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For more than 25 years the Standard Model of particle physics has withstood the confrontation with experimental results of increasing precision, but this does not imply that the Standard Model can answer all questions about the ultimate constituents of nature. This book presents a critical examination of the latest experimental results and confronts them with the predictions of the Standard Model. Besides discussions of accelerator results from LEP, HERA and the TEVATRON, attention is paid to the unresolved problems of neutrino oscillations, CP violation, dark matter and cosmology. New theoretical ideas are also analyzed in order to explore possible extensions of the standard model. Realistic plans for future accelerators are presented and their physics potential is discussed, paving the way for the next generation of particle physics experiments.

This book collects the lectures delivered by the Authors during the NATO ASI "e;Fundamentals and Developments of Photocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Processes"e;, held in Erice (Trapani, Italy) from May 20th to June 2nd 1984. The ASI was devoted to the general field of photochemical conversion and storage of solar energy. It had the aim of defining the "e;state of art"e; and of outlining perspectives, lines of development and practic al utilization of this form of energy. The world energy crisis has stimulated scientists to investigate new routes for finding and testing methods and processes for obtaining renewable and cheap sources of energy. Within this framework, the possibility of solar energy utilization on a large scale must overcome the stage of discovering efficient processes for the photochemical conversion and for the storage. The most promising way for achieving this goal seems the photosplitting of water and related reactions. The methods for obtaining the water photosplitting are essentially based on photoelectrochemical cells and on photocatalytic systems (gas-solid and gas-liquid-solid). Extensive research work is currently done all over the world both in universities and in industrial laboratories in these areas. The ASI has given to the audience a general view of the fundamental aspects and as much as possible a detailed insight of the various methods and processes. A section has been also devoted to the photoreactors, a field in which the interest is ix x FOREWORD steadily increasing and whose development is essential for the practical exploitation of the various methods.

This volume contains the proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on `Quantum Chaos -- Theory and Experiment', held at the Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, from 28 May to 1 June 1991. The work brings together leading quantum chaos theorists and experimentalists and greatly improves our understanding of the physics of quantum systems whose classical limit is chaotic. Quantum chaos is a subject of considerable current interest in a variety of fields, in particular nuclear physics, chemistry, statistical mechanics, atomic physics, condensed matter physics and nonlinear dynamics. The volume contains lectures about the currently most active fronts of quantum chaos, such as scars, semiclassical methods, quantum diffusion, random matrix spectra, quantum chaos in atomic and nuclear physics, and possible implications of quantum chaos for the problem of quantum measurement. Part of the book -- The Physics of Quantum Measurements -- is dedicated to the memory of John Bell.

The last thirty years were a period of continuous and intense growth in the subject of dynamical systems. New concepts and techniques and at the same time new areas of applications of the theory were found. The 31st session of the Seminaire de Mathematiques Superieures (SMS) held at the Universite de Montreal in July 1992 was on dynamical systems having as its center theme "e;Bifurcations and periodic orbits of vector fields"e;. This session of the SMS was a NATO Advanced Study Institute (ASI). This ASI had the purpose of acquainting the participants with some of the most recent developments and of stimulating new research around the chosen center theme. These developments include the major tools of the new resummation techniques with applications, in particular to the proof of the non-accumulation of limit-cycles for real-analytic plane vector fields. One of the aims of the ASI was to bring together methods from real and complex dy- namical systems. There is a growing awareness that an interplay between real and complex methods is both useful and necessary for the solution of some of the problems. Complex techniques become powerful tools which yield valuable information when applied to the study of the dynamics of real vector fields. The recent developments show that no rigid frontiers between disciplines exist and that interesting new developments occur when ideas and techniques from diverse disciplines are married. One of the aims of the ASI was to show these multiple interactions at work.

The use of numerical grid methods to solve the Schrodinger equation has rapidly evolved in the past decade.The early attempts to demonstrate the computational viability of grid methods have been largely superseded by applications to specific problems and deeper research into more sophisticated quadrature schemes. Underpinning this research, of course, is the belief that the generic nature of grid methods can enjoy a symbiotic development with advances in computer technology, harnessing this technology in an effective manner. The contributions to this proceedings demonstrate these points in full: several appli- cations displayed creative use and extension of existing grid methodology; other research concentrated on the development of new quadrature schemes or mixed numerical meth- ods. The research represented ranges from highly specific spectral simulations of van der Waals complexs to general schemes for reactive scattering. The novelty of grid methods in Density Functional Theory calculations should also be highlighted since it represents an alternative to standard basis set expansion techniques and might offer distinct advantages to the standard techniques. A deliberate attempt was made to present research material with more motivational and background discussion than is typical of research publications. It is hoped that these contributed proceedings will be useful to students and researchers outside the field to have a rapid and complete introduction to many of the exciting uses of grid methodology in atomic and molecular physics. Special thanks are due to the NATO Science Committee for its generous support of the activities of this workshop.

This volume contains edited versions of 11 contributions given by main speakers at the NATO Advanced Study Institute on lReal and Complex Dynamical Systems in Hiller0d, Denmark, June 20th - July 2nd, 1993. The vision of the institute was to illustrate the interplay between two important fields of Mathematics: Real Dynamical Systems and Complex Dynamical Systems. The interaction between these two fields has been growing over the years. Problems in Real Dynamical Systems have recently been solved using complex tools in the real or by extension to the complex. In return, problems in Complex Dynamical Systems have been settled using results from Real Dynamical Systems. The programme of the institute was to examine the state of the art of central parts of both Real and Complex Dynamical Systems, to reinforce contact between the two aspects of the theory and to make recent progress in each accessible to a larger group of mathematicians.

Molecular magnetism is a new field of research dealing with the synthesis and study of the physical properties of molecular assemblies involving open-shell units. It is essentially interdisciplinary, joining together organic, organometallic and inorganic chemists, as well as theoreticians, physicists and materials scientists.At the core of research into molecular magnetism lie design and synthesis of new molecular assemblies exhibiting bulk properties such as long-range magnetic ordering or bistability with an hysteresis effect, which confers a memory effect on the system. In such terms, magnetism may be considered a supramolecular function.The first eight contributions to this volume present the state of the art in organic supramolecular chemistry, emphasising interlocked systems and molecular trees. The following six articles are devoted to molecular materials constructed from organic radicals and transition metal units. Molecular bistability is then focused on, followed by metal-organic and coordination magnetic materials. A new approach to nano-sized particles closes the work.

Recent major advances in model theory include connections between model theory and Diophantine and real analytic geometry, permutation groups, and finite algebras. The present book contains lectures on recent results in algebraic model theory, covering topics from the following areas: geometric model theory, the model theory of analytic structures, permutation groups in model theory, the spectra of countable theories, and the structure of finite algebras. Audience: Graduate students in logic and others wishing to keep abreast of current trends in model theory. The lectures contain sufficient introductory material to be able to grasp the recent results presented.

The last decade has seen two parallel developments, one in computer science, the other in mathematics, both dealing with the same kind of combinatorial structures: networks with strong symmetry properties or, in graph-theoretical language, vertex-transitive graphs, in particular their prototypical examples, Cayley graphs. In the design of large interconnection networks it was realised that many of the most fre- quently used models for such networks are Cayley graphs of various well-known groups. This has spawned a considerable amount of activity in the study of the combinatorial properties of such graphs. A number of symposia and congresses (such as the bi-annual IWIN, starting in 1991) bear witness to the interest of the computer science community in this subject. On the mathematical side, and independently of any interest in applications, progress in group theory has made it possible to make a realistic attempt at a complete description of vertex-transitive graphs. The classification of the finite simple groups has played an important role in this respect.

This book of the proceedings of the 1997 NATO Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on Direct Methods for Solving Macromolecular Structures was assembled from the lecturers' contributions and represents a comprehensive and in-depth overview of crystallographic structure determination methods for macromolecules. While having a focus based on the direct methods, the Institute adopted an inclusive and broad perspective. Thus, both direct and experimental phasing techniques are presented in this book, highlighting their complementarities and synergies. As weil, methodologies spanning the full crystallographic image reconstruction process - from low resolution envelope definition to high resolution atomic refinement- are discussed. The first part of the book introduces the array of tools currently used in structure determination, whether originating from a mathematical, computational or experimental framework. This section of the book displays the variety and ingenuity of old and new phasing approaches developed to solve increasingly complex structures. Some of the contributions focus on recent developments and/or implementations that have given older approaches a new life. A case in point is the re-implementation of Buerger's superposition approach, which is now solving protein structures. Another beautiful example is found in the introduction to the traditional multiple isomorphous replacement approach where new techniques, such as site-directed mutagenesis and the use of inert gases in the preparation of heavy atom derivatives, are described. Equally impressive are the presentations of newer approaches, which take advantage of advances on the experimental front (e. g.

The first references to statistical extremes may perhaps be found in the Genesis (The Bible, vol. I): the largest age of Methu'selah and the concrete applications faced by Noah-- the long rain, the large flood, the structural safety of the ark --. But as the pre-history of the area can be considered to last to the first quarter of our century, we can say that Statistical Extremes emer- ged in the last half-century. It began with the paper by Dodd in 1923, followed quickly by the papers of Fre-chet in 1927 and Fisher and Tippett in 1928, after by the papers by de Finetti in 1932, by Gumbel in 1935 and by von Mises in 1936, to cite the more relevant; the first complete frame in what regards probabilistic problems is due to Gnedenko in 1943. And by that time Extremes begin to explode not only in what regards applications (floods, breaking strength of materials, gusts of wind, etc. ) but also in areas going from Proba- bility to Stochastic Processes, from Multivariate Structures to Statistical Decision. The history, after the first essential steps, can't be written in few pages: the narrow and shallow stream gained momentum and is now a huge river, enlarging at every moment and flooding the margins. Statistical Extremes is, thus, a clear-cut field of Probability and Statistics and a new exploding area for research.

These proceedings are based upon in~roductory talks, re­ search repor~s and discussions at the NATO Advanced Work­ shop on ELECTROMAGNETIC COUPLING IN THE POLAR CLEFTS AND CAPS, held at Lillehammer, Norway, 20-24th September 1988. By this book we will make the information which was pro­ vided to the participants of the workshop, accessible to a wider audience. Electromagnetic processes governing particle, momen­ tum, and energy transfer from the solar wind via the magne­ tosphere and into the earth's upper atmosphere are the main topics of solar-terrestrial research. Due to the peculiar magnetic field configuration in the magnetosphere, result­ ing from the interaction with the shocked solar wind, the sunward-side boundary is mapped along magnetic field lines in~o a thin, arc-like band of the days ide polar ionosphere at the boundary of the polar cap; i.e. ~he ionospheric cleft region. The polar cusp is a separate, more limited region near magnetic noon, as defined by electron and proton precipitation detected from polar orbiting satel­ lites. The basic physics of the different coupling modes at the dayside magnetopause is a matter of great controversy. This is an important problem to solve, also because similar boundaries exist in stellar objects throughout the Uni­ verse. It is expected that ground-based remote sensing tech­ niques, with their ability to continuously monitoring the temporal and spatial variations of the ionospheric signa­ tures, will have a great impact on this problem, in parti­ cular when combined with in situ measurements.

With the advent of space observatories and modern developments in ground­ based astronomy and concurrent progress in the theoretical understanding of these observations it has become clear that accretion of material on to compact objects is an ubiquitous mechanism powering very diverse astrophysical sources ranging in size and luminosity by many orders of magnitude. A problem common to these systems is that the material accreted must in general get rid of its angular momentum and this leads to the formation of an Accretion Disk which allows angular momentum re-distribution and converts potential energy into radiation with an efficiency which can be higher than the nuclear burning yield. These systems range in size from quasars and active galactic nuclei to accretion disks around forming stars and the early solar system and to compact binaries such as cataclysmic variables and low-mass X-ray binaries. Other objects that should be mentioned in this context are 88433, the black hole binary candidates, and possibly gamma-ray burst sources. Observations of these systems have provided important constraints for theoretical accretion disk models on widely differing scales, lumi­ nosities, mass-transfer rates and physical environments.

Modern observations, including recent ones with the Hubble Space Telescope, have revealed that the Universe is replete with plasma outflows from all kinds of objects, ranging from stars in all their variety to galaxies. In this masterly survey of plasma astrophysics, written by leading practitioners, the first 15 articles in Part I deal with the use of the MHD approach in several key problems of solar plasma, such as magnetoconvection and magnetic field generation, sunspots and coronal loops, magnetic nonequilibrium and coronal heating, coronal mass ejections, the acceleration of the solar wind, and stellar winds across the Main Sequence. The following 16 articles of Part II deal with the use of the same MHD approach in several central and puzzling aspects of more distant astrophysical plasmas, such as the dynamics of the interstellar medium, collimated outflows from young stellar objects and accretion disks, molecular outflows and jets associated with enigmatic binaries and symbiotic stars, relativistic flows associated with superluminal microquasars in our own galaxy, astrophysical jets from nearby galaxies, or remote active galactic nuclei and quasars, probably fuelled by supermassive black holes. The emphasis throughout is on the striking underlying similarities in the physics of all these problems. Audience: Indispensable for solar physicists and astrophysics alike. An ideal textbook for graduate students in physics and astrophysics.

The NATO Advanced Study Institute on "Electronic Structure and Properties of Polymers" was held at the Facultes Universitaires de Namur (F.U.N.) from August 31 till September 14, 1977. We wish to express our deepest gratitude to the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO, the main sponsor of this Institute, and to the Facultes Universitaires Notre Dame de la Paix and their Board who gave us generous financial help as well as accommodation for the School. Our sincere thanks to Dr Tilo Kester from the NATO Scien­ tific Affairs Division and Prof. Roger Troisfontaines, Rector and President ~f the Facultes Notre Dame de la Paix. This volume contains the main lectures of the Institute. It is our great pleasure to thank all the lecturers for their most excellent and interesting lectures and for the clarity of their manuscripts. During the School the participants and lecturers felt that though there has been considerable progress in recent years in the methods applicable to the quantum theoretical treatment of polymers, not very many calculations of their properties have been performed. This is the reason that the title of this volume has been changed to "Quantum Theory of Polymers".

This book contains the texts of the main lectures presented at the NATO Advanced Studies Institute on "Advances in Preparation and Properties of Stereoregular Polymers" held at Tirrenia near Pisa, Italy, from October 3 to 14, 1978. A few contributed papers have also been included because they were concerned with topics not included in the main lectures. The primary objective of the Institute was to assist in the further development of stereoregular polymers because of the ever-increasing demand for new products with exceptional chemical and physical properties. This need has reawakened interest in the field. Indeed there is now a rapidly increasing activity in the study of stereoregular polymerization and the preparation of structurally-ordered polymers with the aim of achieving apprecia­ ble improvements in existing polymeric materials through new developments in synthesis and properties as well as in discovering new polymeric structures. In order to achieve these objectives, a broad interdiscipli­ nary cooperation among scientists involved in investigations on the design, synthesis, characterization and application of stereo­ regular or structurally-ordered polymers will be necessary.

HOW TO READ THE BOOK: SOME COMMENTS This book is the lasting result of the first NATO Advanced Study Institute on Speech, held at the Centre Culturel du Chateau de Bonas, from June 26 to July 7, 1979. The intent of a NATO ASI is primarily to provide high level tutorial coverage of a field in WhlCh research is active; undoubtedly speech generation and understanding is one at the present time. Thus 12 surveys are offered by some of the best specia­ lists in the field. As a consequence the book may be consldered as a reference book on speech. The surveys are marked by a * in the Table of Contents. However, half of the meeting was devoted to dlSCuSSlons and presentations of research. A reviewing Committee decided to ask a number of participants to submit a contribution which would complete the tutorials or would present original work. A beginner in the subject should start by readlng the reVlews of Hill, Wolf, Bridle, Haton, Woods, Al~en, Lienard; preferably in the above order. He would then be familiar with the terms, the problems and the techniques of speech understanding (analysis) and generation (synthesis).

This vo1~e contains the papers presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute of New Advances in Distributed Computer Systems held between 15th and 26th June, 1981 at the Chateau de Bonas, France. The aim of the meeting was to promote an interchange of ideas between experts in the inter1inked fie1ds of communications and computers in order to determine the essential areas for future deve1opment. Its programme was arranged to exp10re a number of current topics inc1uding the pub1ic data-communication networks set up by the PTTs or corresponding bodies in various countries, 1arge-sca1e non-pub1ic systems such as ARPANET and its 1atest deve1opments, international systems such as the air1ines' SITA network, the recent and very important deve10pments in loca1 area networks and relevant deve10pments by universities and other higher educationa1 bodies. The recent moves towards form- isation and the 1aying down of a theoretica1 basis to guide future deve10pments and standards were discussed with particu1ar reference to the International Standards Organisation "7-1ayer model for Open System Interconnection" and the deve10pment of formal mathematica1 methods for specifying and ana1ysing communication systems and their protoco1s. Consideration was also given to the theoretica1 techniques, and their practica1 realisation, now becoming avai1ab1e to ensure privacy and security of information transmitted over digital communication systems. Fina11y the penetration of the concepts of distributed processing into the domain of computer architecture, giving such possibi1ities as array processors and other non-von Neumann architectures formed the subject of severa1 of the sessions.

The volume gathers the prominent works by participants in the NATO Advanced Study Institute, liThe Comparative Study of the Planets", which was held at Vulcano (Aeolian Islands) from September 14 to September 25, 1981. The book is intended to be a landmark for all those inter­ ested in the problems disclosed through the close-up exploration of planets and satellites, either for professional reasons or Simply for scientific knowledge. The topics dealt with concern all methodologies by which the members of the Solar System have been studied and the audience to whom the volume is addressed is, in addition to the experts, mailllly graduate and post-graduate students attending courses in Earth Sciences, Physics and Astro­ nomy. The aim we intend to achieve in editing this volume is to offer to planetologists an overview of the present state of knowledge, using the comparative study of the planets as a basis on which to build the themes treated. We think it is one of the fe, ... publications of this type, which includes all the subjects concerning the study of a planet. We hope we have succeeded in conveying through the book the message which was clearly expressed by the lecturers of the ASI in Vulcano: what counts most at this stage of planetary research is to be able to single out the fun­ damental problems and choose the appropriate set of data to use in approaching these problems.

The theme of the conference held at the Institute of Astronomy in the summer of 1981 was 'Supernovae'. The topic was interpreted very broadly: observations in all wavebands were discussed, along with theories for the explosion mechanism and the light curves; there were papers on supernova remnants and pulsar statistics; other sessions dealt with the use of new techniques for improving supernova searches, and with the importance of supernovae for cosmogonic and cosmological studies. This book contains texts based on all the main review lectures, together with a number of shorter papers which describe new results presented at the conference. The Scientific Organising Committee, responsible for arranging the programme, consisted of J. Audouze, G. B. Brown, J. Danziger, F. Pacini, M. J. Rees (Chairman) and J. W. Truran. The conference was well attended, with over 100 visitors to Cambridge as well as many local participants. We are grateful to all those who helped with the practical organisation of the meeting, especially Dr Michael Ingham (Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy) and Mrs Norah Tate. We thank all the authors of the papers in this volume for the trouble they took in preparing written versions of their excellent lectures, and for the efforts they made to meet our ' final' deadl ine: we wish especially to thank Drs W. O. Arnett and J. M. Lattimer for help with the edi torial work.

Long ago~ the welfare of a sooiety used to depend heavily on the skill and dedioation of its oraftsmen - the miller~ the blaok­ smith~ the oobbler and the tailor. These oraftsmen aoquired their skill by a long and poorly paid apprentioeship to some master of their oraft. They learned by imitation and experienoe~ and by tri­ al and error. They did not read books or study soienoe~ they knew nothing of the theory of their subjeot~ the geometry of their ru­ dimentary drawings~ nor the mathematios underlying their primitive oaloulations. They oould not explain how or why they used their methods; yet they worked effeotively by themselves or in small teams to oomplete their tasks at a predioted oost~ to a fairly well predioted timesoale~ and usually to the satisfaotion of their olients. The programmer of today shares many of these attributes of a oraftsman. He learns his oraft by apprentioeship in an existing team of programmers - but his apprentiaeship is highZy paid and usually very short. He develops his skill by trial; but mostly by error. He does not study theory~ or even read books on Computer Soience. He knows nothing of the logical and mathematical founda­ tions of his profession; and he hates to explain or justifY~ or even to dooument what he has done.

The Origin and Evolution of Galaxies is the outstanding problem of modern cosmology. Fortunately. we have a firm cosmological framework on which to base our theories (the hot big bang) and recently there has been substantial progress in providing observations which potentially can constrain these theories. The problem of galaxy formation is. as a consequence. one involving many diverse branches of physics and astrophysics. It has been the aim of the school. and this compendium of lectures and seminars. to bring together these diverse aspects at a level enabling research workers to understand what is going on in other corners of the subject and to see how progress in each area impinges on the others. We are grateful to the contributors to this volume for allowing us considerable editorial license with their articles. We have attempted to provide a representative sample of the talks that were given at the school besides the texts of the invited lecturers. It is regrettable that for reasons of space we have had to leave out a number of other contributions.

This book is the third volume belonging to the series of proceedings of the Moriond Astrophysics meetings. I t follows "Cosmology and particles" publi shed in 1981 by les Editions Frontieres and "The birth of the Universe" whioh appeared in 1982 thanks to the same publisher. This workshop took plaoe on llBroh 1983 at La Plagne and as in 1981 and 1982 took advantage of the simultaneous presence of the particle physicists and the astrophysicists. As said in the title of the book the partioipa nts have presented their most recent views on the evolution of large structures and galaxies and the relevance of these questions on particle physics and cosmology. Among the llBny developments which are at the origin of the thirty five papers gathered here, three main themes have been touched on by several speakers during the workshop. They are (i) the influence of the mass of neutrinos and other "inos" predicted by the "Supersymmetry" theories, which are the more likely candidates for the hidden mass of the Universe, (ii) the dynamics of triaxial galaxies and (iii) the possible occurence of pregalactic stars with a debate on their hypothetioal nucleosynthetic role. Miny different views h3. ve been presented on these three topics (and many others) which prove the liveness of the physical cosmology. For the editor it has been quite difficult to find a reasonable and logical order to arrange the oontent of the book.

Peter P. Eggleton and James E. Pringle Institute of Astronomy Madingley Road Cambridge England The 1970's can be described, in retrospect, as the "Decade of the Close Binary". Exciting observations with new technology, combined with classical work, both observational and theoretical, convinced the astronomical world that binary interaction of various kinds is not only interesting but common. Indeed, by 1975 almost anything unusual had a good chance of being interpreted as due to binary interaction. But astronomers are seldom overwhelmed by speculation, even their own, and solid observational work has confirmed or refuted such speculation, without regard to its plausibility. For instance, binarity has been found where it was perhaps least expected, in Barium stars, and refuted where it could most reasonably be expected, in Wolf-Rayets. Unfortunately, many other classes of potential binaries remain without the clearest evidence of binarity, for instance Be stars, symbiotics and blue stragglers. This Advanced Study Institute was held to commemorate John Whelan (1945-1981), whose scientific career, sadly cut short in its prime, did much to further the careful study, theoretical and observational, of close binaries, as well as to encourage the spirit of international friendship and collaboration. His own interests covered a greater field, but "Interacting Binaries" seemed a reasonable restriction. We publish here 15 review talks, which still do not cover the whole topic, although they range widely.

Spectral line formation theory is at the heart of astrophysical diagnostic. Our knowledge of abundances, in both stellar and interstellar contexts, comes almost enti­ rely from line analysis, as does a major fraction of our ability to model stellar atmospheres. As new facets of the universe become observable so the techniques of high reso­ lution spectroscopy are brought to bear, with great reward. Improved instruments, such as echelle spectrographs, employ­ ing detectors of high quantum efficiency, have revolutioned our ability to observe high quality line profiles, although until now this ability has been confined to the brightest stars. Fabry-Perot interferometers and their modern deriva­ tives are bringing new ranges of resolving power to studies of atomic and ionic interstellar lines, and of course radio techniques imply exceedingly high resolution for the cool interstellar medium of molecules and radicals. Telescopes in space are extending the spectral range of these types of observations. Already the Copernicus and IUE high resolution spectrographs have given us a tantalizing glimmer of what it will be like to obtain ultraviolet spectra with resolution and signal to noise ratio approaching those obtainable on the ground. Fairly soon Space Telescope will be producing high resolution spectroscopic data of unparal­ leled quali ty and distance range. As often happens in astro­ physics the challenge is now coming from the observers to the theorists to provide interpretational tools which are adequate to the state of the data.

and In the IAU Symposium of 1979 devoted to interstellar molecules [8]. Excellent relevant monographs [ 9. 10] . related timely proceedings [ 11] . and recently published elementary textbooks [12. 13] further help to define the pedagogical scope of molecular astrophysics. A significant financial investment has been made in the establishment of ground- and satellite-based observationai facilities for molecuiar astrophysical studies. In the coming years. a wealth of experimental data is bound to accumulate. in which connection close interactions between observers. astrophysical modeliers. and molecular physicists and chemists can play a helpful role in analysis and interpretation. In view of the increasing pace of activity in the field of molecular astrophysics. and in the apparent absence of relevant international meetings since the Liege 1977 and IAU 1979 Symposia. it was deemed appropriate and timely by the organizers to hold a workshop in 1984. Consequently. the NATO Advanced Research Workshop. "Molecular Astrophysics State of the Art and Future Directions". was organized and held at Bad Wlndshelm. West Germany. from 8 to 14 July 1984. The choice of speakers and subject matter of the Workshop was largely subjective. but designed to include most of the generally accepted areas of molecular astrophysical study. Workers from the fields of radio. infrared. and uv-optlcal observations. astrophysical modelling. laboratory spectroscopy. reaction chemistry. collision physics. and theoretical molecular physics and chemistry. were Invited to present survey lectures In their areas of speciality. In addition.

I - PRIMORDIAL NUCLEOSYNTHESIS 1 --. -~-~----,---,-. --------- H. Reeves Primordial nucleosynthesis in 1985 3 The puzzle of lithium in evolved stars H. Reeves 13 High energy particles in dark molecular H. Reeves clouds 23 P. Delbourgo-Salvador, G. Malinie, J. Audouze Standard big bang nucleosynthesis and 3 chemical evolution of D and He 27 G. steigman, D. S. P. Dearborn, D. N. Schramm The survival of Helium,3 in stars 37 G. steigroan How degenerate can we be ? 45 J. Audouze, D. Lindley, J. Silk 3 Early-photoproduction of D and He and pregalactic nucleosynthesis of the light elements 57 R. Schaeffer, P. Delbourgo-Salvador, J. Audouze Influence of quark nuggets on primordial nucleosynthesis 65 T. P. Walker, E. W. Kolb, M. S. Turner Primordi. al nucleosynthesis with generic part. icles 71 D. N. Schramm Dark matter and cosmological nucleosynthesis 79 B. J. Carr Nucleosynthetic consequences of population [II stars W. Glatzel 87 vi CONTENTS 95 I I -EXPWSIVE OBJECTS J. W. Truran Nucleosynthesis accompanying classical nova outbursts 97 M. Wiescher, J. GOrres, P. -K. Thielemann, H. Ritter Reaction rates in the RP-process and nucleosynthesis in novae 105 Type I supernovae ll3 J. C. Wheeler R. canal, J. lsern, J. Labay, R. Lbpez Nucleosynthesis and type I supernovae 121 P. -K. Thielemann, K. Nomoto, K. Yokoi EXplosive nucleosynthesis in carbon deflagration models of type I supernovae 131 E. Mi. iller, Y. Eriquchi Differentially rotating equilibrium models and the collapse of rotating degenerate configurations 143 S. E. WOOsley, T. A.

In the four decades since its discovery nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has become an indispensable tool for obtaining chemical information often. inaccessible by other methods. With the development of instruments of increasingly higher magnetic field strengths, the integration of powerful computers and the availability of an expanding array of flexible software new applications and developments have proliferated rapidly. Among the more exciting new advances is the use of NMR spectroscopy to probe biological systems. The last ten years have witnessed tremendous progress in the development of new NMR imaging and spectroscopic techniques for research and diagnostic applications. The ability to investigate metabolic processes and anatomical structure of intact biological systems under conditions that are totally non-destructive and non-invasive clearly provides much of the impetus for the intense activity that has been generated in the fields of medicine, radiology and the allied basic sciences. Significant advances have been made in this brief period: Whole-body proton NMR imaging today provides anatomical definition of normal and abnormal tissue with a contrast and detection sensitivity often superior to those of X-ray computed tomography and other competing imaging methods. Biochemical pathways, using NMR spectroscopy of protons, carbon-13 and phosphorus-31 nuclei in live animals and man can readily be followed by surface-coil methods to detect metabolites in localized regions. Indicative of the importance and widespread acceptance of these techniques is the explosive growth that the NMR literature is experiencing. This augers well for the future.

A NATO Advanced Study Institute on Nonlinear Functional Analysis and Its Applications was held in Hotel Villa del Mare, Maratea, It.a1y during April 22 - May 3, 1985. This volume consists of the Proceedings of the Institute. These Proceedings include the invited lectures and contributed papers given during the Institute. The papers have been refereed. The aim of these lectures was to bring together recent and up-to-date development of the subject, and to give directions for future research. The main topics covered include: degree and generalized degree theory, results related to Hamiltonian Systems, Fixed Point theory, linear and nonlinear Differential and Partial Differential Equations, Theory of Nielsen Numbers, and applications to Dynamical Systems, Bifurcation Theory, Hamiltonian Systems, Minimax Theory, Heat Equations, Pendulum Equation, Nonlinear Boundary Value Problems, and Dirichlet and Neumann problems for elliptic equations and the periodic Dirichlet problem for semilinear beam equations. I express my sincere thanks to Professors F. E. Browder, R. Conti, A. Do1d, D. E. Edmunds and J. Mawhin members of the Advisory Committee.

This volume contains the invited papers presented at the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on "Stochasticity and Intramolecular Redistribution of Energy" held in Orsay (France) from June 23 to July 3, 1986. The Work­ shop brought together leading researchers involved in the experimental and the theoretical studies of vibrational energy flow and relaxation in activated polyatomic molecules. The recent experimental developments in this area include the study of ultracold molecules in supersonic beams and the development of high resolution (frequency domain) and ultrafast (time domain) spectroscopic techniques. On the theoretical side the intro­ duction of statistical methods (random matrix theory, reduced equations of motion) and efficient numerical algorithms provide an adequate frame­ work for the interpretation of vibrational dynamics in large polyatomic molecules. Classical, semiclassical and quantum calculations on simple model systems show the existence of regular and chaotic regions in the phase space. The articles in this volume provide an updated review of the current status of experimental studies and the relevance of the recent theoretical developments to their interpretation. We wish to thank the organizations which made this workshop possible. NATO prov ided the basic grant. We acknowledge the essential contribu­ tion of the late Dr Mario di Lullo in providing pertinent advice. The gen­ erous support of the U. S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, the U. S.