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This volume contains several contributions among those held at the fourth Course of the International School of Applied Geophysics, Erice, March 15-24, 1982. The content has been arranged according to the three main topics covered during the course: the goedynamic models, the contribution of geophysics to their construction and the optimization and constrains of the exploration methods. At the end of the volume, four short notes are published, written by participants to the course and related to the general subject. It is regrettable that not all the lectures and discussions are available for publication in this volume. However, it is hoped that the papers presented here will stimulate further discussions and suggest new topics for future meetings. R.Cassinis v CONTENTS 1 Introductory note R Cassinis Global seismology and the investigation of deep 5 continental structure G Nolet The relation between superficial and deep structure of 23 the Caucasus region and possible geodynamic model V N Sholpo Seismicity and crustal structure in the Italian region: 53 a preliminary zoning R Cassinis 93 Structure seismology I P Kosminskaya Main features of crustal structures in mediterranean 113 collisional zones P Giese Potentia~ and constraints of near vertical reflection 133 seismics in non-sedimentary deep formations K Helbig and J Schmoll Geoelectrical deep explorations by means of direct currents L Alfano 179 Reflection profiling of the continental crust R Phinney Evidence for a strong crust-mantle boundary undulation in the TYrrhenian sea from a refraction seismic 183 survey C B!)ttcher

The influence of compounds in the environment on the chemistry of plants is a topic which has economic and scientific implications of global importance. Selected presentations in this symposium covered several topics within this immense field, inclusive of air, soil, and aquatic sources of the compounds. As demonstrated in Chapter 4 by O'Keeffe et al. we have not restricted the discussion solely to negative aspects of anthropogenic compounds. Nor could we begin to cover comprehensively all major classes of environmental compounds in the air, soil or water that may have an effect on the phytochemistry of plants. Our intent was to focus on some of the timely and well publicized environmental constituents such as ozone, sulfur dioxide, acid rain, and others, to provide an authoritative publication specifically related to environ­ mental modifications of plant chemistry. The concept of this symposium originated with the Executive Committee of the Phytochemical Society of North America in 1983. It was brought to fruition during July 13-17, 1986 on the campus of the University of Maryland at the annual meeting of the PSNA through the efforts of the Symposium Committee composed of James A. Saunders and Lynn Kosak-Channing. Financial support for this meeting was provided by the Phytochemical Society of North America, as well as by generous contributions from E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company and the U. S. Department of Agriculture. The Organizing Committee, consisting of J. A. Saunders (Chair), J. M. Gillespie, L. Kosak-Channing, E. H. Lee, J. P.

Saponins and Plant Defense; A.E. Osbourn, et al. Role of Toxins in Plant Microbial Interactions; S.P. McCormick, et al. Active Oxygen in Fungal Pathogenesis of Plants; The Role of Cercosporin in Cercospora Diseases; M.E. Daub, et al. Tree-Fungus Interactions in Ectomycorrhizal Symbiosis; R.T. Koide. Allelochemicals in Root Exudates of Maize: Effects on Root Lesion Nematode Pratylenchus Zeae; A. Friebe, et al. Chemical Signals in the Plant-Nematde Interaction: A Complex System? G. Gheysen. Salicylic Acid-Mediated Signal Transduction in Plant Disease Resistance; D.F. Klessig, et al. Biosynthesis of Rhizobial Exopolysaccharides and Their Role in the Root Nodule Symbiosis of Leguminous Plants; W.A.T. van Workum, J.W. Kijne. Flavonoids as Regulators of Plant Development: New Insights from Studies of Plant-Rhizobia Interactions; H.P. Spaink. Fatty Acid-Derived Signaling Molecules in the Interaction of Plants with Their Environment; E.W. Weiler, et al. Interactions BetweenAgrobacterium Tumefacients and Plant Cells; P. Bundock, P. Hooykaas. Wound and Defense Responses in Cassava as Related to Post-Harvest Physiological Deterioration; J.R. Beeching, et al. Index.

Pattern Formation in the Vertebrate CNS: Hox Gene Function and the Development of the Head; M. Mark, et al. Genetic Mechanisms Responsible for Pattern Formation in the Vertebrate Hindbrain: Regulation of Hoxb1; M. Studer, et al. Pax Genes as Pleiotropic Regulators of Embryonic Development; P. Tremblay, et al. Introduction and the Generation of Regional and Cellular Diversity in the Developing Mammalian Brain; A.S. LaMantia. Genetic Determinants of Neural Cell Fate: Potential Role of Homeobox Genes in Neural Cell Differentiation; M. Gulisano, et al. Multiple Roles for Proneural Genes in Drosophila Neurogenesis; A.P. Jarman, Y.N. Jan. Genetic Analysis of Neuronal Migration in The Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans; G. Garriga. Induction and Differentiation of Motor Neurons; S.L. Pfaff, et al. Neural Cell Differentiation: Neuronal Development in the Rat Sympathoadrenal Lineage; S.J. Birren, et al. Specification of Cell Fate in the Vertebrate Retina; C.P. Austin. Neurotrophins and Trk Receptors in Hippocampal Development; D. Collazo, R. McKay. 8 additional articles. Index.

Phospholipases A2: Brain Phospholipases and their Role in Signal Transduction; A.A. Farooqui, et al. Cell Signaling and Essential Fatty Acids: Reciprocal Regulation of Fatty Acid Release in the Brain by GABA and Glutamate; D.L. Birkle Metabolites of Essential Fatty Acids and Other MembraneDerived Second Messengers in Cell Signaling: A Role for the Arachidonic Acid Cascade in Fast Synaptic Modulation A. Volterra, et al. Dietary Supply of Essential Fatty Acids, Synaptogenesis, and Photoreceptor Biogenesis: Network of Signal Transduction Pathways Involving Lipids; R. Bell et al. Essential Fatty Acids, Excitable Membrane Phospholipids, and Pathophysiology: Conservation of Docosahexaenoic Acid in the Retina; R.E. Anderson, et al. Essential Fatty Acids and Excitable Membrane Phospholipids: Disposition Kinetics of Phospholipid Liposomes; P. Palatini 32 additional articles. Index.