Social forskning og statistik

This book provides a highly practical introduction to Bayesian statistical modeling with Stan, which has become the most popular probabilistic programming language.The book is divided into four parts. The first part reviews the theoretical background of modeling and Bayesian inference and presents a modeling workflow that makes modeling more engineering than art. The second part discusses the use of Stan, CmdStanR, and CmdStanPy from the very beginning to basic regression analyses. The third part then introduces a number of probability distributions, nonlinear models, and hierarchical (multilevel) models, which are essential to mastering statistical modeling. It also describes a wide range of frequently used modeling techniques, such as censoring, outliers, missing data, speed-up, and parameter constraints, and discusses how to lead convergence of MCMC. Lastly, the fourth part examines advanced topics for real-world data: longitudinal data analysis, state space models, spatial data analysis, Gaussian processes, Bayesian optimization, dimensionality reduction, model selection, and information criteria, demonstrating that Stan can solve any one of these problems in as little as 30 lines.Using numerous easy-to-understand examples, the book explains key concepts, which continue to be useful when using future versions of Stan and when using other statistical modeling tools. The examples do not require domain knowledge and can be generalized to many fields. The book presents full explanations of code and math formulas, enabling readers to extend models for their own problems. All the code and data are on GitHub.

CP, as the materialised part of the knowledge generated, is more than a set of documents stored in an information institution. It is also considered to encompass all academic and scientific activities of a researcher. This phenomenon is linked to most of the events in which people are involved on a daily basis, which is why its evaluation, based on the results of research and innovation work, is not a recent practice in the various disciplinary areas. Its study has been intensified and systematised over the last two decades.

The book explores the impact of Self Help Groups (SHGs) formed under the Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) on the empowerment of rural women in Amreli district, Gujarat. Recognizing women as a crucial infrastructure for social development, the study emphasizes the significance of investing in women's capabilities for economic growth and overall progress. SHGs significantly contribute to rural women's psychological, social, economic, cultural, health, and political empowerment. The IWMP project is essential for women's overall development, enabling them to transition from being housewives to active participants in entrepreneurship. The results highlight the importance of sustained funding for IWMP and the growth of SHG projects to achieve long-term empowerment in rural communities.

The book focuses on the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) and its impact on member farmers of Gram Panchayats in the Anand, Vadodara, and Kheda districts of the middle Gujarat region in India. The PMFBY, launched in 2016, aims to provide widespread insurance coverage against crop failures, safeguarding farmers' income and stabilizing the agricultural sector, which contributes significantly to India's GDP and employs about half of the country's workforce. It also sheds light on the current state of PMFBY implementation in the selected districts, offering insights into the knowledge, attitude, and challenges faced by member farmers. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics surrounding agricultural insurance schemes and highlight areas for improvement in policy implementation. The study's comprehensive approach, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative aspects, provides a nuanced perspective on the complex relationship between farmers and agricultural insurance initiatives in India's evolving agricultural landscape.

Explores the influence coping has had on African Americans' political attitudes and behaviors.

Folk research is a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic. It is an art of scientific investigation. Folk research is a careful investigation through the search for new facts. P.V. Young has defined folk research in the following words: ¿We may define folk research as the systematic method of discovering new facts or verifying old facts, their sequences, inter-relationships, casual explanations and the natural laws which govern them¿. Folk research deals with social phenomena. It studies the behaviour of human beings as members of Folk society and their feelings, responses, and attitudes under different circumstances. Folk research is carried out to discover new facts and to verify the old ones. The object of every science, of course, is the discovery of new facts, relationships, and laws governing the phenomena. But constant verification of the old concepts is also needed, especially in the case of dynamic sciences. Folk research tries to establish a causal connection between various human activities. It is exciting to note whether various complex human activities are being performed.

Das Lehrbuch bietet eine praxisnahe Einführung in Forschungslogik, theoretische Grundlagen, methodologische Prinzipien und methodische Vorgehensweisen der qualitativen Sozialforschung. Die wichtigsten Methoden werden anhand der klassischen Studien vorgestellt, in deren Rahmen sie entwickelt wurden. Dadurch werden zwei Lernziele parallel erreicht: Zum einen lernen die Leserinnen und Leser die jeweilige Methode nicht abstrakt, sondern plastisch anhand eines konkreten Forschungsbeispiels kennen. Zum anderen wird ihre Literacy-Kompetenz erweitert: Sie lernen, empirische Studien zu lesen, zu verstehen und ihre Ergebnisse vor dem Hintergrund von methodologischen Überlegungen und Gütekriterien kritisch zu reflektieren. Die Diskussion von Gütekriterien ist das verbindende Glied zwischen den einzelnen Kapiteln. Die anwendungsbezogene Kenntnis von Gütekriterien ist nicht nur zentraler Bestandteil der Literacy-Kompetenz, sondern fungiert gleichzeitig als wichtige Leitlinie für die Durchführung von eigenen Qualifikationsarbeiten und Forschungsvorhaben.

This book provides a guide to such budding social researchers, who are non-native English speakers drawing examples from literature to show how to conduct a research, present research results, integrate with existing literature to draw conclusions through real-world examples. Existing English books teaching research methods and philosophy of academic research are written in `academic English¿ and, it is hard for non-native English-speaking budding researchers to study and understand those books. Also, this book uses examples to show how to communicate with journal editors and peer reviewers to get published the research results as journal articles, book chapters or conference papers.This book connects different quantitative techniques, qualitative methodologies (case studies, phenomenology and ethnography and Grounded theory) as well as Mixed methods methodology through a single example. This book attempts to describe a holistic approach introducing a 10Ps model that incorporates the essential elements of the research process. The process focuses on combining philosophical framework and arguments from research results.This book focuses not only on conducting a research project, but also on the approach and procedures to be followed to achieve higher marks for course work assignments and publishing research articles in international journals.This book shows how to create many papers from one research/data set to increase number of publications and citations. This book has fewer words and more illustrations, tables, figures, pictures and YouTube tutorial links.This book outlines how to present test results in APA style for all the statistical test used in this book, using examples.

Attending a conference is a professionally gratifying experience. In addition to socializing with colleagues from other institutions and a trip to a possibly interesting locale, the two main reasons to attend a conference are to hear presentations and to converse with other researchers. The researchers can know about the future research trends from the invited talks and keynote addresses. For some universities it is a must to publish papers in conferences. There are countless great reasons to attend a conference. This research explores the university teachers' views on experiences of attending conferences. Evidence of what exactly those benefits are, though, scarce, and this research reports a study seeking to identify, from own perspectives, the impact that attending conferences has. Overall, the evidence presented here is positive, highlighting a range of benefits that representatives report because of conferences. Ways in which the impact of attending conferences can be even further improved are also identified and discussed in this research.

Drawing on affect theory and the key themes of attachment, disruption and belonging, this book examines the ways in which our placed surroundings - whether urban design, border management or organisations - shape and form experiences of gender. Bringing together key debates across the fields of sociology, geography and organisation studies, the book sets out new theoretical ground to examine and consolidate shared experiences of what it means to be in or out of place. Contributors explore how our gendered selves encounter place, and critically examine the way in which experiences of gender shape meanings and attachments, as well as how place produces gendered modes of identity, inclusion and belonging. Emphasizing the intertwined dynamics of affect and being affected, the book examines the gendering of place and the placing of gender.

Dive into the shadowy corridors of history with Martin Sommer's "The Secret Brotherhood: Exploring the Odd Fellows' Path," a riveting exploration of one of the world's most enigmatic fraternal organizations. Sommer, writing under a pseudonym that reflects the secretive nature of his subject, unveils the mysterious world of the Odd Fellows and their profound influence on society, particularly in the German-speaking regions.With meticulous research and compelling narrative, Sommer brings to life the rituals, symbols, and principles that have defined the Odd Fellows for centuries. Discover their quests for personal growth, social responsibility, and moral integrity in a world that often overlooks such values. From their complex relationship with Freemasonry to their unyielding dedication to community service and charity, "The Secret Brotherhood" offers an unprecedented glimpse into the heart of this clandestine fraternity.Perfect for history enthusiasts, lovers of mystery, and anyone fascinated by the unseen threads that weave through society, this book promises to take you on a journey through time and secret spaces. "The Secret Brotherhood: Exploring the Odd Fellows' Path" is more than a book; it's an invitation to uncover the hidden legacy of brotherhood that continues to shape our world in unseen ways. Unlock the secrets with Martin Sommer as your guide ¿ your view of history's hidden side will never be the same.

Book Publication Date: Dec 13, 2023. Black & white print.Introductory Statistics 2e provides an engaging, practical, and thorough overview of the core concepts and skills taught in most one-semester statistics courses. The text focuses on diverse applications from a variety of fields and societal contexts, including business, healthcare, sciences, sociology, political science, computing, and several others. The material supports students with conceptual narratives, detailed step-by-step examples, and a wealth of illustrations, as well as collaborative exercises, technology integration problems, and statistics labs. The text assumes some knowledge of intermediate algebra, and includes thousands of problems and exercises that offer instructors and students ample opportunity to explore and reinforce useful statistical skills.

Book Publication Date: Dec 13, 2023. Full color.Introductory Statistics 2e provides an engaging, practical, and thorough overview of the core concepts and skills taught in most one-semester statistics courses. The text focuses on diverse applications from a variety of fields and societal contexts, including business, healthcare, sciences, sociology, political science, computing, and several others. The material supports students with conceptual narratives, detailed step-by-step examples, and a wealth of illustrations, as well as collaborative exercises, technology integration problems, and statistics labs. The text assumes some knowledge of intermediate algebra, and includes thousands of problems and exercises that offer instructors and students ample opportunity to explore and reinforce useful statistical skills.

This book discusses in detail a series of examples drawn from scholarly projects that use the OCHRE database platform (Online Cultural and Historical Research Environment). These case studies illustrate the wide range of data that can be managed with this platform and the wide variety of problems solved by OCHRE¿s item-based graph data model. The unique features and design principles of the OCHRE platform are explained and justified, helping readers to imagine how the system could be used for their own data.Data generated by studies in the humanities and social sciences is often semi-structured, fragmented, highly variable, and subject to many interpretations, making it difficult to represent adequately in a conventional database. The authors examine commonly used methods of data management in the humanities and offer a compelling argument for a different approach that takes advantage of powerful computational techniques for organizing scholarly information.This book is achallenge to scholars in the humanities and social sciences, asking them to expect more from technology as they pursue their research goals. Written jointly by a software engineer and a research scholar, each with many years of experience in applying database methods to diverse kinds of scholarly data, it shows how scholars can make the most of their existing data while going beyond the limitations of commonly used software tools to represent their objects of study in a more accurate, nuanced, and flexible way.

The book consists of four chapters. The first one contains information about the topic which introduce the project's characteristics, and, at the same time, provide the background for further theoretical and methodological reflection. The second chapter contains a list of research problems and questions, a presentation of the philosophical worldviews (research paradigms) of the project team who guided the planned research and which resulted in the adoption of research strategies compatible with them, and, consequently, procedures and techniques for obtaining source materials and their analysis. In the third chapter, we present a set of terms, ideas, and concepts which inspired the project team as useful tools for describing and analysing the phenomenon under study. The fourth chapter is a kind of ligature that binds together all the previous findings, it is a summary of integrating ideas, concepts, as well as the adopted research procedures and techniques.

This book examines subjective wellbeing in China in terms of life and job satisfaction from a longitudinal perspective during the last decade. Using quantitative methods, the research presented in this volume performed a longitudinal analysis of data collected by the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) from 2010 to 2018 to study the effects of social and economic transformations on life and job satisfaction among the Chinese population in this period.Using Mplus software, the authors applied different quantitative methods of longitudinal analysis ¿ such as latent growth models (LGM), latent growth mixture model (LGMM), parallel analysis, cross-lagged models (CL), latent change score (LCS), and multilevel longitudinal models (MLM) ¿ to explore the trajectory of three variables on the CFPS data between 2010 and 2018: life satisfaction, job satisfaction and the interplay between job and life satisfaction. The results reveal a process of growing inequalities between life and jobsatisfaction among the Chinese population over time. Life and Job Satisfaction in China: Exploring Longitudinal Analysis with Mplus will be of interest to sociologists, statisticians and applied researchers interested in applying quantitative methods to develop longitudinal studies of quality of life in China.

The formation of modern European states during the long 19th century was complicated and challenged by the integration of completely different territories and populations. The Science of State Power in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1790-1880 builds on recent research to investigate the means of administrative, legal, and educational structures overlooked as part of the German sciences of the state. Integral to shaping imperial power for the process of Habsburg state-building, the science of Statistik (statistics) dissected and translated the states disparate territories it into empirically perceptible components.

This volume presents a collection of twenty-five peer-reviewed articles carefully selected from the contributions presented at the XXV Congress of the Portuguese Statistical Society (2021). Containing state-of-the-art developments in theoretical and applied statistics, the book will be accessible to readers with a background in mathematics and statistics, but will also be of interest to researchers from other scientific disciplines (e.g., biology, economics, medicine), who will find a broad range of relevant applications.

One of the strengths of this book is that it expresses occupational segregation from multidimensional viewpoints using correspondence analysis. Through a quantitative approach, the book examines occupational segregation by education and gender in response to industrial transformation in Japan and other countries. The transformation of industrial structure, such as post-industrialization, demands a reconsideration of traditional perspectives in sociology, especially in social stratification. In other words, it is a shift from the attribute to the achievement principle. Higher technological innovations will create higher levels of industries, and those industries will require jobs that need greater human capital. In short, the meritocracy will be promoted.Meritocracy is certainly considered persuasive. In fact, previous researchers have looked primarily at a person¿s occupation as a measure of social status. In Japan, jobs are normally acquired after completing education; thus, one¿s educational achievement plays an important role.Especially in recent years, however, education alone has not been enough to explain social status. This book, therefore, focuses on occupational segregation by gender in addition to education in post-industrial society. Can occupational segregation by gender be weakened in the highly educated group? Is this a universal story in modern society?Because post-industrialization is part of the larger story of modernization, international perspectives are needed to examine the linkage between education and gender occupational segregation. This book explores occupational segregation by gender in response to industrial transformation in Japan and other countries.

The Statistical Abstract of the United States is the best known statistical reference. As a comprehensive collection of statistics on the social, political, and economic conditions of the country, it is a snapshot of America and its people. It includes over 1,400 tables from hundreds of sources.

This engaging introduction to all aspects of qualitative research challenges students to consider how their research can be culturally responsive. The text introduces the foundations including theory, ethics, and reflexivity; covers practical guidance from writing proposals to data collection; and shows how the quality of research is enhanced, how data are analyzed, and how research accounts are created and disseminated. Areas vital to the health of qualitative research are addressed including systemic racism and cultural humility, with cutting-edge suggestions offered in areas like hybrid research, harnessing technology, and use of social media.

This Plan proposes the establishment of projects that aim for the sustainability of potable water supply in Talalora. The projects proposed are the following: 1) Organization/Creation of the Local Water Resources Management Board and the Municipal Water Resources Management Office, 2) Preparation of a Development Plan for the Establishment of Level III Water System, 3) Establishment of Groundwater Reservoir for Level III 4,000 Linear Meter Water System in the Municipality of Talalora, Samar, 4) Establishment of a Water Treatment Facility, and 5) Water Connections and Distribution. Moreover, this also envisions the establishment of the Talalora Water Resources Management Board that will oversee the implementation, operations, and management of the said projects. An organizational structure of the said entity is proposed to strengthen and empower the said water-governing institution. The projects¿ implementation shall be carried out in collaboration with the concerned local and national government agencies and private sectors for the smooth and successful realization and implementation of a long-standing dream of the people of Talalora.

This textbook is an approachable introduction to statistical analysis using matrix algebra. Prior knowledge of matrix algebra is not necessary. Advanced topics are easy to follow through analyses that were performed on an open-source spreadsheet using a few built-in functions. These topics include ordinary linear regression, as well as maximum likelihood estimation, matrix decompositions, nonparametric smoothers and penalized cubic splines. Each data set (1) contains a limited number of observations to encourage readers to do the calculations themselves, and (2) tells a coherent story based on statistical significance and confidence intervals. In this way, students will learn how the numbers were generated and how they can be used to make cogent arguments about everyday matters. This textbook is designed for use in upper level undergraduate courses or first year graduate courses.The first chapter introduces students to linear equations, then covers matrix algebra, focusing on three essential operations: sum of squares, the determinant, and the inverse. These operations are explained in everyday language, and their calculations are demonstrated using concrete examples. The remaining chapters build on these operations, progressing from simple linear regression to mediational models with bootstrapped standard errors.

The energy transition is associated with different topics in the Global North and South.While countries of the Global North have to reduce their per capita energy consumption and at the same time to switch from fossil fuels to renewable sources of energy, countries of the Global South are challenged by providing access to clean and modern energy to their population.These processes take place at different levels and in different sectors.The study about the household energy transition in Mumias brings together global discourses aboutbasic energy needs and energy statistics with an ethnographic view on domestic energy consumption in a rural town in Western Kenya.The ethnography reveals the diversity in household settings and challenges simple models of the 'household' or the 'family', which are also inherent in the dominant approaches explaining the household energy transition: the energy ladder and fuel stacking model.Switching the perspective to the individual and his life course, hence adding a biographical and temporal dimension, contributes to be able to explain when and how a choice for a certain source of energy is made.Awareness of people's real life situations and challenges behind a simple statistical view is a keyfactor in order to develop adequate support programmes in the household energy sector in anycountry.

Crime research has grown substantially over the past decade, with a rise in evidence-informed approaches to criminal justice, statistics-driven decision-making and predictive analytics. The fuel that has driven this growth is data - and one of its most pressing challenges - is the lack of research on the use and interpretation of data sources. This accessible, engaging book closes that gap for researchers, practitioners and students. International researchers and crime analysts discuss the strengths, perils and opportunities of the data sources and tools now available and their best use in informing sound public policy and criminal justice practice.

Mobilities are an essential issue in contemporary societies, which have recently been reexamined as a result of calls for ecological transition, on the one hand, and the impact of the global Covid 19 pandemic, on the other. The original contribution of this book is that it starts from the polysemic meaning of mobility, paying attention to different scales of perception and action, the lived spaces in which mobility occurs, and the ¿alternative¿ character of so-called sustainable mobilities and the actors who display or engage in such practices. The concept of mobilities is thus considered in relation to urban spaces and sustainability, based on the analysis of French case studies from a European perspective and using multidisciplinary social sciences approaches.