The effectiveness of the solution. Brief therapy focused on self-concept, self-esteem and adjustment among bullied adolescents - Malhotra Richa - Bog

Bullying: Understanding its nature Bullying is perceived as a form of aggression prevalent in multiple spheres of the existing social system (Gaete et al., 2017). Although both bullying and aggression bear similar characteristics, they are not synonymous. Rather, they exhibit a relationship where bullying is a subset of aggression but not all forms of aggression are identified as bullying. Bullying is therefore understood as a conscious and willful act of aggression and/or manipulation by the bully/bullies against one or more individuals (Darney, Howcroft & Stroud, 2013).Robertson and Thomson (2014) describe bullying as a type of aggression that is applied against someone based on power or social status; using the knowledge of someone's vulnerability to prompt discomfort and/or distress. Bullying has been extensively studied, thereby providing multiple viewpoints to the phenomenon. The ever going understanding of bullying has, thus, evolved to incorporate diverse perspectives, reflecting severe ramifications of the phenomenon. Roland (1988) defines it as 'the long-term and systematic use of violence, mental or physical, against an individual, who is unable to defend himself in an actual situation'. On the other hand, Swart and Bredekamp (2009) understand bullying as a process embedded in groups in which individuals play multiple roles, from being the bully to the victim or just an observer/bystander. According to Besag (1989), 'bullying is a behaviour which can be defined as the repeated attack- physical, psychological, social or verbal-by those in a position of power, which is formally or situationally defined,