Bøger om Taoister

The aim of this study is to sketch out the main policies formulated by the EU in the last 10-15 years in an attempt to fill the gap created by its previously negligent attitude towards the immigration phenomenon, from its inception in the 1950s up to the 1990s, the decade when Europe suddenly awoke to the necessity of addressing the challenges posed by heavy migration flows. Before the EU started to contain such flows, the Member States had to deal with their new ¿guests'' on their own. This situation is examined in the first part of this study, along with an introduction to various meanings of integration models. Part II looks at attempts at the EU level to harmonise the integration policies of its members.The last part closes with a focus on Muslim immigrants in Europe since the 1950s, and how they have been (dis-)integrated, or are still undergoing a process of integration, and what challenges this process brings. The study ends with a call for a greater understanding of the essence of the issue under focus. This is a well-argued introductory work for students and academics interested in Muslim immigration and EU integration policies.

This study examines Ismäili individuals¿ ¿lived religion¿ through personal views on religious values combined with daily practices in German society. Since a Eurocentric view on Islam often fails to recognize the complexities of Muslim communities while emphasizing the Muslim faith as incompatible with ¿modernity¿, the current study of the Ismäili branch serves as an example of Muslim practices that adapt and adjust its divine principles to a modern and secular society while maintaining its unique religious identity. Important values of everyday life are observed in connection to Ulrich Beck¿s and Anthony Giddens¿ ¿reflexive modernity¿ theory as a process that encompasses old and new traditions while adapting ambiguous and pluralist forms of contemporary societies.

This book presents the dynamics of Pentecostalism and Indigenous African Religion from contemporary academic lens. This is done with the intentions of establishing how different factors interact to bring about developments in African Pentecostalism and Indigenous African Religion. In this vein, the prospects, challenges and threats to Pentecostalism and Indigenous African Religions are discussed by the contributors from different perspectives. The major theme in the book is Pentecostalism, while the influence of the autochthonous Africäs cultural values on the activities of Pentecostal organizations is the minor theme. Other issues covered in the book include the rediscovery of Africäs traditional cultural values and the role of religious leaders in sustaining the environment in Africa.

Buddhism as a mind based religion provides its deep teachings and good understanding of human nature and its personality, to mankind. This is tied to its soteriology. The aim of Buddhism is to get rid of dukkha from samsara, which called personality transformation in Buddhism. Here, transformation should be understood as a total change from one¿s base nature to the purified nature of mind; in other words, from the conventional self (puthujjana) to the beyond conventional (ariya-puggala) self in Buddhism. Hence, psychology is taken here as the mental development of a person (puthujjana) to his or her ultimate transformation into an ariya. Gotrabh¿ is a very important term in Buddhism, especially in Abhidhamma, which is not greatly touched by scholars yet. It is also established a bridge between early Buddhist discourse to later Buddhist interpretations, especially Abhidhamma. Gotrabh¿ also combined the two methods of meditational goals, samatha and vipassan¿, even though practitioners still hold different views based on their practical traditions. Thus it works as a vital force for transforming personality from mundane to supra mundane level to attain highest fruit in Buddhism.

Most strategies for addressing poverty are based on western paradigms to analyze and respond to poverty. There is very little awareness of a rich tradition of charity and social justice in non-western religions and ethnic groups. This monograph will first look at the poor and poverty in Islam and how it has addressed the issues of responding to the needs of the poor and vulnerable in society. It also explores some of the most prevalent thinking on social change and social justice within Islam. While there are emerging models and examples of how communities have emerged from poverty in Asia, Latin America, and Africa, there are very few examples of this in the Middle East. If poverty was addressed and eradicated, it was because of oil wealth. However, the Shi¿as of Lebanon provide a case study of a community emerging from marginalization and poverty because of socioeconomic and political dynamics. This monograph in Section II explores what some of these dynamics were, and if are there lessons for other communities in the region to emulate.

We feel honored to present to our respectable readers the English edition of the biography of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) after it has been published more than 30 times in Arabic and after the publication of the Romanian version which was adopted by the University of Craiova as a source for introducing the Prophet of Islam to the world. It is high time for us that we present a correct conception of the Prophet of Islam amidst the hustle and bustle taking place between the East and the West nowadays, particularly after the break out of the bloody uprisings in the Middle East against dictatorships and oppressive regimes. So, was Islam really a message of horror and terror? Did Prophet Muhammad really make people embrace Islam by sword and war? This biography of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) offers the readers a different answer; however, before going into more details I should mention that this biography was written 25 years ago. It only included a historical narration of the events in the Prophet¿s life in an easy language that brought together the main narrations of main historians without any personal interference concerning examining those narrations or criticizing them.

¿Step by Step on my Way¿ is the other aspect of my biography which explains the causal links between the facts that I lived. Here I review all that I consider to be part of the thread of my spiritual evolution. It is a flashback to identify the turning points which in reality are causality links between multiple coincidences which have characterized my course of life. Since I have lived more than 32 years in exile, many people have asked me whether I was ready to forget and forgive, to make a clean sweep of the past. My answer is this simple: putting myself into the context of the immortality of the soul, 32 years mean nothing compared to the eternity. And for that, even the paradise where each of us is aspiring to live is a world which is out of space and time. Moreover, with the little knowledge that I have gathered from spiritual laws, I resign from taking someone responsible for what has happened to me. Convinced that I have already turned indefinitely on the wheel of reincarnation following karma that I have been dragging since the beginning of time, my ultimate goal is to end this cycle and not to return to the material to continue my way back to God.

He provided voluntary Services to Khoisan Aboriginal Security and Projects. He registered - Khoisan Aboriginal Security Projects to be PSIRA registered for young men and women to be employed by my company by playing a role to assist with unemployment in South Africa. He also developed QMS policies for the Khoisan Aboriginal Security & Projects and also registered the company with SASSETA for both a FETC Certificate in Specialist Security and a National Certificate in General Security with the aim of preventing crime in the Western Cape and to be trained as security officers. He provided voluntary services to different Khoisan communities in the Western Cape. He also assisted different community leaders to register with Department of Social Development. As a businessman and a traditional leader chief of the Hessequa Khoi Tribal Council this nominee also registered Khoisan Hessequa Skills Development with Department of Social Development and submitted a development plan for 2019 to the Western Cape Government to promote cultural activities to the different Khoisan communities.

This is an interdisciplinary study of mind and body, embryonic level included, relating Buddhianscience to Westernscience. It draws upon Sutta and Abhidhamma, and Neuroscience, Anthropology, Linguistics and Embryology. The three terms used by the Buddha for ¿mind¿ are analyzed against the 17 mindmoments making up a Stream of Consciousness, labeling them ¿Triune Mind¿ collectively. Analysis extended to a neuron and the ear, it is paralleled with ¿Triune Brain¿, as proposed by US Evolutionary Biologist, Paul MacLean. Reinterpreted under the Buddhäs phylogenetic concept of satt¿ ¿sentient beings¿, covering both humans and animals, Citta, Viññ¿¿a and Mano are shown to find a home in the rebranded Proto-, Paleo- and Neo-sentient brains. Evolution in the West is a process of species change. Showing it as the cumulative outcome of changes at the individual (phenotype) level within a given species (genotype), Citta is identified as the mind that carries the ¿folkloric memories¿ life to life, this in the form of peptides as in neuronal communication, through mitochondrial-DNA. The study ends in an ironic twist¿ that there is indeed nothing called ¿brain¿ or ¿mind¿, both being processes.

The book is a compilation of research papers by author. Scientific attitude of Buddha which will pave for achieving sustainable development has been discussed. Environmental conservation in Pali literature and approach adopted by the Ashoka for ecological conservation is presented. To mitigate environmental degradation by adopting Buddhäs noble eight fold path was presented. Sanitation measures adopted in ancient Buddhist monasteries were explored. Influence of Kamma on environmental conservation in Buddhist vs. non-Buddhist countries was assessed.

This book examines the justification for using armed force throughout Islam''s history. Special emphasis will be made to the following three terms, harb, jihad, and qital. These three words translate into war, struggle, and fight respectively. Not only are these terms the catalyst for the expansion of Islam in its first century, 632 to 732, but they have also contributed to many ideologies. The origins for such ideas begin in the seventh century and Islam''s most prominent religious figure, Mohammed. It is only fitting that the first chapter of this endeavor starts with his life and the reasons why he went to war with others. As his life showed, he never declared a ¿jihad¿ on others, a term that is used constantly in the media. It is important to remember that according to Muslims, Mohammed never did anything out of his own opinion; it was all done with the endorsement of God. The Qur''an and Ahadith will also be examined, as they are the major sources for justifying and conducting war. After the death of Mohammed in 632 however, armed force began to take on a different meaning.