Bøger i IOP ebooks serien

This book is intended to facilitate the testing of dynamic imaging systems to ensure safety of the systems. The aim is to discuss methods and techniques that may be used to commission and perform quality control (QC) measurements of dynamic x-ray imaging systems; the primary function of which is real time imaging to provide visualization of dynamic anatomical and other processes as they occur.Since dynamic imaging equipment is used for a wide range of clinical applications, the report includes a general description of the characteristics and operational aspects to assist the medical physicist with clinical setup and performance evaluation strategies. The automatic close rate control (ADRC) plays a significant role in determining the balance between patient dose and image quality, therefore the function and evaluation of ADRC plays a significant role in determining the balance between patient dose and image quality, therefore the function and evaluation of ADRC devices is discussed extensively.Key FeaturesDiscuss methods and techniques that may be used to commission and perform quality control (QC) measurements of dynamic X-ray imaging systems.Includes a general description of the characteristics and operational aspects to assist the medical physicist with clinical setup and performance evaluation strategies.Function and evaluation of ADRC devices is discussed extensively.

This book provides non-specialists with a basic understanding of the underlying concepts of quantum chemistry. It is both a text for second- or third-year undergraduates and a reference for researchers who need a quick introduction or refresher. All chemists and many biochemists, materials scientists, engineers, and physicists routinely use spectroscopic measurements and electronic structure computations in their work. This book is designed to help the novice user of these tools achieve a basic understanding of the underlying concepts of quantum chemistry. The emphasis is on explaining ideas rather than enumerating facts or presenting procedural details makes this an excellent foundational text. This new edition features extensive changes to increase clarity and to accommodate new material, including additional problems. a comprehensive list of resources and an introduction to computational quantum chemistry, while preserving the book''s concise and accessible nature.Key FeaturesUpdated and extended new editionAccessible and concise introductionIncludes new additional problems with hints and solutionsFeatures an introduction to computational quantum chemistry,Includes lists of print and online resources to support teaching

A number of macroscopic manifestations of superconducting phenomena have resulted in a proliferation of applications in engineering and electronics. Macroscopic Superconducting Phenomena: An Interactive Guide provides the reader with a set of ready-to-use interactive tools to engage with topics such as vanishing resistivity, magnetic flux expulsion, flux pinning, critical currents, flux quantization and more.

A practical approach to support researchers in their collaborations. Demonstrates the potential of collaboration, drawing on real-world experience of facilitating and advising collaborations 'in the wild'. Provides tools and approaches that will help readers develop the skills and behaviours that will foster collaboration within and between disciplines.

Introduction to Nonlinear Optics of Photonic Crystals and Metamaterials, Second Edition presents concise examples illustrating the basic principles of the field, embedding a discussion of current and future device applications in a theoretical account of the non-linear behaviour of light at nanoscale to produce an informative and authoritative introduction to the subject for students trying to advance rapidly amongst the vanguard of modern applied physics and engineering. Pitched at an accessible level, this survey of some of the most important fundamentals of the field is ideal for researchers, undergraduate and graduate students, as well as self-taught students looking to expand their field of interest. Key Features: Provides reference to the current research literature to facilitate the reader with pursuing topics within the field. Suitable for self-study students. Includes concise presentations which focuses on the essential basic principle of the field. Discusses a review of current device applications. Presents the principles of photonic crystals and metamaterials and their applications at a basic level.

Photoelectrochemical water splitting has been identified as a suitable and sustainable approach to address two of the main issues facing humanity: environmental protection, and clean and sustainable energy production. Nanostructure-based photoelectrochemical water splitting is a highly promising process for converting solar energy into hydrogen energy. This reference text presents the latest research and developments in the area of photoactive nanostructured materials and their photoelectrochemical water splitting for applications in environmental protection, clean energy production and chemical amalgamation/processing. The book is a valuable reference for researchers and advanced students in the field of materials for energy and environmental applications, as well as practitioners in the nanotechnology industry. References to the latest research around the world, as well as details on the current challenges and future possibilities in the field, are included to facilitate advanced application and study.Key FeaturesDiscusses the latest research and developments in the area of photoactive nanostructured materials and their photoelectrochemical water splitting Covers applications in environmental protection, clean energy production and chemical amalgamation/processing Includes the fabrication and characteristics of various electrode materials, cell design, and strategies for enhancing the properties of photoelectrochemical water splitting electrode materials Includes references to the latest research around the world and details on current challenges and the future scope of the field to facilitate further reading and study 

This book provides a concise introduction to computer vision for optical researchers and scientists. Building from the optical foundations of image processing and the science behind camera sensors, Optics and Artificial Vision equips the reader with the tools needed to understand and engage with digital image processing, the algorithms of optical flow and the algorithms of object detection, using Python┬« software to show real, implemented applications in industry. Ideal for industry engineers with projects related to computer vision, as well as a good reference text for academics, students and other researchers working at the intersection of artificial intelligence and optics.Key FeaturesProvides a concise introduction to artificial visionMain algorithms in computer vision are presented, step-by-step in a pedagogical wayPresents all algorithms in PythonShows real implemented applications in industryOptical foundations of image processing are presented

This book covers recent analytical advances in the study of Rydberg atoms and molecules. It presents classical descriptions of electron trajectories in Rydberg atoms, offering a deep physical insight into their dynamics. It surveys shifts and shapes of the corresponding spectral lines. It is ideal for graduate level students and researchers in quantum optics, quantum computing, plasma, and sensing technologies.

Providing an extensive review of the latest bionanomaterials research, this book fills a gap for a comprehensive and up-to-date reference text, exploring the prospects and limitations of using bionanomaterials in food processing, water treatment, agricultural yield, food quality, environmental monitoring, pollution and other related areas in environmental and agricultural science. Particular attention is given to sensors, adhesives and fibers, and their use in diverse disciplines such as biomedicine, environmental science and agriculture. An invaluable reference for scientists, researchers and academics working in the fields of biomaterials, bionanotechnology, environmental science and agriculture, the book also provides an excellent introduction for students.Key Features:Provides comprehensive coverage of the latest research and developments in the field of bionanomaterials for environmental and agricultural applicationsCovers a wide range of applications, including food processing, water treatment, increasing agricultural yield, improving food quality, using nanobiosensors to monitor the environment, and reducing pollutionIncludes the limitations of the materials and prospects for future researchFills a gap for a comprehensive text with up-to-date coverage of the environmental and agricultural applications of bionanomaterials

The energy demands of contemporary society mandate the urgent development and commercialisation of a 'post-Li-ion battery'. Metal anodes are an important piece of this puzzle. This research and reference text discusses the role of metal electrodes in batteries in detail. Introducing the fundamental theoretical properties of metal anodes, the book surveys the history and prospects of the field, covering a wide range of metals, including Li, Na, K, Mg, Al, Zn, Ge, Sn, Sb and Bi. The first book of its kind to offer a comprehensive survey of the field, 'Metal Electrodes and Battery Technologies' facilitates engagement with the latest research and future challenges concerning the role of metals in the development of high-capacity batteries. The book is an essential reference for researchers working on metal electrodes for various batteries, as well as useful supplementary reading for students in the fields of electrochemistry and energy storage.Key FeaturesThe first book to provide thorough coverage of metal electrodes for various battery technologiesIncludes fundamental knowledge such as metal properties through to the latest research and future challengesCovers Li, Na, K, Mg, Al, Zn, Sn, Ge, Sb and Bi electrodes and Li, Na, K, Mg, Al and Zn batteriesProvides an essential reference text for researchers and graduate students in the fields of electrochemistry and energy storage

Written by an experienced engineer and trainer in the field of cryogenic safety, this book examines the hazards involved in the use of cryogenic materials and the extensive regulations that apply. It is an essential guide for researchers and industry specialists operating in this discipline.

This reference text provides a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in 2D materials for energy storage and conversion. It is an invaluable reference for researchers and graduate students working with 2D materials for energy storage and conversion in the fields of nanotechnology, electrochemistry, materials chemistry, materials engineering and chemical engineering.

This book reviews and showcases the design, fabrication and implementation of printed and flexible sensors and their range of applications. Since the use of flexible sensors has been demonstrated in almost every sector researchers are working towards optimization of present technologies and the implementation of new approaches, especially in light of developments emerging in printed and flexible electronics research. Some of the common issues faced and discussed include sensor stability in dynamic environments, non-availability of point-of-care devices, multifunctional sensing prototypes, requirement of high input power, saturation of sensitivity, difficulty in replacement of sensors operating in harsh real-time environments and need of biocompatible sensors for health monitoring.Key FeaturesReview of the various classes of printed flexible sensors and their applicationsEmbraces fabrication and characterization methods.Included applications for biomedical, industrial and environmental sciences.

Quantum and classical results are often presented as being dependent upon separate postulates as if the two are distinct and unrelated, and there is little attempt to show how the quantum implies the classical. The transformation to classical phase space gives researchers access to a range of algorithms derived from classical statistical mechanics that promise results on much more favourable numerical terms. Quantum Statistical Mechanics in Classical Phase Space offers not just a new computational approach to condensed matter systems, but also a unique conceptual framework for understanding the quantum world and collective molecular behaviour. A formally exact transformation, this revolutionary approach goes beyond the quantum perturbation of classical condensed matter to applications that lie deep in the quantum regime. It offers scalable computational algorithms and tractable approximations tailored to specific systems. Concrete examples serve to validate the general approach and demonstrate new insights. For example, the computer simulations and analysis of the ╬╗-transition in liquid helium provide a new molecular-level explanation of Bose-Einstein condensation and a quantitative theory for superfluid flow. The intriguing classical phase space formulation in this book offers students and researchers a range of new computational algorithms and analytic approaches. It offers not just an efficient computational approach to quantum condensed matter systems, but also an exciting perspective on how the classical world that we observe emerges from the quantum mechanics that govern the behaviour of atoms and molecules. The applications, examples, and physical insights foreshadow new discoveries in quantum condensed matter systems.Key FeaturesA computationally efficient approach to quantum condensed-matter many-particle systems based on a formally exact transformation of quantum statistical mechanics to classical phase space.Shows how the observed classical world emerges from the underlying quantum mechanics of atoms and molecules.Describes successive quantum corrections to classical statistical mechanics.Derives a number of expansions that account for the non-commutativity of quantum position and momentum operators when transformed to classical phase space.Tests various computer simulation algorithms against benchmark results for model condensed matter systems.

Synthesising previous research, this book presents a unitary treatment of the main effects that occur in the ultra-relativistic interactions between laser beams and electrons. Aimed at scientists, graduate students and professionals working in high-power laser facilities and labs, as well as those studying relativistic optics, the book presents a comprehensive survey of the field.

This book provides the reader with the history, fundamentals and theoretical aspects of electronic tongues and their applications. It covers strategies to discriminate analytes in complex liquid media with simple and robust tools, the design and the miniaturization of multisensory systems, the novel chemical materials employed and advances in computational tools employed for information visualization and interpretation.In recent years, tremendous advances have been made in the field, most of them focused on advanced computational methods for information visualization and in the miniaturization of systems to allow portability. Including recent developments and fascinating attributes of multisensory systems based on nanostructured materials, including 2D materials, graphene and other polymeric nanostructures.The topics covered in the book are of vital importance in a wide range of modern and emerging nanotechnologies employed or to be employed in a range of industries and monitoring situations, and consequently have a great impact on our society. The main objective of the book is to provide the reader with a basic understanding of the key principles of electronic tongues and the recent advances in the field and will be a key resource for sensor and materials scientists and researchers from universities, industry and national laboratories working in the field of multisensory systems. The reader will understand the approaches to discriminate and classify analytes through the novel design of electrodes, nanostructured chemical materials, and advanced computational methods for information visualization.Key FeaturesInterdisciplinary. For researchers from chemistry, food science, engineering, instrumentation, electrochemistry, pharmacology, physics, and computer science.Includes theoretical aspects of detection techniques and applicationsHighlights novel nanomaterials and nanotechnology strategies for sensing enhancementFeatures advances in computational methods for multidimensional data visualizationConcludes with a roadmap for sensorial data combining machine learning and data mining techniques

This book is a comprehensive guide to the current state-of-the-art science and technology involved in the analysis and development of gamma-ray nuclear materials for commercial, medical, industrial, military and space applications. It reviews the current and upcoming materials and material-based technologies for gamma-ray detectors, as well as their growth process in various forms, such as single crystals, films, and ceramics. Thoroughly compiled, it is ideal for graduate students, engineers, technicians, scientists and managers. It brings to both novice and advanced readers all the topics required to jump-start investigations on gamma-ray materials and their growth. Key Features: Provides the state-of-the-art in this rapidly evolving domain with a focus on third generation crystals for nuclear radiation detectors The only book to cover fundamentals, applications, and the latest research results Includes processing techniques and discusses the applications of nuclear detectors Discusses potential materials that can be used in nuclear detection Presents the future of nuclear detectors 

This book covers the state-of-the-art techniques of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) imaging for the diagnosis of retinal diseases.It is part of a three-volume work that describes the latest imaging techniques in which to bring optical coherence tomography (OCT), Fundus Imaging and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) to accurately facilitate the diagnosis of retinal diseases. Clinical disorders of the retina have been attracting the attention of researchers, aiming at reducing the blindness rate. This includes uveitis, diabetic retinopathy, macular edema, endophthalmitis, proliferative retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma. Treatment is significantly dependent on having early and accurate diagnosis, which can be significantly improved by employing the techniques described in the book.Key Features: Provides a comprehensive overview of all pertinent topics related to optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) imaging techniques, applicable to diagnosis of eye disorders.Offers a unique coverage of Neural Networks in distinguishing eye diseases.Machine learning techniques are presented in detail throughout.Many of the chapter contributors are world-class researchers.Extensive references will be provided at the end of each chapter to enhance further study.

This research and reference text provides a comprehensive and authoritative survey of the state-of-the-art in terahertz electronics research Covering the fundamentals, operational principles, and theoretical aspects of the field, the book equips the reader to take the practical steps involved in the fabrication of devices that work in the terahertz frequency range. Volume two focuses on optical devices and their applications, providing a detailed discussion of bolometers, Golay cells, pyroelectric detectors, optical rectification and electro-optic effect-based components, photoconductive antennas, photomixers, quantum cascade and optically-pumped gas lasers. Applications of terahertz electronics in communication, spectroscopy and imaging are also described. Intended for researchers and professionals in the field, the text is an essential reference for anyone working at the cutting edge of terahertz electronics.Key Features: Provides a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art in terahertz electronics researchThis volume covers photothermal methods, THz optoelectronics and applications in communications, imaging and spectroscopyIncludes fundamentals, operational principles, theoretical aspects of devices and circuits, and advanced researchIncludes discussion sections and illustrative numerical problemsProvides an up-to-date, cohesive text for researchers and professionals, and acts as valuable supplementary reading for electronic engineering students

Concepts drawn from topology and differential geometry have become essential to the understanding of several phenomena in condensed matter physics. This book provides a self-consistent introduction to the mathematical ideas and methods from these fields that will enable the student of condensed matter physics to begin applying these concepts with confidence. This expanded second edition adds eight new chapters, including one on the classification of topological states of topological insulators and superconductors and another on Weyl semimetals, as well as elaborated discussions of the Aharonov-Casher effect, topological magnon insulators, topological superconductors and K-theory.Key Features: Provides an introduction to path integral formalism Introduces all the basic concepts in differential geometry and topology Presents the quantum Hall effect using topology conceptsIncludes an introduction to topological insulatorsPresents the Weyl semimetal using topological conceptsStudies spin systems using topology

Practical Collider Physics provides a self-contained summary of all of the necessary theoretical, experimental and statistical knowledge required to analyse hadron collider data, focussing on the skills and techniques that are rarely covered in standard textbooks. It covers topics including parton distribution functions, resummation, parton showers, hadronisation, and the underlying event and jet algorithms, all of which are vital for understanding the form and function of Monte Carlo generators. A detailed overview of the ATLAS and CMS detectors is also provided, along with their object-reconstruction algorithms, followed by a pedagogical introduction to computing and data-processing approaches, data-analysis basics, and detailed methods for high-precision measurements and particle searches. This book is appropriate for honours-level undergraduates and masters students, as well as supporting taught-course and practical aspects of a PhD in particle physics.Key FeaturesProvides a detailed reference on current LHC analysis techniquesCovers all of the necessary theoretical, experimental and statistical knowledge required to perform a complete hadron collider data analysisA unique collaboration between particle experimentalists and theoristsCovers complex topics at a level that makes it accessible to final year undergraduate students

The purpose of this book is to present and discuss the theory, measurement and analysis of phototransferred thermoluminescence, a method for studying point defects in insulators.

This book provides a brief exposition of the principles of beam physics and particle accelerators with an emphasis on numerical examples employing readily available computer tools. Two new chapters in this new edition cover special lattice configurations known as coupled optics, and small machines employed for physics research in scaled experiments which cannot be easily tested in large accelerators. In addition, the general theory of accelerator magnets is presented in a new appendix.

This research and reference text will present the latest research on carbon dots and their applications in the biomedical field, including therapeutics, bio-imaging and diagnosis. It will be the first book dedicated to the biomedical applications of carbon dots.The key topics covered will include the use of carbon dots in therapeutic applications, applications in drug and gene delivery, uses in bio-imaging and uses in the fabrication of biosensors and nanobiosensors. The coverage of therapeutics will include the varied role of carbon dots in anti-inflammation, delivery of drugs and genes, anti-pathogenicity, tissue engineering and cancer therapies.

This course text provides comprehensive coverage for fundamental and advanced courses in nanoelectronics. It provides insight into the future of electronics, emerging devices, logic and memory, sensors, systems architecture, nanofabrication, and the fundamental physics behind nanoelectronics.

The book explains to the reader the necessary considerations and modelling ideas required for the successful design of optical imaging systems incorporating diffractive surfaces.

This book reviews the fundamental and applied issues regarding the synthesis and properties of nanomaterials, together with their use in technological applications covering the generation, storage, and transformation of energy, including sustainability concerns.