefits both trading nations. The second essay explores the relationship between demand and supply and the role of consumption in promoting economic growth. The third essay debates the definitions of productive and unproductive labor, arguing that they are not clear-cut categories. The fourth essay delves into the question of why profits are necessary for a capitalist system and whether interest rates are determined by supply and demand. Finally, the fifth essay discusses the nature and scope of political economy, arguing that it should be considered a social science rather than a natural science. Overall, "Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy" is an insightful book that continues to be studied and debated by economists and scholars today. Mill's ideas on free trade, consumption, labor, profits, and the nature of political economy remain relevant and influential in contemporary economic discourse.

Ce recueil est composé de 5 textes féministes parcourant les XVIIIe, XIXe et XXe siècles :Déclaration des Droits de la Femme et de la Citoyenne : « La Femme naît libre et demeure égale à l'homme en droits. » C'est ainsi qu'Olympe de Gouges, grande figure de la Révolution française, interpelle les femmes du monde entier, d'hier, d'aujourd'hui, et de demain, et ouvre un passage libéré de l'exclusivité masculine à toutes les générations futures. Le 3 novembre 1793, avant d'être guillotinée pour ses idées politiques, elle aurait lancé : « Je suis certaine que nous triompherons un jour ».Ourika : Ourika est une des premières héroïne d'origine Africaine de la littérature occidentale, ainsi qu'une des premières héroïnes romantiques prise dans la dualité même de sa double origine. Si Goethe lui-même fut bouleversé par ce roman, c'est que Claire de Durfort Duras jette une lumière des plus pures sur l'esclavage, l’éducation des filles, et le sentiment de rejet lié à l'origine.Indiana : Oppressé par son mariage, et une nouvelle relation destructrice, Indiana est le symbole d'un genre. George Sand dénonce, pour la première fois camouflée derrière un pseudonyme masculin, les conditions de vie des femmes du XIXe siècle.De l’assujettissement des femmes : L´écrivain britannique John Stuart Mill était l´un des premiers écrivains masculins à se positionner pour l´égalité des sexes et à défendre la libération des femmes. Il se pencha sur la liberté économique des femmes et était de l´avis que le rôle d´une femme dans le mariage devait évoluer. La Petite Dame dans la Grande Maison : Début du XXe siècle en Amérique : et si la femme pouvait choisir la vie amoureuse qui lui convient ? Libérés de la morale ordinaire, les personnages de London vivent en ménage à trois. De quoi secouer les conservateurs !Olympe de Gouges (1748-1793) est une femme de lettres française et politique, une des pionnières du féminisme français et un emblème pour les mouvements de libération des femmes. Elle lutte aussi pour l’abolition de l'esclavage et de la peine de mort.Claire de Durfort Duras (1777-1828) est une écrivaine française connue pour son roman « Ourika ». Née d’une mère martiniquaise et d’un père français, elle analyse les questions d’égalité raciale et sexuelle. George Sand (1804-1876), pseudonyme d'Amantine Aurore Lucile Dupin est une romancière française. Ardente féministe, elle fait scandale par ses tenues masculines, par sa vie amoureuse agitée, et pour le droit au divorce qu'elle revendique. Elle s'illustre à la fois dans la vie littéraire et dans la vie politique.Le philosophe et politicien britannique John Stuart Mill (1806+1873) est un des penseurs libéraux les plus importants du XIXe siècle. Il est particulièrement connu pour ses théories d´utilitarisme. Il s´est occupé de divers sujets politiques et philosophiques, dont les concepts de liberté et d´égalité des sexes.Jack London (1876-1916), né John Griffith Chaney, est un écrivain américain, naquît en tant que John Griffith Chaney qui s'inspire de ses nombreuses aventures pour écrire. Son célèbre roman « L’Appel de la forêt » a été adapté au cinéma en 2020 dans le film de Chris Sanders avec Harrison Ford et Omar Sy.

English philosopher, political economist, and civil servant John Stuart Mill wrote an essay titled "The Subjection of Women" in 1869 that contains concepts he and his wife Harriet Taylor Mill jointly developed. Soon after her tragic passing in late 1858, Mill finalized the manuscript for their joint work On Liberty (1859) and continued writing The Subjection of Women until its completion in 1861. The essay's defense of gender equality at the time of its publication was seen as a challenge to European traditional conventions surrounding the standing of men and women. Although most academics concur that John Stuart Mill wrote the article alone, it is also observed that several of the points are similar to those in Harriet Taylor Mill's 1851 essay The Enfranchisement of Women. At the time of writing, Mill understood that he was going against societal norms and that he would have to steadfastly support his statements. Over time, Mill's perspectives on several issues evolved. For a long time, Mill was viewed as a divergent philosopher who wrote on several topics.

The 19th century's "most significant philosophical articulation of a liberal humanistic morality" is regarded as John Stuart Mill's Utilitarianism. The essay initially appeared as a collection of pieces in Fraser's Magazine in 1861. In 1863, the essays were gathered into a book. Mill held that the only thing that people do and should seek for their own sake is happiness (or pleasure, which Bentham and Mill both identified with happiness). The book consists of five chapters. 1) Chapter 1: According to Mill, little much has changed in ethics since the beginning of philosophy. Since they are the basis of all else, according to Mill, initial principles and ultimate purposes cannot be proven. 2) Chapter 2: According to Mill, utilitarianism is a philosophy solely suitable for pigs. According to Mill, pursuing long-term enjoyment logically necessitates the growth of higher faculties. 3) Chapter 3: He contends that it goes against this ingrained natural urge to prioritize selfish aims over the welfare of the community. 4) Chapter 4: Mill's well-known attempt to prove the greatest-happiness principle. 5) Chapter 5: According to Mill, the urge to exact revenge for harm and the innate need to feel compassion for people who have been wrongfully wounded are the origins of emotions of justice.