Globalisering

Economic activities are becoming increasingly globalised. One result being that for companies in developed market economies price-based competition is being replaced or supplemented by other forms of competitiveness. This book explores the shift towards design-based competitiveness and the escalation in the design-intensity of goods and services.

This book mainly introduces the concepts and approaches of global governance from the viewpoints of Chinese and Russian scholars and is divided into four parts. The first one deals with the concept of a new type of global governance, namely ¿Globalization 2.0¿. The second one is dedicated to institutions and multilateralism, including the importance and effectiveness of international institutions. The third part focuses on the important countries and regions in the new era, as well as such issues as the current global status quo, processes in Eurasia, the prospects of the U.S. ¿ China ¿ Russia trilateral relationship. The last part analyzes the future development of global governance and possible solutions of how it might be improved. Climate change, digital era, cyber security, financial and economic regimes, COVID-19 are all involved in this part. In short, this book is a profound and cutting-edge research on global governance.

Since the Tsinghua PBCSF Chief Economists Forum¿s inception in 2019, the 2023 forum, adhering to the traditions of previous sessions, with combining online and offline innovation formats, conducted an in-depth analysis of many key issues in the current macro-economy from the perspective of the chief economists, with a focus on the future of China and global economy from all angles. It has become the largest and highest-level economic forum in China. 20 chief economists and leading scholars from prestigious institutions attended the forum, engaging in in-depth discussions on the reform of the global economic order amidst financial turbulence. They conducted forward-looking analyses of both the Chinese and world financial markets, with the aim of exploring solutions to the issue of economic growth worldwide. 5 million viewers tuned in online. Through our projects, China's foremost economic experts share their insights with the world, generating innumerable originaland highly professional economic analyses. The themes addressed in our forum span the globe and will have a long-lasting impact. Embracing diversity, we aim to provide an array of perspectives on the direction of global economic development, promote informed decision-making, and bridge the communication gap between China and the rest of the world on economic matters, in a book of interest to scholars, economists and China watchers. Jiandong JU is the Unigroup Chair Professor at PBC School of Finance in Tsinghua University, Director of Center for International Finance and Economics Research, PBC School of Finance, Tsinghua University.

This book aims to investigate the global value chain (GVC) from a viewpoint of industrial development and examine how GVC participation, upgrading, and connectivity have affected structural transformation in developing economies. It first reviews the indexes to measure progresses in GVC participation and upgrading. Then it examines factors affecting these progresses, using original measures of connectivity, which are computed based on the complex network theory. Another distinguished feature of the study is its in-depth analyses on the relationship between economic development and GVC participation based on the hypothesis of nonlinear relationship which is drawn from authors past studies on Asian economies. Major findings include (1) inverted-U shaped relationship between backward participation and income levels, (2) U shaped relationship between forward participation and income level, (3) marginal but significant impacts of maritime and aviation connectivity on GVC participation, (4) significant and different roles of basic and advanced education on the upgrading in GVCs, and (5) the importance of technological intensities in export in sustaining economic growth.

In contrast to the West, the BRICS+ consortium (Argentina, Brazil, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Iran, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, and the United Arab Emirates) is widely acknowledged as an embodiment of the broader phenomenon known as the "Rise of the Rest." This occurrence, which is representative of modern-day global affairs, signifies the progressive development of the economic, political, and military capabilities of specific nations and their coalitions. As a result, the Western powers' formerly hegemonic dominance has notably diminished. Simultaneously, the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) has conventionally been regarded as an alliance that emerged during a period when cooperation between the West and countries that produced energy was crucial. However, improved connectivity between the BRICS+ and the GCC (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, and Oman) is possible, especially with Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates as members, due to their complementary natures and ability to reconcile divergences. The aforementioned potential is founded upon the BRICS nations' ascent to a crucial position in global cooperation and development, in contrast to the GCC countries' ongoing dominance as primary providers of energy on an international scale. The potential exists for these blocs to strengthen their individual positions on the international stage through the amalgamation. This dynamic environment presents a thought-provoking subject for analysis, in which the interplay between GCC and BRICS dynamics takes place while the United States maintains its prominent position as a global actor. Amid the persistent power struggles and significant geopolitical realignments, there is a possibility that strategic and economic convergences will arise between the GCC and BRICS, thereby exerting additional influence on the global geopolitical arena. The objective of this book is to comprehensively examine the evolving dynamics between the GCC and the BRICS consortium from a variety of vantage points. Enriching and contributing to a nuanced and well-informed discourse on the evolving relationship between the GCC and the BRICS+ should be contingent on the outcome that ensues. Practical insights and actionable recommendations are prioritised in order to provide stakeholders with the necessary tools to navigate the intricate geopolitical landscape undergoing a significant transformation.

Before the First World War, enthusiasm for a borderless world reached its height. International travel, migration, trade and progressive projects on matters ranging from women's rights to world peace reached a crescendo. Yet in the same breath, an undercurrent of reaction was growing, one that would surge ahead with the outbreak of war and its aftermath.In Against the World, a sweeping and ambitious work of history, acclaimed scholar Tara Zahra examines how nationalism, rather than internationalism, came to ensnare world politics in the early twentieth century. The air went out of the globalist balloon with the First World War as quotas were put on immigration and tariffs on trade, not only in the United States but across Europe, where war and disease led to mass societal upheaval. The "Spanish flu" heightened anxieties about porous national boundaries. The global impact of the 1929 economic crash and the Great Depression amplified a quest for food security in Europe and economic autonomy worldwide. Demands for relief from the instability and inequality linked to globalisation forged democracies and dictatorships alike, from Gandhi's India to America's New Deal and Hitler's Third Reich. Immigration restrictions, racially constituted notions of citizenship, anti-Semitism and violent outbursts of hatred of the "other" became the norm-coming to genocidal fruition in the Second World War.Millions across the political spectrum sought refuge from the imagined and real threats of the global economy in ways strikingly reminiscent of our contemporary political moment: new movements emerged focused on homegrown and local foods, domestically produced Hardbacking and other goods, and back-to-the-land communities. Rich with astonishing detail gleaned from Zahra's unparalleled archival research in five languages, Against the World is a poignant and thorough exhumation of the popular sources of resistance to globalisation. With anti-globalism a major tenet of today's extremist agendas, Zahra's arrestingly clearsighted and wide-angled account is essential reading to grapple with our divided present.

The Power and Benefits of MultilingualismMultilingualism is the ability to speak two or more languages. It is common to many people around the world, but it is a valuable skill with many benefits.The Power of MultilingualismThe power of multilingualism lies in its ability to help people understand the world better. People who can speak two or more languages are more likely to understand different cultures and perspectives. They can access a wider range of information and participate more effectively in international affairs.The Benefits of MultilingualismMultilingualism has many benefits, including:· Improved job and educational opportunities. Multilinguals have better job prospects in international organizations, tourism, education, and many other fields.· Simplified travel and cultural experiences. Multilinguals find it easier to travel to foreign countries and communicate with locals. This is a great way to learn about new cultures and have valuable experiences.· Enhanced cognitive skills. Studies have shown that multilinguals have stronger cognitive skills, such as problem-solving and critical thinking.· Reduced risk of dementia. Research suggests that multilinguals may be less likely to develop dementia later in life.

Globalization, the interconnectedness of economies, societies, and social orders across borders, has introduced an extraordinary time set apart by both significant effect and diverse difficulties. This peculiarity presents a unique scene of chances and dangers, requesting a nuanced understanding to successfully explore its intricacies.Influence:Globalization has worked with the exceptional progression of merchandise, capital, data, and individuals across the globe. This has prompted financial development, expanded social trade, and the exchange of information and innovation. Agricultural countries have frequently experienced better ways of life, and organizations can get to bigger business sectors. Notwithstanding, globalization has additionally exacerbated pay disparity, with specific areas and socioeconomics benefiting excessively. The spread of thoughts and social practices can prompt homogenization, possibly disintegrating interesting neighborhood characters.Challenges:One of the premier difficulties is the possible abuse of work in quest for cost benefits. Work rehearses in certain businesses and nations might miss the mark regarding global norms, prompting double-dealing and unjustifiable working circumstances. Monetary instability, as proven by monetary emergencies that can quickly spread across borders, is another test. Moreover, globalization has added to natural debasement, as expanded creation and transportation strengthen the environmental impression. Social conflicts and a deficiency of social variety act difficulties like globalization can minimize native practices and dialects.Potential open doors:Globalization offers exceptional open doors for joint effort and development. Cross-line associations empower the pooling of assets, cultivating mechanical headways and logical leap forwards. Admittance to assorted markets takes into account expanded financial development and occupation creation. Social trade, worked with by globalization, encourages common figuring out, resilience, and appreciation for variety. Also, shared worldwide difficulties, for example, environmental change and pandemics, require cooperative, global arrangements.Arrangements:Tending to the difficulties of globalization requires a purposeful exertion at the worldwide, public, and neighborhood levels. Solid global administration instruments and arrangements can lay out and authorize principles for work, ecological insurance, and basic freedoms. Fair exchange rehearses and corporate social obligation drives can advance moral business direct. Interest in schooling and abilities preparing assists people with adjusting to the advancing worldwide work market. Embracing supportable practices and innovations is significant for relieving the natural effect of globalization.

Comparativ. Zeitschrift für Globalgeschichte und vergleichende Gesellschaftsforschung rückt Themen einer innovativen Weltgeschichte in den Fokus und analysiert historische und aktuelle Globalisierungsvorgänge. Unterschiede und Ähnlichkeiten sowie Interaktions-, Kooperations- und Transferprozesse werden in ihrem zeitlichen Wandel und im Hinblick auf die Bedeutung und Funktion für die Verräumlichung und Enträumlichung sozialer, kultureller, politischer, wirtschaftlicher und rechtlicher Ordnungen diskutiert.Comparativ veröffentlicht Beiträge in deutscher, englischer und französischer Sprache.Die Zeitschrift ist das Kommunikationsforum des European Network in Universal and Global History und erörtert deshalb europäische Perspektive auf Globalisierung und europäischen Entwicklungen in weltweiten Zusammenhängen besonders intensiv.

This book advances North Atlantic Treaty Organization (henceforth, NATO) burden analysis through a decomposition of the political, financial, social, and defense burdens members take on for the institution. The overemphasis of committing a minimum of 2% of member state Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to defense spending, as a proxy indicator of alliance commitment does not properly reflect how commitments reduce risks should Article V be invoked through attack (i.e., 2% is a political & symbolic target adopted by Defense Ministers in 2006 at Riga). Considering defense burdens multi-dimensionally explains why some members overcontribute, as well as, why burden sharing negotiations cause friction among 30 diverse members with differing threats and risks. In creating a comprehensive institutional burden management model and focusing on risks to members, the book explores the weaknesses of major theories on the study and division of collective burdens andinstitutional assets. It argues that member risks and threats are essential to understanding how burdens are distributed across a set of overlapping institutions within NATO¿s structure providing its central goods. The importance of the USA, as a defense underwriter for some, affects negotiations despite its absence from research empirically; new data permit testing the argument (Kavanaugh 2014). This book contributes conceptual innovation and theoretical analysis to advance student, researcher, and policymaker understanding of burden management, strategic bargaining, and defense cooperation. The contribution is a generalizable risk management model of IO burden sharing using NATO as the case for scientific study due to its prominence.

This book answers why anti-trade forces in developing countries sometimes fail to effectively exert pressure on their governments. The backlash against globalization spread across several Latin American countries in the 2000s, yet a few countries such as Peru doubled down on their bets on free trade by signing bilateral agreements with the US and the EU. This study uses evidence from three Latin American countries (Peru, Argentina, and Bolivia) to suggest that geography can play a significant role in shaping trade preferences and undermining the formation and clout of distributional coalitions that seek protectionism. Because trade liberalization can have uneven distributional impacts along regional lines, trade liberalization losers can find themselves in unfavorable conditions to associate and engage in collective action. Under these circumstances, few coalitions emerge to battle for protection in the policy arena, and when they do, geographic distance from decision-makers in the capital city can be a significant barrier to realizing their interests. As a result, even where a majority of the population living in regions that have not benefitted from trade elect a leftist president, trade reform reversal will not occur unless protectionist interests are close to the capital city. The contrast between Peru, on one side, and Argentina and Bolivia, on the other, highlights the powerful influence geography can have on reversing trade policy or preserving the status quo.

This book asks if it is time to ¿reboot¿ the fundamental institutions of global international society. The volume revisits Hedley Bull¿s seminal contribution The Anarchical Society by exploring the interconnected nature of change, contestation and resilience for maintaining order in today¿s uncertain and complex environment. The volume adds to Bull¿s theorizing by recognizing that order demands change, that contestation should be welcomed, and that resilience is anchored in local and agent-led forms of ordering. The contributors to Part One of the book focus on theoretical and conceptual issues related to order in the global international society, whilst the contributors to Part Two of the book focus on the primary institutions as listed by Hedley Bull with the addition of a chapter on the market adding a distinctive commentary on new and important dynamics of change, contestation and resilience of the existing institutions.

This book focuses on processes of bordering and governmentality around the Greek border islands from the declaration of a ¿refugee crisis¿ in the summer of 2015 up until the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020. The chapters trace the implementation of the EU migration hotspot approach across space and time, from the maritime Aegean border to the islands (Lesvos and Samos) and from the islands to the Greek mainland. They do so through the lenses of peoples¿ refusal to succumb to categories that get reified as identities through the hotspot approach, such as that of the ¿deserving refugee¿, the ¿undeserving economic migrant¿, the ¿translator¿, the ¿volunteer¿, the ¿tourist¿ and the ¿researcher¿. This book explores how ¿migration management¿ in Greece from 2015-2020, along with the reshaping of space and time, reconfigured peoples¿ relationships with one another and ultimately with one¿s self.

This book engages with the implications of an expanding Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) of Transnational Corporations in their supply chains. Taking the case of a cocoa sustainability certification project in Ghana, the study examines the implementation process of such a transnational CSR intervention and its outcomes regarding the local governance and institutional environment of the cocoa sector in Ghana. The study deploys a theoretical framework based on Global Value Chain Analysis and a neo-Gramscian approach to Global Governance to assess transnational CSR as a concept and strategy that reflect power struggles in global production fields.

Argues that states substitute unwanted policy changes dictated by globalization with politically feasible ones, leading to policy convergence.

Inheritance Past Business Boundaries typifies the significant effect and persevering through impact that extraordinary pioneers leave on the world, stretching out a long ways past the limits of their corporate realms. It typifies that the genuine proportion of achievement goes past monetary profits, venturing into the domains of cultural change, worldwide availability, and enduring motivation. At its center, Heritage Past Business Boundaries highlights the idea that visionary chiefs are not just commanders of industry however modelers of progress, forming the world in manners that outlive their residency in charge. These pioneers comprehend that their inheritance isn't bound to meeting rooms and overall revenues; it is woven into the actual structure holding the system together, contacting lives across lines and ages. One vital feature of Inheritance Past Business Boundaries is the accentuation on moral initiative. Pioneers who seek to leave an enduring inheritance perceive the significance of moral strategic policies that focus on friendly obligation and ecological supportability. Their responsibility goes past quick gains, encouraging a heritage that reverberates with a feeling of corporate citizenship and a good effect in the world. Besides, an inheritance that stretches out past business borders is portrayed by a pledge to variety, value, and incorporation. Visionary pioneers perceive the strength that comes according to embracing alternate points of view and foundations. By encouraging a comprehensive working environment and supporting variety, they add to an inheritance that advances balance and enables people across social, geological, and segment limits. In the domain of development, Heritage Past Business Lines is set apart by pioneers who push the limits of customary reasoning. They lead headways that rethink enterprises as well as add to the improvement of society. Whether it's cutting edge advances, feasible arrangements, or extraordinary plans of action, these pioneers make a permanent imprint on the worldwide scene. Moreover, the idea stretches out to generosity and local area commitment. Pioneers who construct an inheritance past boundaries perceive the significance of offering in return and elevating networks. Through key humanitarian drives, they address social difficulties, advance instruction, and add to the prosperity of networks all over the planet. Basically, Inheritance Past Business Lines is tied in with making a positive expanding influence that reaches out a long ways past the quick circle of business impact. It's tied in with building spans, encouraging associations, and leaving an engraving on the world that rises above the conventional limits of corporate achievement. Pioneers who typify this ethos comprehend that their inheritance isn't just about what they have accomplished however about the positive and enduring effect they have on the world and people in the future.

This book offers a comprehensive overview of current debates on the influence of the Olympic Games on cities, urban policies and the governance of global cities, making a valuable contribution to the fields of Olympic studies and urban studies. Historically, Western cities such as Paris, London, and later Los Angeles, have been the primary hosts of the summer Games. However, the link that existed between the world metropolises of the last century and the Games has deeply changed. Growing concerns about the Games' costs and environmental impact have prompted a shift in the expectations of candidate cities and the International Olympic Committee (IOC). This evolution favours more modest bids, and a resurgence of global cities and historical Olympic host cities within the Olympic landscape. This book is an essential resource for researchers in Olympic studies, urban studies, and all those involved in the planning of these events.

Explore the intricate web of American foreign policy in this insightful and comprehensive book that delves into the nation's diplomatic journey on the global stage. From the founding fathers to the present day, this meticulously researched work traces the evolution of U.S. foreign policy, unraveling the key decisions, turning points, and global engagements that have shaped America's role in international affairs. With a keen focus on the motivations, ideologies, and geopolitical strategies that have guided American leaders, the narrative unfolds, revealing the challenges and triumphs of a nation navigating the complexities of a rapidly changing world. From the Monroe Doctrine to the Marshall Plan, the Cold War to the War on Terror, this book provides a nuanced exploration of the forces that have molded American foreign policy and the impact it has had on the world. Through a lens that combines historical analysis with contemporary relevance, readers will gain a deeper understanding of the ideologies, debates, and competing interests that have influenced the United States' approach to diplomacy. The book also examines the role of key personalities, institutions, and global events that have left an indelible mark on America's foreign relations. Whether you're a seasoned scholar, a student of history, or a curious citizen eager to grasp the complexities of global politics, this book offers a compelling and accessible journey through the twists and turns of American foreign policy. It invites readers to reflect on the past, consider the present, and contemplate the future of a nation whose actions on the world stage continue to resonate far beyond its borders.

"United Nations: Erosion of Global Impact" is a thought-provoking exploration into the challenges and complexities that have contributed to a perceived decline in the effectiveness of the United Nations (UN) on the global stage. This narrative delves into the historical context, systemic issues, and geopolitical dynamics that have eroded the UN's ability to address pressing global issues.The description navigates through the UN's rich history, from its post-World War II inception with lofty ideals of international cooperation to its current state of grappling with multifaceted crises. It scrutinizes the challenges faced by the UN, such as geopolitical power struggles, bureaucratic hurdles, and the evolving nature of global conflicts, shedding light on how these factors have impacted its efficacy.As the narrative unfolds, it critically examines the UN's responses to major global issues-be it humanitarian crises, peacekeeping endeavors, or climate change initiatives. The description invites readers to ponder the limitations and potential reforms necessary for the UN to regain its central role as a force for global stability and cooperation.Beyond the critique, this exploration considers the UN's vital role in fostering diplomacy, human rights, and sustainable development. It raises questions about the global community's responsibility in upholding the principles the UN stands for and explores avenues for revitalizing the organization's impact."United Nations: Erosion of Global Impact" is a call to reflection and action, challenging readers to engage with the complexities of international governance. Whether you're a global affairs enthusiast, a policymaker, or an advocate for change, this narrative prompts a deeper understanding of the challenges facing the UN and encourages dialogue on the collective responsibility to strengthen and adapt this crucial institution for a rapidly evolving world.

The book offers a critical map to navigate the field of media governance. A thread of cosmopolitan critique connects the fourteen chapters to enhance media governance literature beyond the West and regional foci. The first part addresses the epistemological and ontological flaws in the use and adaptation of media governance. The second part opens pathways for critique and provides a thorough understanding of the ambivalences that scholars encounter when addressing media governance as a field of study. The third part highlights shortcomings like geographical narrowness and tensions in the use of media governance concepts. The scholarly contributions show that media governance as a field of study is far from being established: its conceptualizations are in flux and need scholarly self-reflection, and ongoing discussions need to leave behind universalist conceptualizations and methods of analysis. The chapters reflect on hegemony, power, sovereignty, and identity as conceptual center points in media governance research. The book uniquely breaks with self-referential Western academia and is part of ongoing collaborative scholarly efforts towards epistemic transformation through dialogue.

This edited volume explores core questions on education and transnational mobility in a time characterized by a global pandemic, recasting them through the lenses of regimes, experiences, and aspirations. The volume brings together 20 short essays in the form of letters addressed to the coronavirus and written by international students , together with eight striking illustrations that depict emotive scenes from the essays, and eight academic commentaries that analytically link these personal narratives to broader societal structures. This book represents a timely intervention, providing an intimate glimpse into young people¿s hopes and the challenges they face concerning their education and mobility.