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The digital communications network which facilitates the sharing of resources between nodes is termed as a telecommunication network. The process of sharing resources and data between two computers is called computer networking. The connections between them can be established using both cable media and wireless media. Some of the cable media which are used in computer networking are fiber-optic cables and twisted pair cables. A few of the other components of computer networks are generally classified on the basis of their bandwidth, network size, transmission medium and organizational intent. There are various applications and services which depend on computer networking such as World Wide Web, email, fax machines, shared use of printers, etc. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of computer networking. It elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to this field. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

The privately owned partnerships, corporations and sole proprietorships that have less annual revenue and fewer employees than regular-sized businesses are termed as small businesses. The designing, launching and running of a new business is referred to as entrepreneurship. There are numerous types of entrepreneurships such as social entrepreneurship, intrapreneurship, knowledge entrepreneurship, creative entrepreneurship and sustainopreneurship. Social entrepreneurship refers to the use of start-up companies to fund, develop and implement solutions to environmental and social issues. Entrepreneurship and small business management also involves managing employees, reporting financial information accurately and making other business decisions. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to entrepreneurship and small business management. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied types of entrepreneurships that fall under this category. The topics covered in this book offer the readers new insights in these fields.

The organizational discipline which is concerned with the practical application of marketing techniques, orientation and methods within organizations and enterprises is known as marketing management. It also focuses on the management of the marketing resources and activities of a firm. It utilizes tools such as value chain analysis, Porter's five sources and analysis of strategic groups of competitors. In competitor analysis the factors such as cost structure, resources and competencies, sources of profits and degree of vertical integration of each competitor are analyzed. The structure of marketing management consists of brand audit, marketing strategy, implementation planning as well as project, process and vendor management. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of marketing management. Its aim is to present researches that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with this field will benefit alike from this book.

Quality is defined as the fitness for intended use and how well the products perform its functions. Management of the consistency of an organization's products and services and their quality is referred to as quality management. Its main components are quality planning, quality assurance, quality control and quality movement. It makes use of quality assurance and control of the processes as well as products in order to achieve consistent qualities. The quality of the product also depends on its price. The primary focus of quality management is to fulfill customer requirements and aim to exceed customers' expectations. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to quality management. It presents this complex subject in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. This textbook will serve as a valuable source of reference for those interested in this field.

Business intelligence refers to the technologies and strategies that are used by enterprises for the data analysis of business information. It provides historical, predictive and current views of business operations. Some of the common functions of business intelligence are online analytical processing, reporting, data mining, complex event processing and business performance management. It is also used for text mining, predictive analytics and prescriptive analysis. Technologies used in business intelligence have the capacity for handling large amounts of structured and unstructured data. This data is used for the identification, development and creation of new strategic business opportunities. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to business intelligence. It picks up individual branches and explains their need and contribution in the context of a growing economy. This textbook is appropriate for those seeking detailed information in this area.

Public administration primarily studies the implementation of government policies. Some of the fundamental branches of public administration are organization theory, ethics, policy analysis, public budgeting and human resource management. Organization theory studies the structure of governmental entities. Ethics in public administration serves as a normative approach to decision making. Policy analysis functions as an empirical approach to decision making. The allocation of scarce resources among unlimited demands is conducted within public budgeting. There are numerous decision making models which are studied within this field such as Niskanen's budget-maximizing and Dunleavy's bureau-shaping model. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex theories and principles in the field of public administration. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of this field. This textbook will serve as a valuable source of reference for those interested in this field.

Operations management falls under the domain of management and is concerned with designing and controlling the production processes as well as redesigning the business operations for the production of goods and services. It ensures that business operations are efficient and are using as few resources as necessary. Its primary function is to make sure that such operations meet customer requirements. The planning, supervising and organizing of the production, manufacturing and provision of services also fall under this field. It is also responsible for the decisions related to process design, operations strategy, product design, capacity, quality management, etc. There are numerous sectors which are covered under operations management such as banking systems, hospitals and companies. The topics included in this book on operations management are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Such selected concepts that redefine this field have been presented in this book. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

The measurement, communication and processing of financial or non-financial information regarding economic entities is known as accounting. It measures the results of a firm's economic activities. Accounting also conveys this information to various users like investors, creditors, regulators and management. Accounting can be divided into various branches including financial accounting, management accounting, external auditing, tax accounting and cost accounting. Financial accounting deals with reporting of an organization's financial information. Management accounting is involved in measuring, reporting and analyzing the information in order to be used by the management. This book traces the progress of this field and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. It picks up individual branches and explains their need and contribution in the context of a growing economy. Through this book, we attempt to further enlighten the readers about the new concepts in this field.

The exchange of information for promoting the goals of an organization is known as business communication. It also seeks to increase profits within the company. It is a broad field, which encompasses various topics such as marketing, customer relations, consumer behavior, brand management, employee management, event management and interpersonal communication. Business communication utilizes various media channels such as the Internet, radio, television, ambient media and word of mouth. Some of the applications of business communication are presenting business ideas, making plans, executing decisions and reaching agreements. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of business communications. Such selected concepts that redefine this field have been presented in this book. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

The study of general and fundamental questions is known as philosophy. These questions can range from existence and knowledge to values, reason and language. Questions in philosophy are usually presented as problems. There are several methods used by philosophers such as rational argument, questioning, critical discussion and systematic presentation. Several fields which were traditionally a part of philosophy have grown into entire disciplines such as psychology, sociology and economics. Based on the topics on which they ask questions, philosophy has been divided into five branches. These branches are metaphysics and epistemology, value theory, philosophical traditions, history of Western philosophy, and science, logic and mathematics. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied branches that fall under philosophy. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

A laser is a device which emits a coherent beam of light through the process of optical amplification. The basic principle behind lasers is the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The word laser is an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. Laser beams possess spatial coherence, which makes it possible to focus them on a very tight spot. Some of the myriad devices which make use of laser technology are laser printers, fiber-optic communication, barcode scanners, optical disk drives and welding materials. There are various types of lasers, based on the materials which are used to make them. A few major types are gas lasers, chemical lasers, excimer lasers, solid-state lasers and fiber lasers. Laser technology is an upcoming field of science that has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied branches that fall under this category. As this field is emerging at a fast pace, this book will help the readers to better understand the concepts of this field.

Mathematics plays an important role in developing hypotheses, laws and theories in science and engineering. It is used in quantitative scientific modeling which generates new hypotheses and predictions. It is frequently used in collecting and observing measurements. A branch of mathematics known as statistics plays an important role in summarizing and analyzing data. This data allows scientists to evaluate the reliability and variability of the results of their experiments. Both science and engineering apply computational science and mathematics to simulate real-world situations. Mathematics in engineering includes the applications of differential equations, real and complex analysis, approximation theory, Fourier analysis, potential theory as well as probability and linear algebra. The topics included in this book on mathematical concepts in science and engineering are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Nanoengineering is the field of engineering which focuses on nanoscale. It studies the development and refinement of nanomaterials. It is considered as a practical application of nanoscience, because it does not emphasize on pure science aspects. Examples of nanomaterials include nanocomposites, nanotubes and quantum dots. It also deals with how various nanomaterials interact to make useful structures, systems, devices and materials. There are various techniques used in nanoengineering. They are molecular self-assembly and scanning tunneling microscope. Scanning tunneling microscope is an instrument, which is helpful in imaging surfaces at atomic levels. It can be used for imaging, as well as manipulating structures of atom. The process of molecular self-assembly is used to create regular patterns of amino acids and custom proteins. Nanoengineering is an upcoming field of science that has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. This book attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under this discipline and how such concepts have practical applications. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

The scientific study of the movement, management and distribution of water on Earth and other planets is referred to as hydrology. It includes the study of the water cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability. Hydrological engineering focuses on water resources. It is a speciality of civil engineering, which primarily focuses on the flow and storage of water. It also deals with the prevention of floods as well as mitigating the effects of floods, droughts and other natural hazards. Some of the key areas of engineering hydrology are urban drainage, wastewater treatment, coastal protection, water supply and river management. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to engineering hydrology. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on this field have been included in it. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

International trade refers to the trade that happens across international borders or territories. It includes the exchange of capital, goods and services with different countries. Export and import are the fundamental activities of international trade. It is a complex process that is affected by various factors such as currency, government, economy, policy, judicial system and markets. It provides consumers and countries the opportunity to be exposed to new markets and products. There are numerous models which are used to explain the factors behind international trade. Some of these are Adam Smith's model and Ricardian model. This book covers in detail some existent theories and innovative concepts revolving around international trade. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this textbook an invaluable source of knowledge.

An organized collection of data which is usually stored and accessed electronically using a computer system is known as a database. Complex databases are generally developed through formal design and modeling techniques. The software which interacts with the database, end users and applications is called database management system or DBMS. The main purpose of DBMS is to capture and analyze data. A few different types of databases are in-memory database, cloud database, distributed database and embedded database. A database management system allows the user to view the database on three different levels- external level, conceptual level and internal level. This book discusses the fundamentals related to the development and management of databases. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied branches that fall under this category. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

The art that is concerned with the application of design and aesthetics to create a game is referred to as game design. The game is created for various purposes including education, entertainment, exercise or experimental purposes. The elements and principles of game design can also be applied to contexts through gamification. Game design is involved in making rules, challenges and creating goals to define various types of games such as board games, card games, role-playing games, video games, war games, casino games or dice games. It seeks to produce desirable interactions among the participants as well as spectators. Game design has impacted changes in the fields of probability, artificial intelligence and optimization theory. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to game design. Such selected concepts that redefine game design have been presented in it. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

The discipline of business, which focuses on the practical application of the techniques used in sales and the management of an organization's sales operations is known as sales management. The most important aspect of sales management is sales planning. It includes strategy, sales forecasting, and setting profit-based sales targets. Business targets, sales activities and resources are outlined in a sales plan. Sales management primarily focuses on the ways to achieve the business objectives. It also includes sales reporting, which focuses on the key performance indicators of the sales force. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex theories and principles in the field of sales management. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, it makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of this field. Through this book, we attempt to further enlighten the readers about the new concepts in this field.

The communication tools and outlets used for storing and delivering information are known as media. Some of its different types are print media, publishing, news media and broadcasting. The production as well as distribution of reports using different media is known as journalism. It generally serves as a fourth estate, providing opinions and critique on social issues as well as government policies. There are numerous forms of journalism such as gonzo journalism, sensor journalism and yellow journalism. Gonzo journalism makes use of a subjective and personalized style of reporting. Sensor journalism refers to the practice of using sensors to support journalistic enquiry. The writings which emphasize rumors and exaggerated claims are often termed as yellow journalism. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to media, journalism and communication. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Computational linguistics deals with the study of the morphology of language as well as its syntax and dynamic use in order to enable machines process human language. There are numerous applications of this field, such as text-to-speech software, speech recognition and grammar checking. The ability of a computer program to understand human language is known as natural language processing. The two main techniques used with natural language processing are semantic and syntax analysis. Some of the syntax techniques are parsing, word segmentation and sentence breaking. The techniques which are associated with semantics are word sense disambiguation, named entity recognition and natural language generation. This book provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of computational linguistics and natural language processing. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

The intelligence demonstrated by machines is known as artificial intelligence, or AI. Several capabilities of modern machines such as understanding human speech effectively and operating cars autonomously are classified as artificial intelligence. There are 3 types of systems into which artificial intelligence can be categorized- analytical, human inspired and humanized. Analytical artificial intelligence only possesses characteristics from cognitive intelligence. Human inspired artificial intelligence combines elements from both cognitive and emotional intelligence. Humanized artificial intelligence is self-aware and is able to show attributes of cognitive, social and emotional intelligence. There are several tools used in AI such as artificial neural networks, search and mathematical optimization and methods based on probability, economics, statistics etc. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of artificial intelligence which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. This book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

Lexical functional grammar refers to a grammatical framework in theoretical linguistics which is constraint-based. It presents syntactic structures on two different levels. The first level is a phrase structure grammar which represents constituency and word order. The second is the representation of grammatical functions such as subject and object. In this discipline, the structure of language is considered to be made up of multiple dimensions. Every dimension is defined as a distinct structure having its own concepts, form and rules. The primary goal of this discipline is the creation of a model of grammar which has a depth which attracts linguistics as well as a formal rigidity for the benefit of computational linguists. This book provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of lexical-functional grammar and related fields. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Computer science and engineering is a sub-field of electronic engineering that integrates the fields of computer science and computer engineering. It encompasses core areas like the design and analysis of algorithms, operating systems, data structures and database systems, computer architecture, high-performance computing, processor design, embedded systems, parallel processing, etc. The development, design and troubleshooting of computing devices, operating system design, digital system design, database management and software development are under the purview of this field. Computer science and engineering is an upcoming field of science that has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. This book includes contributions of experts and scientists, which will provide innovative insights into this field. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, it covers the most significant topics in this area of study.

Business management is the administration of a business that comprises all aspects of supervising and directing business operations in accounting, finance, marketing and project management. Business management also encompasses the organization and allocation of human and material resources, and decision making to achieve common goals and objectivities. Strong and efficient management tools are required by businesses to improve business performance and cope with changing markets. These include decision making tools, planning tools, control tools, process tools, etc. Such tools are also vital for small and medium-sized businesses. They can have different functionalities, such as tracking finances, connecting and networking, managing projects, managing social media and marketing, etc. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to business management. Such selected concepts that redefine the theories and practices of business management have been presented in this book. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Language teaching and learning refers to the practice of teaching a language using various techniques along with the processes of learning a language. It is mainly concerned with the teaching and learning of a second or foreign language. It can be considered as an interdisciplinary field and a branch of applied linguistics. The discipline in linguistics that is concerned with the identification and investigation of language related problems and finds their solutions is known as applied linguistics. Language learning can be classified into four groups which are communicative competencies, proficiencies, multiple literacies and cross-cultural experiences. There are various language learning and teaching strategies. The learning strategies include listening, reading and learning vocabulary. Some of the language teaching strategies are blended learning, sandwich technique and code switching. This book covers in detail some existent theories and innovative concepts revolving around language learning and teaching. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with this discipline will benefit alike from this book.

A computer network is defined as a digital telecommunications network in which computing devices share resources using data links between nodes. Data links can be established over cable media or wireless media. Computer networks support a number of services and applications, such as digital audio, digital video and access to the World Wide Web. In a computer network, data is transmitted or received in the form of packets between nodes. Local Area Network, Wide Area Network and Metropolitan Area Network are the three main types of networks. The chief components of computer networks are servers, transmission media, clients, network interface card, network operating system, etc. A communication system is a collection of communication networks, relay stations, transmission systems, tributary stations, and data terminal equipment that are able to interoperate and interconnect. Communication systems can be of different types, depending on the type of media and technology used, and application area, such as optical communication system, radio communication system, tactical communications system, etc. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of computer networking. Also included in it is a detailed explanation of the various concepts and applications of communication systems. This book on computer networking and communication systems is a collective contribution of a renowned group of international experts.

The study and management of exchange relationships is called marketing. It is considered to be a major component of business management. It is the business process by which a relationship is developed between a brand and a customer. The marketing practice may be guided by product orientation, production orientation, sales orientation, societal marketing, or market orientation. In order to bring a product or a service to the market, the key aspects that must be considered are the product, its price, distribution and promotion. Several factors affect the marketing decision-making and planning, pertaining to the micro-environment, macro-environment and the internal environment of the firm. These may include the consumer, the supplier, the employee, labor, budget, logistics, the sociopolitical, legal and economic factors, etc. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of marketing. It provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of business marketing and administration. Researchers and students in this field will be assisted by this book.

A computer game is any video game that is played on a personal computer. It is characterized by diverse user-determined gaming hardware and software along with a greater capacity in processing, input and video output. In sophisticated PC gaming, there is a significant investment of processing resources which allows improved visual fidelity of games, better potential fidelity of game simulation, and greater input fidelity owing to compatibility with an array of peripherals. The PC platform is characterized by the absence of centralized control. The benefits of this include increased flexibility, reduced software cost, increased innovation, etc. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of technology and development of computer games and the recent researches in this field. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. For all those who are interested in computer games development, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

Economics is a social science which is concerned with the production, consumption and distribution of goods and services. The working of an economy and the interaction of economic agents are the key focus areas of economics. Economics has two major branches, macroeconomics and microeconomics. Macroeconomics deals with the structure, behavior, performance and decision making of an economy as a whole. Microeconomics analyses the interaction among individuals and firms in making decision regarding the allocation of scarce resources. It focuses on individual agents and markets. Some of the other areas of study within economics are positive economics, normative economics, applied economics, Keynesian economics, economic system, rational economics and behavioral economics. This book covers in detail some existent theories and innovative concepts of economics. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included in this book. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Archaeological science applies the scientific techniques of analyzing and dating the archaeological materials. It is related to the archaeological methodologies. It can be divided into several areas such as physical and chemical dating methods, artifact studies, environmental approaches, mathematical methods, remote sensing and conservation sciences. The chemical dating methods help in finding the absolute and relative chronologies and the environmental approaches provide information about past landscapes and flora-fauna. The sub-disciplines of archaeological science inlcude techniques such as lithic analysis along with paleoethnobotany, palynology, zooarchaeology and archaeometallurgy. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of archaeological science. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.