Bøger om Politiske- og socioøkonomiske grupperinger

Globally, the construction sector is one of the largest employers of temporary workers (after agriculture); the development of infrastructure can be a major contributor to poverty reduction and labour rights. Through the International Labour Organisation (ILO) there exist agreed international conventions on labour standards which cover employment conditions and rights. The underlying problem is not a lack of labour law, rather it is the lack of effective mechanisms to ensure that labour laws are applied and monitored. This sourcebook provides guidance on the collaborative process and contractual issues involved in implementing labour standards. It is based on experience gained from implementing labour standards in infrastructure construction projects in Ghana, India and Zambia. Three different contexts for construction are considered; formal or conventional contracting; community contracting; and self-help schemes using unpaid labour. Part 1 of the sourcebook provides the introduction and context to the development and use of labour standards with reference to construction. Part 2 comprises a framework and detailed Action Points. This is the 'what to do' and 'how to do it' section, covering the process it is necessary to go through to implement labour standards in construction programmes. Part 3 presents an analysis of contract clauses that have been used in relation to labour standards and suggests appropriate clauses to support the implementation of different labour standards. It includes guidance on developing specifications.

The Guidelines and supporting Manual on CD are to help planners and managers in national governments to develop their own rural water supply and sanitation programmes. They can also be used by consultants, and NGOs could adapt them for their programmes.

electing the appropriate control chemical and the means of application, together with advice on planning an implementation programme.

The design of water and sanitation tariffs is a key issues in the provision of services to the poor. This book is concerned with issues relatomg to the design of pro-poor water and sanitation tariffs.

This booklet provides a list of success and sustainability indicators for primary solid waste collection systems.

The purpose of the project Public Private Partnerships and the Poor in Water and Sanitation is to determine workable processes whereby the needs of the poor are promoted in strategies which encourage public-private partnerships (PPP) in the provision of water supply and sanitation services. One of the key objectives is to fill some of the gaps which exist in evidence-based reporting of the facts and issues around the impacts of PPP on poor consumers. This report presents the case report from Karachi, Pakistan.

These guidelines have been designed to help those involved in the assesment of emergency water sources to collect relevant information in a systematic way, to use this information to select a source or sources and to determing the appropriate level of treatment required to make the water suitable for drinking. The book is relevant to a wide range of emergency situations, including both natural and conflict-induced disasters.

Book 3 is a manual for using the developed software, IRA-WDS (Improved Risk Assessment for Water Distribution Systems), a geographical information system (GIS) that aids in evaluating the risk of deterioration of the water distribution network of a water supply systems.

This book presents findings from project R7786 Partnerships to improve access and quality of urban public transport for the urban poor carried out by the authors as part of the Knowledge and Research (KaR) programme of the Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Department for International Development (DFID) of the British Government. The purpose of the project was to identify, explore, and document critical issues in the provision of transport services for and in low-income settlements in developing countries. The identified issues can be used at policy and operational levels to provide better transport services to low-income communities in urban areas. In the research methodology, a sustainable livelihoods framework was used to set the research framework. The city of Dar es Salaam has grown rapidly since the late 1940s. In the 1948 census the population was 69,227; by the census in 1957 it had grown to 128,742. During this period the city remained highly concentrated, with its boundaries on average less than five kilometres from the sea front or the then town centre. The growth has continued and the estimated population in 2000 was 2,286,730, with a continuing annual growth rate of about 4.5 per cent against the national average of 2.8 per cent.

This book presents examples of tools and instruments that can be adapted by urban water professionals to mainstream WDM in the cities' strategic planning process.

This series of Briefing and Guidance Notes Implementing Labour Standards in Construction is based on a review of international literature, together with lessons learned from pilot studies carried out in Ghana, India and Zambia. Complementing the sourcebook of the same name, the Notes offer concise guidance on how to incorporate international and national labour standards into procurement contracts and procedures, in a way that enables the standards to be effectively applied and monitored. These Notes will be particularly useful for anyone involved in infrastructure procurement, construction management, contract supervision, social protection and labour rights.

This review describes accountability arrangements to combat corruption in the infrastructure sector. The sustainability of the livelihoods of the poor in low- and middle-income countries is compromised by corruption in the delivery of infrastructure services. Such services include water supply, sanitation, drainage, the provision of access roads and paving, transport, solid waste management, street lighting and community buildings. For this reason, The Water, Engineering Development Centre, (WEDC) at Loughborough University in the UK is conducting research into anti-corruption initiatives in this area of infrastructure services delivery. This series of reports has been produced as part of a project entitled Accountability Arrangements to Combat Corruption, which was initially funded by the Department for International Development (DFID) of the British Government. The purpose of the work is to improve governance through the use of accountability arrangements to combat corruption in the delivery of infrastructure services. These findings, reviews, country case studies, case surveys and practical tools provide evidence of how anti-corruption initiatives in infrastructure delivery can contribute to the improvement of the lives of the urban poor. The main objective of the research is the analysis of corruption in infrastructure delivery. This includes a review of accountability initiatives in infrastructure delivery and the nature of the impact of greater accountability.

This document presents a combination of qualitative and quantitative research techniques to analyze corruption in the infrastructure sector. This methodology was piloted in South Africa, Nigeria, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Georgia, Ukraine and nepal in 2005-2006. The sustainability of the livelihoods of the poor in low- and middle-income countries is compromised by corruption in the delivery of infrastructure services. Such services include water supply, sanitation, drainage, the provision of access roads and paving, transport, solid waste management, street lighting and community buildings. For this reason, The Water, Engineering Development Centre, (WEDC) at Loughborough University in the UK is conducting research into anti-corruption initiatives in this area of infrastructure services delivery. This series of reports has been produced as part of a project entitled Accountability Arrangements to Combat Corruption, which was initially funded by the Department for International Development (DFID) of the British Government. The purpose of the work is to improve governance through the use of accountability arrangements to combat corruption in the delivery of infrastructure services. These findings, reviews, country case studies, case surveys and practical tools provide evidence of how anti-corruption initiatives in infrastructure delivery can contribute to the improvement of the lives of the urban poor. The main objective of the research is the analysis of corruption in infrastructure delivery. This includes a review of accountability initiatives in infrastructure delivery and the nature of the impact of greater accountability.

Plus de 500 millions de personnes dans le monde sont handicapées et la majorité d'entre elles vivent dans la pauvreté au sein de communautés à faible revenu. Le manque d'accès à des installations sanitaires et à l'eau potable constitue un facteur essentiel de la pauvreté de ces personnes. Il sera difficile d'atteindre les Objectifs du Millénaire pour le développement relatifs à la réduction de la pauvreté, à la santé et à l'accès à l'eau potable et aux installations sanitaires, sans traiter les besoins d'accès des personnes handicapées. De nombreux autres groupes de personnes vulnérables rencontrent également des difficultés à utiliser les installations sanitaires et d'alimentation en eau, en particulier les personnes âgées et fragilisées, les femmes enceintes, les parents de jeunes enfants et les personnes blessées ou malades, notamment celles atteintes du SIDA. Malgré l'ampleur du problème, très peu d'ouvrages ont été publiés jusqu'à présent sur ce sujet et les fournisseurs de services d'approvisionnement en eau et d'assainissement continuent d'ignorer les personnes handicapées.

This book presents findings from project R7786 Partnerships to improve access and quality of urban public transport for the urban poor carried out by the authors as part of the Knowledge and Research (KaR) programme of the Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Department for International Development (DFID) of the British Government. The purpose of the project was to identify, explore, and document critical issues in the provision of transport services for and in low-income settlements in developing countries. The identified issues can be used at policy and operational levels to provide better transport services to low-income communities in urban areas. In the research methodology, a sustainable livelihoods framework was used to set the research framework. The city of Colombo is the capital of Sri-Lanka and has a population of 800,000 with an additional floating population of 400,000. It is a city with diverse economic activity. After the suspension of civil war, the city has reopened to visitors.

These guidance notes describe good practice for conducting robust 'willingness-to-pay' (WTP) surveys in small towns, using the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), as part of a demand-responsive approach to the supply of services. The urban water sector in low- and middle-income countries requires good quality data to justify future investment proposals; develop a better understanding of user perceptions and preferences; support the selection of preferred service options; and to set out the scope for future tariff increases. CVM surveys are a reliable means of generating such valuable information. Key areas covered in this book include how to design and implement a WTP survey, as well as how to best use the survey information to inform project design and policy-making. Its aim is to encourage wider use of WTP surveys, particularly for small towns where it is inappropriate to merely assume which service options users prefer and are willing to pay for. This book has been developed as part of the DFID Knowledge and Research project R7852 Optimised Management of Watsan Services in Small Towns.

These notes are designed to support the training of engineers and technicians in developing an awareness of gender issues. They have been designed for people who would normally either manage engineering projects, run engineering courses or chair engineering meetings. They are not a standard 'gender' training pack. The person leading the units should have an understanding of the participants' background, priorities and concerns.

This series of Briefing Notes Assessing Sanitation Policy is based on lessons learned from national sanitation policy assessments carried out in Ghana and Nepal, together with the review and assessment of sanitation policy in these and other countries. The Notes provide concise guidance on the importance of sanitation policy and what can be done to ensure that it is widely supported, relevant and implemented effectively.

Sand rivers can be found in arid and semi-arid areas of the world where water is in short supply. Despite their dry appearance, useable quantities of water often reside in aquifers beneath the surface and can provide a sustainable and safe supply for rural communities. Nevertheless, dry rivers are often overlooked as a realizable source of water. This book sets out to address this issue and promotes the abstraction of water from sand rivers as a viable and affordable option for dryland areas. It enables the reader to assess the potential for abstraction from beneath a dry river bed and provides practical guidelines for doing so. The book is a 'how to' manual and is essential reading for engineers, technicians, fieldworkers and project planners who are faced with the challange of providing and sustaining safe and reliable water sources for low-income communities. It is also aimed at providing decision-makers in the water industry, commercial, government and non-governmental organizations with an overview of an alternative, appropriate water supply solution for dryland areas.

This book presents finding from the DFID-funded projects 'Partnership to Improve Access and Quality of Urban Public Transport for the Urban Poor'. The purpose of the project was to identify, explore, and document critical issues in the provision of transport services for and in low-income settlements in developing countries. The identifies issues can be used at policy and operational levels to provide better transport services to low-income communities in urban areas. In the research methodology, a sustainable livelihoods framework was used.This pubication comes with a CD containing pdf files of all the publication I nthis series, includeing case studies from Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Tanzania.

The US invasion of Grenada in 1983 was seen as a victory for freedom. By the early 1990s, however, the story of post-invasion Grenada had become one of disillusionment and cynicism. This work reveals the extent of the US failure, economic and political, and its impact on the island's people.

Haiti: Family Business traces the historical orgins of the 'Duvalier system' and shows how and why it has survived.

In the Mountains of Morazán is the extraordinary story of Segundo Montes, told by the community's men and women, and interspersed with vivid descriptions of daily life in this remote corner of El Salvador.

This document reports findings from Phase 1 of a Department for International Development (DFID) funded project (R6875) concerning the development of practical guidelines for the application of the Strategic Sanitation Approach in urban areas. Results from a review of literature are discussed. The purpose of the review is to examine how the key concepts underlying the Strategic Sanitation Approach (SSA) have been addressed in operational terms on the ground, highlighting examples where SSA ideas have been applied, what problems were identified in their application, and what issues require further consideration or clarification with the approach as a whole. Each section ends by abstracting the key points identified and posing questions which remain unresolved.

This book presents the findings of a Department for International Development (DFID) funded project. It has been written for policy-makers and professional staff of urban government, development agencies and non-government organizations in low-income countries.The book aims to help improve the poor practices of municipal solid waste management that prevail in many low-income countries - a subject that has received comparatively little attention to other aspects of infrastructure such as water supply and transport. It is a complex subject embracing waste collection, transfer, haulage and disposal and its impacts are wide, including for example, effects on environmental health, municipal finance and management, waste reuse, and informal sector employment.

This work looks at the astonishing success of Sendero Luminoso, examines the party's bizarre ideology and describes how its violence reaches every corner of Peruvian society. It also explains why "non-politician" President Fujimori has assumed dictatorial powers in a deal with the military

Nicaraguans Talking allows students to look at Nicaragua through the words of its people. Extracts from over 90 interviews conducted by the author in late 1986 are supplemented by other source materials.

The Great Tin Crash traces the story of tin: from the rise of the tin can, through the collapse of the tin market, to the present.

Guiding Principles is aimed primarily at policymakers but is also of direct relevance to urban engineers and planners. It presents an overview of principles and offers guidance for the development of an action planning approach to improve services for the urban poor within a policy context which supports administrative decentralisation and involvement of users in the planning process.