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I have endeavored to provide a comprehensive introduction to a wide - riety of statistical methods for the analysis of repeated measurements. I envision this book primarily as a textbook, because the notes on which it is based have been used in a semester-length graduate course I have taught since1991.Thiscourseisprimarilytakenbygraduatestudentsinbiostat- tics and statistics, although students and faculty from other departments have audited the course. I also anticipate that the book will be a useful r- erence for practicing statisticians. This assessment is based on the positive responses I have received to numerous short courses I have taught on this topic to academic and industry groups. Althoughmyintentistoprovideareasonablycomprehensiveoverviewof methodsfortheanalysisofrepeatedmeasurements,Idonotviewthisbook as a de?nitive "e;state of the art"e; compendium of research in this area. Some general approaches are extremely active areas of current research, and it is not feasible, given the goals of this book, to include a comprehensive summary and list of references. Instead, my focus is primarily on methods that are implemented in standard statistical software packages. As a result, thelevelofdetailonsometopicsislessthaninotherbooks,andsomemore recent methods of analysis are not included. One particular example is the topic of nonlinear mixed models for the analysis of repeated measurements (Davidian and Giltinan, 1995; Vonesh and Chinchilli, 1996). With respect to some of the more recent methods of analysis, I do attempt to mention some of the areas of current research.

The second half of the twentieth century saw an astonishing increase in computing power; today computers are unbelievably faster than they used to be, they have more memory, they can communicate routinely with remote machines all over the world - and they can fit on a desktop. But, despite this remarkable progress, the voracity of modem applications and user expectations still pushes technology right to the limit. As hardware engineers build ever-more-powerful machines, so too must software become more sophisticated to keep up. Medium- to large-scale programming projects need teams of people to pull everything together in an acceptable timescale. The question of how pro gram- mers understand their own tasks, and how they fit together with those of their colleagues to achieve the overall goal, is a major concern. Without that under- standing it would be practically impossible to realise the commercial potential of our present-day computing hardware. That programming has been able to keep pace with the formidable advances in hardware is due to the similarly formidable advances in the principles for design, construction and organisation of programs. The efficacy of these methods and principles speaks for itself - computer technology is all-pervasive - but even more telling is that they are beginning to feed back and inftuence hardware design as weIl. The study of such methods is called programming methodology, whose topics range over system-and domain-modelling, concurrency, object orientation, program specification and validation. That is the theme of this collection.

The following lecture notes correspond to a course taught for several years, first at the University of Paris-Nord (France) and then at the University of Bologna (Italy). They are mainly addressed to nonspecialists in the subject, and their purpose is to present in a pedagogical way most of the techniques used in the microlocal treatment of semiclassical problems coming from quantum physics. Both the standard Coo pseudodifferential calculus and the analytic microlocal analysis are developed, in a context that remains intentionally global so that only the relevant difficulties of the theory are encountered. The main original­ ity lies in the fact that we derive all the main features of analytic microlocal analysis from a single a priori estimate, which turns out to be elementary once the Coo pseudodifferential calculus is established. Various detailed exercises are given at the end of the main chapters, most of them being easily solvable by students. Besides illustrating the main results of the lecture, their aim is also to introduce the reader to various further developments of the theory, such as the functional calculus of pseudodifferential operators, properties of the analytic wave front set, Gevrey classes, the use of coherent states, the notion of semiclassical measures, WKB constructions. Applications to the study of the Schrodinger operator are also discussed in the text, so that they may help the understanding of new notions or general results where they appear by replacing them in the context of quantum mechanics.

This book is intended to provide a mathematical bridge from a general physics course to intermediate-level courses in classical mechanics, electricity and mag- netism, and quantum mechanics. The book begins with a short review of a few topics that should be familiar to the student from a general physics course. These examples will be used throughout the rest of the book to provide physical con- texts for introducing the mathematical applications. The next two chapters are devoted to making the student familiar with vector operations in algebra and cal- culus. Students will have already become acquainted with vectors in the general physics course. The notion of magnetic flux provides a physical connection with the integral theorems of vector calculus. A very short chapter on complex num- bers is sufficient to supply the needed background for the minor role played by complex numbers in the remainder of the text. Mathematical applications in in- termediate and advanced undergraduate courses in physics are often in the form of ordinary or partial differential equations. Ordinary differential equations are introduced in Chapter 5. The ubiquitous simple harmonic oscillator is used to il- lustrate the series method of solving an ordinary, linear, second-order differential equation. The one-dimensional, time-dependent SchrOdinger equation provides an illus- tration for solving a partial differential equation by the method of separation of variables in Chapter 6.

This book provides a theoretical background of branching processes and discusses their biological applications. Branching processes are a well-developed and powerful set of tools in the field of applied probability. The range of applications considered includes molecular biology, cellular biology, human evolution and medicine. The branching processes discussed include Galton-Watson, Markov, Bellman-Harris, Multitype, and General Processes. As an aid to understanding specific examples, two introductory chapters, and two glossaries are included that provide background material in mathematics and in biology. The book will be of interest to scientists who work in quantitative modeling of biological systems, particularly probabilists, mathematical biologists, biostatisticians, cell biologists, molecular biologists, and bioinformaticians. The authors are a mathematician and cell biologist who have collaborated for more than a decade in the field of branching processes in biology for this new edition.This second expanded edition adds new material published during the last decade, with nearly 200 new references. More material has been added on infinitely-dimensional multitype processes, including the infinitely-dimensional linear-fractional case. Hypergeometric function treatment of the special case of the Griffiths-Pakes infinite allele branching process has also been added. There are additional applications of recent molecular processes and connections with systems biology are explored, and a new chapter on genealogies of branching processes and their applications.Reviews of First Edition:"e;This is a significant book on applications of branching processes in biology, and it is highly recommended for those readers who are interested in the application and development of stochastic models, particularly those with interests in cellular and molecular biology."e; (Siam Review, Vol. 45 (2), 2003)"e;This book will be very interesting and useful for mathematicians, statisticians and biologists as well, and especially for researchers developing mathematical methods in biology, medicine and other natural sciences."e; (Short Book Reviews of the ISI, Vol. 23 (2), 2003)

Elementary number theory is concerned with the arithmetic properties of the ring of integers, Z, and its field of fractions, the rational numbers, Q. Early on in the development of the subject it was noticed that Z has many properties in common with A = IF[T], the ring of polynomials over a finite field. Both rings are principal ideal domains, both have the property that the residue class ring of any non-zero ideal is finite, both rings have infinitely many prime elements, and both rings have finitely many units. Thus, one is led to suspect that many results which hold for Z have analogues of the ring A. This is indeed the case. The first four chapters of this book are devoted to illustrating this by presenting, for example, analogues of the little theorems of Fermat and Euler, Wilson's theorem, quadratic (and higher) reciprocity, the prime number theorem, and Dirichlet's theorem on primes in an arithmetic progression. All these results have been known for a long time, but it is hard to locate any exposition of them outside of the original papers. Algebraic number theory arises from elementary number theory by con- sidering finite algebraic extensions K of Q, which are called algebraic num- ber fields, and investigating properties of the ring of algebraic integers OK C K, defined as the integral closure of Z in K.

The pioneering work of French mathematician Pierre de Fermat has attracted the attention of mathematicians for over 350 years. This book was written in honor of the 400th anniversary of his birth, providing readers with an overview of the many properties of Fermat numbers and demonstrating their applications in areas such as number theory, probability theory, geometry, and signal processing. This book introduces a general mathematical audience to basic mathematical ideas and algebraic methods connected with the Fermat numbers.

This book evolved from a course at our university for beginning graduate stu- dents in mathematics-particularly students who intended to specialize in ap- plied mathematics. The content of the course made it attractive to other math- ematics students and to graduate students from other disciplines such as en- gineering, physics, and computer science. Since the course was designed for two semesters duration, many topics could be included and dealt with in de- tail. Chapters 1 through 6 reflect roughly the actual nature of the course, as it was taught over a number of years. The content of the course was dictated by a syllabus governing our preliminary Ph. D. examinations in the subject of ap- plied mathematics. That syllabus, in turn, expressed a consensus of the faculty members involved in the applied mathematics program within our department. The text in its present manifestation is my interpretation of that syllabus: my colleagues are blameless for whatever flaws are present and for any inadvertent deviations from the syllabus. The book contains two additional chapters having important material not included in the course: Chapter 8, on measure and integration, is for the ben- efit of readers who want a concise presentation of that subject, and Chapter 7 contains some topics closely allied, but peripheral, to the principal thrust of the course. This arrangement of the material deserves some explanation.

The purpose of this book is to describe methods for solving problems in applied electromagnetic theory using basic concepts from functional anal- ysis and the theory of operators. Although the book focuses on certain mathematical fundamentals, it is written from an applications perspective for engineers and applied scientists working in this area. Part I is intended to be a somewhat self-contained introduction to op- erator theory and functional analysis, especially those elements necessary for application to problems in electromagnetics. The goal of Part I is to ex- plain and synthesize these topics in a logical manner. Examples principally geared toward electromagnetics are provided. With the exception of Chapter 1, which serves as a review of basic electromagnetic theory, Part I presents definitions and theorems along with associated discussion and examples. This style was chosen because it allows one to readily identify the main concepts in a particular section. A proof is provided for all theorems whose proof is simple and straightforward. A proof is also provided for theorems that require a slightly more elaborate proof, yet one that is especially enlightening, being either constructive or illustrative. Generally. theorems are stated but not proved in cases where either the proof is too involved or the details of the proof would take one too far afield of the topic at hand, such as requiring additional lemmas that are not clearly useful in applications.

Term rewriting techniques are applicable in various fields of computer sci- ence: in software engineering (e.g., equationally specified abstract data types), in programming languages (e.g., functional-logic programming), in computer algebra (e.g., symbolic computations, Grabner bases), in pro- gram verification (e.g., automatically proving termination of programs), in automated theorem proving (e.g., equational unification), and in algebra (e.g., Boolean algebra, group theory). In other words, term rewriting has applications in practical computer science, theoretical computer science, and mathematics. Roughly speaking, term rewriting techniques can suc- cessfully be applied in areas that demand efficient methods for reasoning with equations. One of the major problems one encounters in the theory of term rewriting is the characterization of classes of rewrite systems that have a desirable property like confluence or termination. If a term rewriting system is conflu- ent, then the normal form of a given term is unique. A terminating rewrite system does not permit infinite computations, that is, every computation starting from a term must end in a normal form. Therefore, in a system that is both terminating and confluent every computation leads to a result that is unique, regardless of the order in which the rewrite rules are applied. This book provides a comprehensive study of termination and confluence as well as related properties.

There are two approaches in the study of differential equations of field theory. The first, finding closed-form solutions, works only for a narrow category of problems. Written by a well-known active researcher, this book focuses on the second, which is to investigate solutions using tools from modern nonlinear analysis.

This book introduces the basic principles of functional analysis and areas of Banach space theory that are close to nonlinear analysis and topology. The text can be used in graduate courses or for independent study. It includes a large number of exercises of different levels of difficulty, accompanied by hints.

This book is devoted to the study of the acoustic wave equation and of the Maxwell system, the two most common wave equations encountered in physics or in engineering. The main goal is to present a detailed analysis of their mathematical and physical properties. Wave equations are time dependent. However, use of the Fourier trans- form reduces their study to that of harmonic systems: the harmonic Helmholtz equation, in the case of the acoustic equation, or the har- monic Maxwell system. This book concentrates on the study of these harmonic problems, which are a first step toward the study of more general time-dependent problems. In each case, we give a mathematical setting that allows us to prove existence and uniqueness theorems. We have systematically chosen the use of variational formulations related to considerations of physical energy. We study the integral representations of the solutions. These representa- tions yield several integral equations. We analyze their essential properties. We introduce variational formulations for these integral equations, which are the basis of most numerical approximations. Different parts of this book were taught for at least ten years by the author at the post-graduate level at Ecole Poly technique and the University of Paris 6, to students in applied mathematics. The actual presentation has been tested on them. I wish to thank them for their active and constructive participation, which has been extremely useful, and I apologize for forcing them to learn some geometry of surfaces.

This book evolved from notes originally developed for a graduate course, "e;Best Approximation in Normed Linear Spaces,"e; that I began giving at Penn State Uni- versity more than 25 years ago. It soon became evident. that many of the students who wanted to take the course (including engineers, computer scientists, and statis- ticians, as well as mathematicians) did not have the necessary prerequisites such as a working knowledge of Lp-spaces and some basic functional analysis. (Today such material is typically contained in the first-year graduate course in analysis. ) To accommodate these students, I usually ended up spending nearly half the course on these prerequisites, and the last half was devoted to the "e;best approximation"e; part. I did this a few times and determined that it was not satisfactory: Too much time was being spent on the presumed prerequisites. To be able to devote most of the course to "e;best approximation,"e; I decided to concentrate on the simplest of the normed linear spaces-the inner product spaces-since the theory in inner product spaces can be taught from first principles in much less time, and also since one can give a convincing argument that inner product spaces are the most important of all the normed linear spaces anyway. The success of this approach turned out to be even better than I had originally anticipated: One can develop a fairly complete theory of best approximation in inner product spaces from first principles, and such was my purpose in writing this book.

of the Architecture Forum, and to the evolution of TOGAF, to ensure that others make a fair contribution in return. So much for legal necessities. I turn now to the additional information and resources that I hope the reader will ?nd of interest. The Development of TOGAF TOGAF has come a long way since its inception in 1994 at the instigation of The Open Group's User Council (as it then was)-representatives of the computer user community among The Open Group membership. The original motivations for TOGAF were very much as Tony and Col have expounded so eloquently in the early chapters of this book. The original development of TOGAF was based on the Technical - chitecture Framework for Information Management (TAFIM) developed by the U.S. Department of Defense. The DoD gave The Open Group - plicit permission and encouragement to create TOGAF by building on the TAFIM, which itself represented hundreds of person-years of dev- opment effort and millions of dollars of U.S. government investment. Starting from this sound foundation, the members of The Open Group's Architecture Forum have developed successive versions of TOGAF over the years and published them on The Open Group's public Web site. TOGAF-Related Resources The Open Group's Architecture Forum portal at http://www.opengroup. org/architecture/ provides a ''way in'' to the information sources - scribed in the remainder of this Foreword. The TOGAF documentation can be viewed freely online at http:// www.opengroup.org/public/arch/.

Intended for beginning graduate students or advanced undergraduates, this text covers the statistical basis of thermodynamics, including examples from solid-state physics. It also treats some topics of more recent interest such as phase transitions and non-equilibrium phenomena. The presentation introducesmodern concepts, such as the thermodynamic limit and equivalence of Gibbs ensembles, and uses simple models (ideal gas, Einstein solid, simple paramagnet) and many examples to make the mathematical ideas clear. Frequently used mathematical methods are discussed in detail and reviews in an appendix. The book begins with a review of statistical methods and classical thermodynamics, making it suitable for students from a variety of backgrounds. Statistical mechanics is formulated in the microcanonical ensemble; some simple arguments and many examples are used to construct th canonical and grand-canonical ensembles. The discussion of quantum statistical mechanics includes Bose and Fermi ideal gases, the Bose-Einstein condensation, blackbody radiation, phonons and magnons. The van der Waals and Curoe-Weiss phenomenological models are used to illustrate the classical theories of phase transitions and critical phenomena; modern developments are intorducted with discussions of the Ising model, scaling theory, and renormalization-group ideas. The book concludes withy two chapters on nonequilibrium phenomena: one using Boltzmann's kinetic approach, and the other based on stochastic methods. Exercises at the end of each chapter are an integral part of the course, clarifying and extending topics discussed in the text. Hints and solutions can be found on the author's web site.