Bøger i SpringerBriefs in Physics serien

This book describes the state-of-the-art in the emerging field of optical trapping of ions, as well as the most recent advances enabling the use of this technique as a versatile tool for novel investigations in atomic physics.

This book addresses the basic physical phenomenon of small-angle scattering (SAS) of neutrons, x-rays or light from complex hierarchical nano- and micro-structures.

This book begins with a brief historical review of the early applications of standard dispersion relations in particle physics.

This book introduces recent advances in the deterministic design of photonic structures, which overcome the current limitation in conventional disordered materials. It develops new concepts for disordered photonics inspired by notions in quantum mechanics, solid-state physics, mathematics and network theory, such as isospectrality, supersymmetry, graph network, small-world, de Broglie-Bohm theory, and parity-time symmetry.The multidisciplinary approach based on the core concepts of isospectrality (Chapter 2) and metadisorder (Chapter 3) offers a new perspective on the design methodology in photonics and in general disordered structures toward top-down designs of future photonic applications: perfect bandgap with strong modal localization, switching of random waves for binary and fuzzy logics, photonic analogy of graph networks, interdimensional signal transport, robust wave functions in disordered structures, and a novel method of energy storage and phase trapping based on Bohmian photonics. This book will provide new design criteria for physicists and engineers in photonics, and inspirations for researchers in other fields.

Quantum Brownian motion represents a paradigmatic model of open quantum system, namely a system inextricably coupled to the surrounding environment. Such a model is largely used in physics, for instance in quantum foundations to approach in a quantitative manner the quantum-to-classical transition, but also for more practical purposes as the estimation of decoherence in quantum optics experiments.This book presents the main techniques aimed to treat the dynamics of the quantum Brownian particle: Born-Markov master equation, Lindblad equation and Heisenberg equations formalism. Particular attention is given to the interaction between the particle and the bath depends non-linearly on the position of the former. This generalization corresponds to the case in which the bath is not homogeneous. An immediate application is the Bose polaron, specifically an impurity embedded in an ultracold gas.

This primer thoroughly covers the fundamentals needed to understand the interaction of light with magnetically ordered matter and it focuses on "cavity optomagnonics" which is a topic undergoing intense study in current research.The book is unique in combining elements of electromagnetism, quantum magnetism, and quantum optics and it is intended for advanced undergraduate or graduate students.

This book presents the underlying physical picture and an overview of the state of the art of femtosecond supercontinuum generation in various transparent solid-state media, ranging from wide-bandgap dielectrics to semiconductor materials, and across various parts of the optical spectrum, from the ultraviolet to the mid-infrared.

This book explains and develops the Dirac equation in the context of general relativistic quantum mechanics in a range of spacetime dimensions.

This text offers a brief introduction to the dispersion relations as an approach to calculate S-matrix elements, a formalism that allows one to take advantage of the analytical structure of scattering amplitudes following the basic principles of unitarity and causality.First, the case of two-body scattering is considered and then its contribution to other processes through final-state interactions is discussed. For two-body scattering amplitudes, the general expression for a partial-wave amplitude is derived in the approximation where the crossed channel dynamics is neglected. This is taken as the starting point for many interesting nonperturbative applications, both in the light and heavy quark sector. Subsequently crossed channel dynamics is introduced within the equations for calculating the partial-wave amplitudes. Some applications based on methods that treat crossed-channel dynamics perturbatively are discussed too.The last part of this introductory treatment is dedicated to the further impact of scattering amplitudes on a variety of processes through final-state interactions. Several possible approaches are discussed such as the Muskhelishvili-Omnes dispersive integral equations and other closed formulae. These different formalisms are then applied in particular to the study of resonances presenting a number of challenging properties. The book ends with a chapter illustrating the use of dispersion relations in the nuclear medium for the evaluation of the energy density in nuclear matter.

Based on Prof. Lüst's Masters course at the University of Munich, this book begins with a short introduction to general relativity. It then presents black hole solutions, and discusses Penrose diagrams, black hole thermodynamics and entropy, the Unruh effect, Hawking radiation, the black hole information problem, black holes in supergravity and string theory, the black hole microstate counting in string theory, asymptotic symmetries in general relativity, and a particular quantum model for black holes. The book offers an up-to-date summary of all the pertinent questions in this highly active field of physics, and is ideal reading for graduate students and young researchers.

Field theory, relying on the concept of continuous space and time while confronted with the quantum physical nature of observable quantities, still has some fundamental challenges to face. One such challenge is to understand the emergence of complexity in the behavior of interacting elementary fields, including among other things nontrivial phase structures of elementary matter at high energy density or an atypical emergence of statistical properties, e.g., when an apparent temperature is proportional to a constant acceleration in a homogeneous gravitational field. Most modern textbooks on thermal field theory are mainly concerned with how the field theory formalism should be used if a finite temperature is given. In contrast, this short primer explores how the phenomenon of temperature emerges physically for elementary fields - inquiring about the underlying kinetic field theory and the way energy fluctuations and other noise should be handled - and it investigates whether and how this harmonizes with traditional field theory concepts like spectral evolution, the Keldysh formalism, and phase transitions.

It introduces the standard model of cosmology, astronuclear reactions, numerical techniques for nucleosynethsis, and describes in detail the theories that go beyond the standard models, enabling readers to grasp the physics of big-bang nucleosynthesis on the basis of cosmology, general relativity and nuclear physics.

This book offers a guided tour through the mathematical habitat of noncommutative geometry a la Connes, deliberately unveiling the answers to these questions. After a brief preface flashing the panorama of the spectral approach, a concise primer on spectral triples is given.

At the core of this book lies the sum rule approach to obtain analytic results in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), the current theory of strong interactions among quarks and gluons. This method fully complements Lattice QCD, the corresponding computational approach based on discretizing QCD on a space-time lattice.

In this Brief, authors introduce the advance in theoretical and experimental techniques for determining the thermal conductivity in nanomaterials, and focus on review of their recent theoretical studies on the thermal properties of silicon-based nanomaterials, such as zero-dimensional silicon nanoclusters, one-dimensional silicon nanowires, and graphenelike two-dimensional silicene. The specific subject matters covered include: size effect of thermal stability and phonon thermal transport in spherical silicon nanoclusters, surface effects of phonon thermal transport in silicon nanowires, and defects effects of phonon thermal transport in silicene. The results obtained are supplemented by numerical calculations, presented as tables and figures. The potential applications of these findings in nanoelectrics and thermoelectric energy conversion are also discussed. In this regard, this Brief represents an authoritative, systematic, and detailed description of the current status of phonon thermal transport in silicon-based nanomaterials. This Brief should be a highly valuable reference for young scientists and postgraduate students active in the fields of nanoscale thermal transport and silicon-based nanomaterials.

This book is an introduction to quantum Markov chains and explains how this concept is connected to the question of how well a lost quantum mechanical system can be recovered from a correlated subsystem.

This book summarizes a number of fundamental developments at the interface of granular crystals and the mathematical and computational analysis of some of their key localized nonlinear wave solutions.

This book focuses on the development and set-up of fibre Bragg grating (FBG) and no-core fibre (NCF) sensors. In addition to providing detailed explanations of the properties of FBG and NCF sensors, it features a wealth of instructive illustrations and tables, helping to visualize the respective devices' functions.

Simple sketches and photos from actual space missions illustrate the main content. This book allows readers to understand the space environment that astronauts experience on board space stations, and to more closely follow on-going and future space missions in Earth orbit and to Mars.

The interaction of mesoscopic interior boundaries of the material, including the fractal nature of interior boundaries, the oscillatory nature of it interaction and also the stochastic model of the interior boundaries' interaction, the genesis, structure, and properties are discussed.

This book discusses modern approaches and challenges of computer-aided design (CAD) of quantum circuits with a view to providing compact representations of quantum functionality.

This book presents the Projective approach to de Sitter Relativity. In this volume a systematic presentation is given of the De Sitter Projective relativity, with the recent developments in projective general relativity and quantum cosmology.

This book addresses the important physical phenomenon of Surface Plasmon Resonance or Surface Plasmon Polaritons in thin metal films, a phenomenon which is exploited in the design of a large variety of physico-chemical optical sensors.

This book reflects the resurgence of interest in the quantum properties of black holes, culminating most recently in controversial discussions about firewalls.

Quantum correlations are not restricted to the well known entanglement investigated in Bell-type experiments. After giving a general introduction to the concept of quantum correlations and their role in quantum information theory, the author describes a number of pertinent results and their implications.

This book continues the fundamental work of Arnold Sommerfeld and David Hestenes formulating theoretical physics in terms of Minkowski space-time geometry.

This book presents a high-level study of cosmology with interacting dark energy and no additional fields. The present text studies the cosmological implications of this circumstance by analyzing cosmological models in which the dark energy density interacts with matter and thus changes with the time.