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The study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture falls under the domain of archaeology. It aims to learn about past societies and the human race development. The archaeological records comprise of artifacts, biofacts, cultural landscapes, etc. In order to gain knowledge about the past, it uses the methods of surveying, excavation, and analysis of the data collected. In archaeology, the survey refers to field research done by archeologists to collect information about the location, distribution and organization of past human cultures. The exposure, processing and recording of archaeological remains falls under the process of excavation. Analysis refers to the processes that are used to study archaeological materials once the excavation is completed. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of archaeology. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. This book is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

Counseling psychology is a sub-field of psychology. It involves applied work and research in several broad areas such as counseling process and outcome, career development and counseling, supervision and training. Assets and strengths, person-environment interactions, educational and career development are some of the unifying themes of counseling psychology. The process of counseling psychology is dependent upon therapist variables, client variables, cultural variables, counseling ethics, etc. Client variables include attitude and attachment style of the client. Cultural variables focus on how culture relates to help-seeking and counseling process and outcome. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of counseling psychology. It attempts to understand the varied aspects that fall under the discipline of counseling psychology and how such concepts have practical applications. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Archaeoastronomy is a multidisciplinary field that studies how people in the past have understood the phenomena in the sky. It also explores the way they used these phenomena and the role that the sky played in their cultures. Archaeoastronomy is a field that can be applied to all cultures and all time periods. Archaeology, anthropology, astronomy, statistics and probability, and history are some methods used in archaeoastronomy to uncover evidence of past practices. Archaeoastronomy also contributes to the fields of landscape archaeology and cognitive archaeology. It uses written and unwritten evidence to study the astronomies of other cultures. The two primary approaches of archaeoastronomy are green archaeoastronomy and brown archaeoastronomy. This book unravels the recent studies in archaeoastronomy. The various advancements in this discipline are glanced at and their applications, as well as ramifications, are looked at in detail. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Cultural heritage refers to the physical artifacts and non-physical attributes of a group or a society that has been inherited from past generations. There are three main types of cultural heritage, namely cultural property, intangible culture and natural heritage. The cultural properties include the tangible cultural heritage such as buildings, monuments, books, works of art, machines and clothing, while the intangible culture includes folklore, traditions, social values, language, spiritual beliefs, etc. The landscapes, flora-fauna and biodiversity fall under natural heritage. The act of keeping cultural heritage of the present for the future is known as its conservation. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of cultural heritage. It also elucidates new techniques of cultural restoration and conservation in a multidisciplinary manner. It includes contributions of experts and scientists which will provide innovative insights into this field.

Archaeology refers to the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture. The records of archaeology consist of artifacts, architecture, biofacts and cultural landscapes. The study of human prehistory and history are the major concerns of archaeology. The methods involved in this discipline are surveying, excavation and analysis of data collected to learn more about the past. The survey, in archaeology, is a form of field research that helps in collecting information about the location, distribution and organization of past human cultures. Excavation includes processing, recording and exposure of archaeological remains. It has two main types- development-led excavation and research excavation. The process of analysis is used to study archaeological materials after the excavation is completed. This book covers in detail some existent theories and innovative concepts revolving around archaeology. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on archaeology have been included herein. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

The process and product of designing, planning and constructing buildings and other structures is known as architecture. Modern architecture considers the everyday needs of people and uses technology to create habitat environments. One of the mainstream issues of modern architecture is environmental sustainability. Environmentally sustained designs, such as solar building design and greener roof designs and the use of biodegradable materials, are being explored. The process by which the material and design integrity of built heritage are prolonged by thoroughly planned interventions is known as the architectural restoration. It deals with the preservation of the true form and style of the architecture and its constituent materials such as stone, metal, glass, wood and bricks. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of architecture design and restoration. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Aerospace engineering is the discipline of engineering that deals with the development of aircraft and spacecraft. Aeronautical engineering and astronautical engineering are the two branches of aerospace engineering. Aeronautical engineering is concerned with the study, design and manufacturing of air flight capable machines, whereas astronautically engineering is linked to the field of rocket science. The interaction between technologies like aerodynamics, propulsion, avionics, materials science, structural analysis and manufacturing is characterised as aerospace engineering. It includes elements like radar cross section, flight test, aero acoustics, noise control, risk and reliability, solid mechanics etc. Theoretical physics is the basis of most of these elements that fall under aerospace engineering. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of aerospace engineering. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the various concepts and applications of aerospace engineering. Through this book, we attempt to further enlighten the readers about the new concepts in this field.

The independent and systematic examination of books, accounts, documents statutory records and vouchers of an organization is known as auditing. It is done to ensure the fair representation of the financial statements and non-financial disclosures. It also ascertains that the accounts books are properly maintained by the organization. Auditing has become important in both public and corporate sectors. The process of auditing helps stakeholders in evaluating as well as improving the effectiveness of risk management. Financial audits are concerned with the validity and reliability of financial statements. Cost audit verifies the accuracy of cost accounts and records. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to auditing. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to this field. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers of this field.

Financial accounting is a sub-field of accounting that deals with the summary, analysis and reporting of financial transactions with respect to a business. It is governed by both local and international accounting standards. It involves the preparation of financial statement available for public use. Statements of cash flow, statement of profit and loss, and statement of financial position are the three components of financial accounting. The objectives of financial accounting are systematic recording of transactions, ascertainment of result of above recorded transactions, ascertainment of the financial position of business, providing information to the users for rational decision-making and to know the solvency position. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts of financial accounting. It also provides significant information of this discipline and helps to develop a good understanding of financial accounting and related fields. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Early childhood education refers to the teaching imparted to children up to the age of eight. This period is important for a child's development and is thus a crucial stage requiring special care and attention. Parents are an integral part of the early learning process. Proper exposure and organized lesson plans are important to promote education. Learning through play allows a child to develop cognitively. Further, it stimulates social interactions allowing children to learn more. Hence, significant emphasis is laid on learning through activities such as art, dramatic play and social games at this stage. A fun learning environment can be created with the correct supervision, and by providing a safe space. Poor health and nutrition, and lack of physical and emotional security can stand as a barrier to children reaching their educational potential. As a result, problems such as motor development delay, impaired cognitive and behavioural capacities, depression, and difficulties with attention and concentration may arise. These factors need to be taken into consideration when developing an education policy for children in their early years. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on early childhood education have been included in this book. It consists of contributions made by international experts. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about early childhood education.

Aerospace engineering is a discipline which is concerned with the manufacturing of aircraft and spacecraft. It is categorised into two main branches, aeronautical and astronautical engineering. It focuses on the designing of the aircraft structure with respect to atmospheric temperature and pressure. It encompasses several distinct fields such as astrodynamics, aeroacaustics, aeroelasticity, propulsion and others. Modern aerospace engineering also implements computer software for aerospace applications such as flight software, ground control software, test and evaluation software, etc. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of aerospace engineering. The various studies that are contributing towards the advancement of technologies and evolution of this field are examined in detail. This book will serve as a resource guide for students and experts both and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

Urban transportation is concerned with providing transport services to the passengers in and around urban and sub-urban regions. City buses, trolleybuses, personal automobiles, taxis, passenger trains and ferries are a few of the most commonly used modes of urban transportation. The aim of the urban transportation is to mitigate the fuel consumption by encouraging urban population to use public transport. It can also result in a significant reduction in the carbon footprint of the user. Researches are being conducted to find environment-friendly fuel alternatives such as hydrogen-powered vehicles. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of urban transportation. It explores all the important aspects of this field in the present day scenario. The topics included in this book on urban transportation are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers.

The field that deals with interacting surfaces in relative motion is known as tribology. It is a multidisciplinary subject that applies principles of various academic fields such as physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, engineering and materials science. The study and application of the fundamentals of friction, wear and lubrication are fundamental to this field. Lubrication is the technique of using a lubricant to lessen the friction or wear present between any surfaces. Such lubricants are the fluid materials that are characterized by viscosity. Fluidostatic lubrication and Fluid-fluid lubrication are the two types of lubrication used in tribology. It reduces the rate of wear and stress at bearings. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of applied tribology. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the subject, the book makes efforts in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about the discipline.

Human-robot interaction (HRI) is a field which studies the interactions between a human and a robot. It is a multidisciplinary field that is based on the principles of artificial intelligence, robotics, human-computer interaction, design, natural language understanding and social sciences. Robots and humans are increasingly sharing the workspace due to the ever widening applicability of robots in different domains. The study of HRI becomes pertinent in this changing landscape, to improve utility and evaluate the benefits or risks of such close interaction. The goal of HRI is to create an easy and intuitive communication with the medium of gestures, speech and facial expressions. Research in HRI is exploring the boundaries of motion planning, human perception, human-robot coordination, etc. An emerging direction of robot application has been the use of assistive robots in schools, homes and hospitals to aid in physical activities, improve education, or act as companions. Military utility, space exploration, rehabilitation and elderly care, search and rescue, etc. are the other domains where HRI can be vital. There has been rapid progress in human-robot interaction and its applications are finding their way across multiple industries. This book traces the progress of this field and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. Researchers and students in this field will be assisted by this book.

Wireless sensor network is a group of dedicated and spatially distributed sensors used to monitor and record the physical conditions of the environment. It also organizes the collected data at a central location. It helps in measuring the environmental conditions such as temperature, pollution levels, sound, humidity, and wind. They rely on wireless connectivity and spontaneously form a network to ensure the wireless transportation of sensor data. Modern wireless sensor networks are bi-directional that enable the control of sensor activity. It plays an important role in military applications such as battlefield surveillance. Such networks are also used in many industrial and consumer applications such as industrial process monitoring and control and machine health monitoring. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to wireless sensors network. Some of the diverse topics covered herein book address the varied branches that fall under this category. The book is appropriate for those seeking detailed information in this area.

Economics is a social science which is concerned with the production, consumption and distribution of goods and services. The working of an economy and the interaction of economic agents are the key focus areas of economics. Economics has two major branches, macroeconomics and microeconomics. Macroeconomics deals with the structure, behavior, performance and decision making of an economy as a whole. Microeconomics analyses the interaction among individuals and firms in making decision regarding the allocation of scarce resources. It focuses on individual agents and markets. Some of the other areas of study within economics are positive economics, normative economics, applied economics, Keynesian economics, economic system, rational economics and behavioral economics. This book covers in detail some existent theories and innovative concepts of economics. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included in this book. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

A computer algorithm is a set of instructions for performing calculation, data processing or automated reasoning. An initial state and input is provided, after which the algorithm proceeds through a succession of finite states to produce a final state and output. Algorithms may be classified on the basis of their implementation into recursive algorithm, logical algorithm, deterministic or non-deterministic algorithm, etc. They may also be classified as divide and conquer algorithm, search algorithm, randomized algorithm, etc. depending on the design paradigm or methodology. The study and analysis of algorithms is an important area of computer science. Algorithmic analysis is required to determine how much of a particular resource is required for a given algorithm. It is usually practiced without the implementation of a specific programming language. Most algorithms are applied on hardware/software platforms in which their algorithmic efficiency is evaluated using real code. For fast, interactive and commercial or scientific usage, algorithm efficiency is vital. The topics included in this book on computer algorithms are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the various aspects of the design, analysis and applications of algorithms. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

Hydraulic engineering is a sub-discipline of civil engineering that is concerned with the flow and conveyance of fluids. This field is particularly relevant in the design of water and sewage systems, which are important aspects of urban planning. It applies the principles of fluid mechanics to design strategies for the efficient storage, collection, measurement, regulation, transport and use of water. The architectural planning and design of spillways and outlet paths for dams, canals, culverts, irrigation structures and cooling water facilities are under the purview of hydraulic engineering. The use of computer-aided design and computational fluid dynamics, as well as GPS mapping and laser-based surveying tools have brought tremendous advancements in hydraulic engineering. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to hydraulic engineering. The topics included in this book on hydraulic engineering are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It attempts to assist those with a goal of delving into this field.

A sociotechnical, formal and organizational system that is designed to collect, process, distribute and store information is called an information system. It refers to the information and communication technology (ICT) that an organization uses. Information technologies enable the performance of complex tasks such as handling large data and information, controlling several simultaneous processes and performing complex calculations. An information system aims to manage operations and aid in decision-making. Data, software, hardware, people, procedures and feedback are the components that constitute an information system. Office information systems, decision support systems, learning management systems, transaction processing systems, knowledge management systems and database management systems are some of the different types of information systems. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of information systems technology. The ever-growing need of advanced technology is the reason that has fueled the research in this area in recent times. This book aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area.

The study of individuals, groups or organizations, and the activities that are associated with the purchase, disposal and use of goods and services is termed as consumer behavior. It also studies the consumer's mental, behavioral and emotional responses that precede or follow such activities. Consumer behavior integrates elements from social anthropology, psychology, ethnography, sociology, marketing and economics, to understand buying behavior. This requires an investigation of consumer characteristics, such as lifestyles, demographics, brand advocacy, usage rates, etc. Besides purchasing decision, some of the other areas of investigation in this field include risk perception and risk reduction, brand loyalty, post-purchase behaviors, customer citizenship behaviors, etc. Modern methods such as consumer neuroscience and ethnography are providing new insights into consumer behavior. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of consumer behavior. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this area of study have been included herein. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this domain as well as for experts.

Electronics is the science that is concerned with the emission, control and flow of electrons in vacuum and matter. In electronics, circuits are designed with active electrical components, associated passive electrical components and interconnection technologies. Active components consist of transistors, integrated circuits, vacuum tubes, diodes, sensors, etc. Some passive components are resistors, capacitors and inductors. Electric circuits can be analog or digital. Analog circuits use a continuous range of current or voltage whereas digital circuits are based on discrete values of current and voltage. Electronics is of tremendous use in signal processing, information processing and telecommunication. Analog electronics, optoelectronics, digital electronics, microelectronics and power electronics are some of the branches of electronics. This book strives to provide a fair idea about electronics and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. It traces the progress of this field and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, the book targets students and professionals.

Logistics refers to the process of planning, controlling and implementing procedures for the efficient transportation and storage of goods and services. This usually occurs from the point of origination to the point of consumption. This is carried out with the intent of conforming to customer requirements and may include internal, external, inbound and outbound movements. Inbound logistics is focused on purchasing and arranging the inbound movement of parts, machinery or unfinished inventory from suppliers to warehouses, retail stores and assembly plants. Outbound logistics is related to the storage and movement of the final product and related information flow. Logistics is extremely crucial for business. Business logistics encompasses all sectors of industry with optimized supply chains and project life cycles. This book provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of logistics and related fields. It elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to international logistics and management of trade operations. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Mobile computing refers to the human-computer interaction which allows the transmission of data, video and voice using a computer or any other wireless device without it being connected to a fixed physical link. It involves mobile hardware, mobile software and mobile communication. Mobile hardware deals with mobile devices or components. Mobile software encompasses the requirements and characteristics of mobile applications. Mobile communication includes the use of infrastructure networks and ad hoc networks as well as communication protocols, data formats and concrete technologies. Some mobile computing devices are portable computers, cellular telephones, smart cards and wearable computers. The chief principles of mobile computing are portability, social interactivity, connectivity and individuality. This book outlines the processes and applications of mobile computing in detail. It is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in this field. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study.

Human-computer interaction (HCI) refers to the usage and designing of computer technology for communication between the computer and the user. As a field of research, HCI studies the way humans interact with computers and design technologies that facilitate this interaction. An interface between humans and computers is essential to this interaction. Internet browsers, desktop applications, computer kiosks and handheld computers use graphical user interfaces. Voice user interfaces are required for speech synthesizing and speech recognition systems. Research in this domain is focused on designing new computer interfaces, implementing interfaces, studying human computer use and sociocultural implications, etc. The ever-growing need of advanced technology is the reason that has fueled the research in the field of human-computer interaction in recent times. The aim of this book is to present researches that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) refers to the self-regulation of international private businesses. Over the last decade, it has moved beyond its definition as voluntary corporate self-regulation to regularized compliance to mandatory schemes at regional, national and international levels. An important approach to CSR is corporate philanthropy, in the form of aid and monetary donation to nonprofit organizations and communities, in the areas of housing, health, education, social welfare, environment and arts. Another approach to CSR is the incorporation of CSR strategy directly into operations. Companies use benchmarking for assessing their CSR policy, implementation and effectiveness. This book studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of corporate social responsibility and its utmost significance in modern times. It elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to CSR. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study.

Business management refers to the administration of a business, involving the supervision and monitoring of all of its operations. Decision-making, efficient organization of people and resources, and execution and planning of activities to meet goals and objectives are some of the core functional areas of business management. Business management may also encompass various aspects such as asset management, conflict management, conflict resolution, change management, corporate governance, cost management, data management, etc. Some of the common approaches towards business management include six sigma, centralization, management by objectives and decentralization. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to management of a business. It attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of business management and how such concepts have practical applications. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

In the digital age, there is a variety of large-scale visual data available on the Internet. This presents opportunities for the novel processing of visual information that can have commercial advantages. It can be accomplished if this data can be understood, systematically managed, processed and utilized. An interdisciplinary field of science called computer vision deals with enabling computers to gain an understanding of digital images and videos. Its objective is to automate tasks that only the human visual system can achieve. Some of the core tasks of computer vision are acquiring, processing, understanding and analyzing digital images, and extracting high-dimensional data for producing numerical or symbolic information. Image understanding can be thought of as the disentangling of symbolic information from image data with the aid of geometry, learning theory, physics and statistics. The applications of computer vision are varied. It is used for automatic inspection such as in manufacturing applications, computer-human interaction, navigation, assisting humans in identification tasks, etc. Computer vision is an upcoming field of science that has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover new techniques and the applications of visual information in computer vision. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying computational visual media as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Accounting refers to the processing, measurement and communication of financial data of businesses and corporations. The information gathered is communicated to investors, creditors and regulators in the form of financial reports and statements. Financial statements are developed on a set of generally accepted accounting principles. Auditing, financial accounting, tax accounting, management accounting, etc. are some of the subfields of accounting. Accounting information systems play a crucial role in reducing the costs of storing, accumulating and reporting of managerial accounting information. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of accounting. The topics included in this book are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for anyone interested in this field.

Financial accounting is a sub-field of accounting, which deals with the diverse aspects of summarizing, analyzing and reporting of data related to financial transactions in a business. Preparing financial statements for the public is an important aspect of this field. Financial accounting is subject to local and international accounting standards. The standard framework of guidelines is provided by the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles or GAAP. Financial accounting is of use to stockholders, bankers, suppliers, business owners and government agencies, among many others. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex theories and principles in the field of financial accounting. This book studies and analyzes the financial accounting tools for business decision making and their utmost significance in modern times. It is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

A person may suffer from crises in personal and social life, suffer setbacks and display troublesome behavior, compulsions and emotional turmoil. Counseling is the practice of providing counsel to individuals to empower them to manage personal difficulties and problems. There exists various therapeutic modalities of counseling, such as emotional therapy, existential counseling, grief counseling, grief therapy, marriage counseling, person-centered therapy, rehabilitation counseling, etc. Psychotherapy is the science that is concerned with the employment of psychological methods for the betterment of the mental state and behavior of an individual. Diverse psychotherapy techniques such as one-to-one sessions between a therapist and the afflicted individual, group therapies, therapies involving families, etc. can be employed. The book studies, analyses and uphold the pillars of counseling and psychotherapy and their utmost significance in modern times. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied techniques that fall under these categories. It is an essential guide for therapists, counselors, academicians, students and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.