Bøger i Springer Geophysics serien

Here we present a nearly complete treatment of the Grand Universe of linear and weakly nonlinear regression models within the first 8 chapters. Our point of view is both an algebraic view as well as a stochastic one. For example, there is an equivalent lemma between a best, linear uniformly unbiased estimation (BLUUE) in a Gauss-Markov model and a least squares solution (LESS) in a system of linear equations. While BLUUE is a stochastic regression model, LESS is an algebraic solution. In the first six chapters we concentrate on underdetermined and overdeterimined linear systems as well as systems with a datum defect. We review estimators/algebraic solutions of type MINOLESS, BLIMBE, BLUMBE, BLUUE, BIQUE, BLE, BIQUE and Total Least Squares. The highlight is the simultaneous determination of the first moment and the second central moment of a probability distribution in an inhomogeneous multilinear estimation by the so called E-D correspondence as well as its Bayes design. In addition, we discuss continuous networks versus discrete networks, use of Grassmann-Pluecker coordinates, criterion matrices of type Taylor-Karman as well as FUZZY sets. Chapter seven is a speciality in the treatment of an overdetermined system of nonlinear equations on curved manifolds. The von Mises-Fisher distribution is characteristic for circular or (hyper) spherical data. Our last chapter eight is devoted to probabilistic regression, the special Gauss-Markov model with random effects leading to estimators of type BLIP and VIP including Bayesian estimation. The fifth problem of algebraic regression, the system of conditional equations of homogeneous and inhomogeneous type, is formulated. An analogue is the inhomogeneous general linear Gauss-Markov model with fixed and random effects, also called mixed model. Collocation is an example. Another speciality is our sixth problem of probabilistic regression, the model "e;errors-in-variable"e;, also called Total Least Squares, namely SIMEX and SYMEX developed by Carroll-Cook-Stefanski-Polzehl-Zwanzig. Another speciality is the treatment of the three-dimensional datum transformation and its relation to the Procrustes Algorithm. The sixth problem of generalized algebraic regression is the system of conditional equations with unknowns, also called Gauss-Helmert model. A new method of an algebraic solution technique, the concept of Groebner Basis and Multipolynomial Resultant is finally presented, illustrating polynomial nonlinear equations. A great part of the work is presented in four Appendices. Appendix A is a treatment, of tensor algebra, namely linear algebra, matrix algebra and multilinear algebra. Appendix B is devoted to sampling distributions and their use in terms of confidence intervals and confidence regions. Appendix C reviews the elementary notions of statistics, namely random events and stochastic processes. Appendix D introduces the basics of Groebner basis algebra, its careful definition, the Buchberger Algorithm, especially the C. F. Gauss combinatorial algorithm Throughout we give numerous examples and present various test computations. Our reference list includes more than 3000 references, books and papers. This book is a source of knowledge and inspiration not only for geodesists and mathematicians, but also for engineers in general, as well as natural scientists and economists. Inference on effects which result in observations via linear and nonlinear functions is a general task in science. The authors provide a comprehensive in-depth treatise on the analysis and solution of such problems. I wish all readers of this brilliant encyclopaedic book this pleasure and much benefit. Prof. Dr. Harro WalkInstitute of Stochastics and Applications, Universitat Stuttgart, Germany.

The book integrates theory, numerical methods, and practical applications seamlessly. MATLAB and MathCad programs are provided for readers to master the theory, understand the approach, and to further develop and apply the methods to geological problems. Multiscale and multi-physics investigations of Earth and planetary processes have been an active trend of research in Earth Sciences, thanks to the development of scientific computation and computer software and hardware. Based on the author's research and teaching over the past 15 years, the book stands alone as the first comprehensive text in unifying fundamental continuum micromechanics theory, geometric/kinematic analysis, and applications. The book should appeal to a broad audience of students and researchers, particularly those in the fields of structural geology, tectonics, (natural and experimental) rock deformation, mineral physics and rheology, and numerical modeling of multiscale and coupling processes.

In closing, the book provides a detailed treatment of two essential research problems: 1) long-term forecasting for regional energy markets, and 2) the quantitative assessment of a) the barriers that are likely to hinder energy sector development and b) strategic-level energy security threats.

This book provides a review of thermal ice drilling technologies, including the design, parameters, and performance of various tools and drills for making holes in ice sheets, ice caps, mountain glaciers, ice shelves, and sea ice.

This book provides an essential appraisal of the recent advances in technologies, mathematical models and computational software used by those working with geodetic data.

This book deals primarily with the aspects of advances in near surface geophysical data modeling, different interpretation techniques, new ideas and an integrated study to delineate the subsurface structures.

This book offers a collection of papers presented in the International Conference on Geomagnetism, Paleomagnetism and Rock Magnetism held in Kazan (Russia) in October 2017.

This book presents a comprehensive selection of applications employed in environmental remote sensing using optical and thermal infrared satellite-sensors aiming to map natural resources, crops, groundwater, surface water, aquatic ecosystem, land degradation, air quality, renewable energy, regional resources, and climate-related geophysical processes. The technologies presented in this book also include satellite images, space-borne radar sensors focusing on the most versatile one, data from synthetic aperture radar (SAR), scatterometers and radar altimeters in Egypt. This volume also presents a thorough explanation of the remote sensing role showing physical fundamentals of the climate change phenomenon including gas emissions, and the impact on resources concerning the sustainable development of Egypt. Besides, the book includes an analysis of oil pollution in both Mediterranean and Red Seas This book is intended for environmental policymakers working in Egypt as well as scientists working with remote sensing technologies in highly populated arid regions.

Based on geological fracture mechanisms and fracture boundary conditions, it presents new finite-difference equations for the simulation of seismic wave responses to geological fractures, and proposes innovative AVO inversion equations for the accurate estimation of the rock properties of the fractured medium.

This book presents maps of Antarctica, exploring various aspects of its disturbing geopotential and based on the EIGEN 6C4 model, arguably the best gravitational field model currently available.

This book offers a practical approach to ionosphere dependent systems design and engineering. It presents aspects of ionospheric prediction and forecasting relevant for space weather phenomena and their effects on new technologies.

In this book, the fundamental knowledge involved in petroleum & gas development engineering, such as physical and chemical phenomena, physical processes and the relationship between physical factors is covered.

This book introduces a methodology for solving the seismic inverse problem using purely numerical solutions built on 3D wave equations and which is free of the approximations or simplifications that are common in classical seismic inversion methodologies and therefore applicable to arbitrary 3D geological media and seismic source models.

This book provides a review of mechanical ice drillingtechnology, including the design, parameters, and performance of various toolsand drills for making holes in snow, firn and ice.

This book examines how different sources and physical mechanisms affect ULF/ELF effects. It investigates non seismic prediction of impending natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcano eruptions and tsunamis.

This thorough book describes data gathering equipment and field-sites, industrial and natural interference, typical results and common obstacles to measurement. Covers representative results, unusual radio signals in extremely low frequency bands and more.

The fundamentals of methods in nuclear geophysics and their practical applications in engineering geology, hydrology, hydrogeology, agriculture and environmental science are discussed in this book.

Multiscale Seismic Tomography

This book offers a thorough treatment of the 'Grand Universe' of linear and weakly nonlinear regression models, from an algebraic view as well as a stochastic one. Includes examples and test computations, and a bibliography with more than 2000 references.

This book provides information and tools necessary to bridge and integrate the knowledge gaps related to the acquisition and processing of archaeological data, specifically in the field of preventive diagnostics, urban centers, archaeological parks and historical monuments, through activities that involve the application of non-invasive diagnostic detection systems, in the field of applied geophysics. The principal aim of this book is to define a tool for experts that work in the frame of Cultural Heritage and to identify a procedure of intervention transferable and usable in different geographical contexts and areas of investigations: it could help to decide the better technique of investigation to apply in relation to the predictive characteristics of the archaeological site and the objectives of the survey. The book is divided in two parts. The first one explains the theory of ground high resolution penetrating radar (GPR), electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), controlled source electromagnetism system, differential magnetic method and the scenario of integrated methods of different geophysical techniques. Each section covers the basic theory (complete description of the physical parameters involved in the method), field instruments (description of all systems actually offered by commercial companies), field techniques (presentation of the main procedures and setting parameters used to explore the ground surface during data acquisition), techniques of data processing and representation (main processing routines and comparison between different techniques; presentation of different typologies of graphical representation), and the possibility and limitations of methods (explanation of best and worst conditions of implementation of the geophysical technique in relation to the contrasts between archaeological features and the natural background and the features of the instruments and arrays). The second part describes some applications of geophysical prospection to Cultural Heritage in detailed case histories, divided in sections relative to monuments, historical buildings, urban centres, archaeological parks and ancient viability. Moreover, examples of integration of three-dimensional reliefs and geophysical diagnostic of a monuments and studies of large scale reconnaissance implemented into a Geographical Information System are treated. In each case study the authors cover the description of the archaeological or historical contest; an explanation of the problem to solve; a choice of the geophysical methods; the setting of the procedure of data acquisition; techniques of data processing; a representation, interpretation, and discussion of the results.

This book provides a practical guide to applying soft-computing methods to interpret geophysical data. It discusses the design of neural networks with Matlab for geophysical data, as well as fuzzy logic and neuro-fuzzy concepts and their applications.

This book describes essential concepts of, and the status quo in, the field of ionospheric space weather.

This book focuses on essential theories, methods and techniques in the field of environmental and engineering geophysics that can contribute to resource detection and environmental protection.

This book provides an essential appraisal of the recent advances in technologies, mathematical models and computational software used by those working with geodetic data.

It covers the properties of reservoir rocks and fluids, the related methods of determining these properties, the phase behavior of hydrocarbon mixtures, the microscopic mechanism of fluids flowing through reservoir rocks, and the primary theories and methods of enhancing oil recovery.