Bøger i Theory and Decision Library serien

I: A Unified Utilitarian Theory.- 1 Introduction.- 1.1 Utilitarian Theories.- 1.2 A New Scientific Approach to Utilitarianism.- 1.3 Difficulties with Utilitarianism.- 1.4 Deduction and Statistics.- 1.5 The Importance of Normative Ethics.- 1.6 Moral Philosophy and Social Philosophy.- 1.7 The Scope of This Book.- 2 A Particular Interpretation of Utilitarianism.- 2.1 The Problem of Interpretation.- 2.2 Good and Right - Positive and Negative Duties.- 2.3 The Flexible Nature of Morality and a Classification of Situations of Action.- 2.4 Schism of Utilitarianism and Interpretation of the Ultimate Criterion.- 2.5 Implications of Flexibility and Reformulation of Utilitarianism.- 2.6 The Importance of Virtues.- 3 Basic Principles.- 3.1 Basic Principles.- 3.2 Prima Facie Nature.- 3.3 Strictness of Rules in Ethical Theories.- 3.4 The Principle of Utility.- 3.5 The Principle of Nature.- 3.6 Principle of Coexistence.- 4 A Theory of Value.- 4.1 Establishing a Theory of Value.- 4.2 The Problem of Determination of Utility and Value.- 4.3 Classification of Values.- 4.4 Clarification of Some Concepts Related to Utility.- 4.5 Definition of Utility.- 4.6 General Properties of Value.- 4.7 Comparison with Existing Theories of Value.- 4.8 On Right, Obligatory and Ought.- 5 Decision-Making and Moral Action.- 5.1 The Nature of Decision-Making.- 5.2 Applications of Decision-Making.- 5.3 Additive and Multiplicative Weights.- 5.4 Feeling of Moral Satisfaction as a Decisive Factor in Moral Decision-Making.- 5.5 Decision-Making under Conditions of Uncertainty.- 5.6 Utility and Utility Functions.- 5.7 Clarification of the Concepts of Value and Utility.- 5.8 A Mathematical Model for Moral Decision-Making.- 6 Moral Judgment and Justification.- 6.1 The Statistical Nature of Moral Judgment.- 6.2 Value of Moral Principle, Virtue, or Moral Rule.- 6.3 Value of Consequences of a Moral Action.- 6.4 Moral Value of the Feeling of Moral Satisfaction.- 6.5 Value of Motive or Intention.- 6.6 Value of a Moral Action.- 6.7 Value of a Person.- 6.8 Justification for Moral Judgment.- 6.9 On Mill's "Proof" of the Principle of Utility.- 6.10 An Answer to "Why Do We Take Moral Actions?".- 7 Comparisons with Other Theories.- 7.1 Comparison of the Unified Utilitarian Theory with Existing Forms of Utilitarianism.- 7.2 Brief Comparison of Utilitarianism and Deontologism.- 7.3 Defense of Utilitarianism Against Charges Raised by Rights-Theorists and Other Nonutilitarianism.- 7.4 Arguments Against Rights-Theory.- 7.5 Utilitarian Interpretation of Absolute Rights.- 8 Summary, Refutation of Objections, and a General View.- 8.1 Summary of the Unified Utilitarian Theory.- 8.2 Refutation of Objections to Utilitarianism.- 8.3 Compatibility of Utilitarianism with the Principle of Justice.- 8.4 A New Look at Moral Philosophy.- 8.5 Scientific Approach and Systems Theory.- II: A Utilitarian Theory of Distributive Justice.- 9 The General Distribution Problem and Distributive Justice.- 9.1 Various Distribution Problems.- 9.2 Income and Wealth.- 9.3 Freedom, Right, Conflict and Justice.- 9.4 Equality As a Crude Criterion for the Resolution of Conflict.- 9.5 Existing Views of Distributive Justice.- 9.6 A Utilitarian Theory of Distributive Justice.- 10 Maximization of Utility and the Objective Function.- 10.1 The Other Sense of Utility and Marginal Utility.- 10.2 Law of Diminishing Incremental Interest.- 10.3 Utility of Money Versus von Neumann-Morgenstern Utility.- 10.4 A General Utility Function.- 10.5 Interpersonal Comparisons of Utility.- 10.6 On Normalization and Terminal Utilities.- 10.7 On Recent Developments in Utility and Risk Theory.- 10.8 The Social Welfare Function as an Objective Function.- 11 The Constraint.- 11.1 Optimization and Constraint.- 11.2 Comments on Pareto Optimality as a Constraint.- 11.3 Comments on Rawls' Difference Principle.- 11.4 Constant Total Value as a Constraint.- 11.5 The Dynamic Nature of Distribution.- 11.6 Utilitarianism Is Not Indifferent to Distribution.- 1...

The reality around us constantly demonstrates physical and social processes in which the interests of the participants are not diametrically opposed, though they by no means always coincide.

This work is part of the general state-sponsored strategy of economic development which is dis cussed and laid down by the Congresses of the CPSU (Communist Party of the Soviet Union) and is then translated into concrete decisions of the government and other bodies of economic and regional management.

This book reports our research on detection of change processes that underlie psychophysical, learning, medical diagnosis, military, and pro duction control situations, and share three major features.

And in modern times, there is in some societies a struggle between those who are exploited and oppressed at the same time and those who at the same time exploit and oppress.

This book has been written primarily for the applied and social scientist and student who longs for an integrated picture of the foundations on which his research must ultimately rest;

Under the title 'Information, Inference and Decision' this volume in the Theory and Decision Library presents some papers on issues from the borderland of statistical inference philosophy and epistemology, written by statisticians and decision theorists who belonged or are allied to the former Saarbriicken school of statistical decision theory.

To construct a model one abstracts from the unimportant features of that reality and replaces it by a formal structure, whose properties, explicitly assumed or logically de ducible from the stated assumptions, correspond to the interesting relationships of the reality being studied.

My interest in non-Archimedean utility theory and the problems related to it was aroused by discussions which I have had with Professors Werner Leinfellner and Gunter Menges.

The depth, intensity, and long-standing nature of the disagreements between differing schools of social thought renders more critical than ever the treatment of dialectical reasoning and its relationship to the social sciences.

Behavior settings are the natural units of social activity into which people sort themselves to get on with the busi ness of daily life--grocery stores, school classes, reI i gious services, meetings, athletic events, and so on.

Our interest in problems of aggregation originates from about seven years ago when we became involved in research in the field of applied microeconomics. one abstains from aggregation to avoid loss of information, to avoid aggregation biases and one aggregates such and to such degree as to bypass or reduce the drawbacks mentioned above.

This book is devoted to the problems of stochastic (or probabilistic) programming. In the conclusion of the chapter consideration is given to: the transport problem with random data, the problem of the determination of production volume, and the problem of planning the flights of aircraft as two-stage stochastic programming problems.

This book offers a unified treatment of my research in the foundations of expected utility theory from around 1965 to 1980. The numbers for theorems cited within a chapter have no prefix if they appear in that chapter, but otherwise carry a chapter prefix (Theorem 3.2 is Theorem 2 in Chapter 3).

It followed the major breakthrough of decision theory that came with von Neumann and Morgenstern's Theory of Games and Economic Behavior in 1944. Psychologists became interested in studying how people's decision behavior agreed with what was prescribed by the theory.

Proceedings of a Conference Organized by the Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna, Austria, July 3-5, 1974

The present volume helps to understand how the collection of miscellaneous disciplines, called the science of science, came into being. To be sure, theory of knowledge is not to be identified with theory of science. What we call today the science of science is not concerned with, say, the Kantian question how synthetic a priori truths are possible.

This collection of articles contains contributions from a few of Werner Leinfellner's many friends and colleagues. Further, some have come to know Werner through his research, his long-standing editorship of Theory and Deci sion and his extensive participation in international conferences and congresses.

noting in this connection that KotarbiIiski's assumptions were proved true many years later, and that increasingly representatives of various scientific disciplines have come to observe paradigms of efficiency which had often tended to be ignored; empirical studies involving a large concentration of personnel, financial resources and equipment are now guided by the principles of efficiency and economy. In his second paper Kotarbiriski referred to Alfred Espinas, the French philosopher and sociologist, and to other authors who repre­ sented the praxiological viewpoint, together with that of the general systems approach. KotarbiIiski was the first to accept a theory more general than praxiology, which he termed the theory of complexes. He considered one of its representatives to be A. Bogdanov (1873-1928), the Marxist theorist and author of Tectology. A General Theory of Organization (first written in Russian, published in the German­ language version as Allgemeine Organizationslehre in the 1920's, and recently translated into English in Canada). KotarbiIiski also realized that he was not the only praxiologist, that even the name of the dis­ cipline had been used earlier by various authors not aware of the work of others.

Economic Geography for David Harvey's 'Population, Resources, and the Ideology of Science' ,Economic Geography, Vol. Institute of British Geographers for David Ley's 'Social Geography and the Taken-for-Granted World', Transactions of the Institute of British Geogra phers, Vol.

Decision theory as a new interdiscipline of social sciences is actually an assemblage of a variety of subtheories such as value-utility theory, game theory, collective decision theory, etc.