Diplomati

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These proceedings reflect discussions among U.S., Russian, and European Union nongovernmental experts who were convened in 2020-2021 to discuss mutual concerns regarding political interference and to find common ground on measures to address them.

Scientific Study from the year 2023 in the subject Politics - Region: Africa, grade: A, , course: eLearning Technology, language: English, abstract: The paper gives an insight on the relationship between technology and the learning in Universities. A descriptive study design was used to randomly select first year students enrolled in 2020/2021. A close-ended structured questionnaire was constructed to collect data from the students. Frequencies and percentages were used to analyse the collected data. 81,5% of students indicated that Technology-Enabled Learning is an effective mode of learning. A further 72,3% of the students pointed out that there was moderate availability of free and stable internet connectivity to make Technology-Enabled Learning solution easier.A system of student-centered learning environments with remarkable student participation was introduced through technology-enabled learning. The students' ability to learn independently was also made possible by this, and the use of electronic resources greatly accelerated learning. It has virtually changed both teaching and learning. Before implementing technology-enhanced learning in actual classroom settings, it is essential to ascertain the ground reality through empirical research. The main objective of the study was to determine how well technology-enabled learning could enhance University education. This paper looks at merits and demerits of Technology-Enabled learning at Kibabii University. This paper investigates the effectiveness of Technology-Enabled Learning through an integrative review by answering the following questions: How effective is Technology-Enabled learning? What makes Technology-Enabled Learning solutions effective?

The U.S. and Chinese militaries have been shaped by a distinct set of direct and indirect experiences. The U.S. military has focused its energy and resources on combating terrorism and performing counterinsurgency operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Even in 2023, U.S. emphasis on major power competition contends with other national security priorities, including current crises and continued deployments around the globe. The People's Liberation Army (PLA), on the other hand, has largely focused its military modernization and restructuring to prepare for a regional conflict that would likely involve U.S. military intervention. Despite having no combat experience since the 1979 Sino-Vietnamese War, the PLA has conducted an in-depth study of all aspects of the U.S. military's technological and operational capabilities-including its organization, command and control, logistics, joint operations, and concepts of operation-since the 1990s. The dichotomy presented by the experiences of both militaries raises several questions about how they are preparing for the possibility of a major power conflict. Since 2001, the U.S. military has gained significant direct combat experience, but has done so against technologically inferior, nonpeer adversaries. In contrast, the PLA had no direct combat experience. Even though its concepts of operation are designed to fight a major power, these concepts are largely derived from indirect observations and lessons from U.S. operations since 1991. The ways that each side gains and processes experience and incorporates it into training will heavily affect readiness for and performance in a future war.

«Rainäs documentation provides invaluable insight into the high-powered and high-level political calculations that made it happen. It is perhaps the most signal achievement of the era and this expertly curated collection on its genesis and evolution is unquestionably of permanent value.»(Professor Marc Mulholland, Professor of Modern History, Oxford)This is the second volume in which Peter Raina presents the Blair government¿s Devolution papers. Here, the focus shifts to Northern Ireland in the midst of the «Troubles» ¿ a situation where discrimination and bigotry in a society divided by religious and national affiliations had erupted into hatred, violence and fear.Tony Blair, his minister Mo Mowlam and a team of civil servants and others reached for American help and worked intensely with Gerry Adams, Leader of Sinn Fein, and with the government of the Republic in the South of Ireland to bring the warring factions together. Their efforts were concentrated into an astonishing single month.The Devolution plans, as such, have not stood the test of time but, with effort from all sides, a fragile truce was achieved and a virtual end to the «Troubles». This was an enormous achievement. The papers are an object lesson in how patient diplomacy and negotiation can work, even in the most intractable of situations.

In 1987 Tony Blair¿s New Labour won a landslide victory in the British elections. To show it meant business, the new government immediately embarked on a major legislative programme, granting devolution to the outlying «Regions» joined with England in the UK. The cabinet papers concerned with this initiative have just been released, and Peter Raina is publishing them, with brief commentaries, in two volumes. This one concerns Scotland and Wales.The papers show just how much interdepartmental work was involved in this comparatively modest exercise, and how dependent ministers were on the Civil Service and their legal teams. They also raise questions which have recently been much amplified. The drive for devolution had contradictory aims ¿ to offer more self-sufficiency and foster development; but also to take the sting out of nationalist movements, so as to preserve the Union. Readers can judge how democratic and how fruitful the scheme really was.

My book, "The US Dollar and the BRICS Challenge," aims to bring readers closer to the history of dollar dominance and the emerging BRICS nations as potential counterbalances. It should be seen as an attempt to shed light on current events in the world and help better understand ongoing upheavals and restructuring. The book delves into the backgrounds that have led to the power struggles of our time and offers insights into a possible future, analyzing the implications for the global economy. The various aspects of the topic are explored, starting from the historical events that led to the emergence of dollar dominance, all the way to the current efforts of the BRICS nations to break free from this dominance and strengthen their own positions.We will examine the roots of dollar dominance, covering key milestones from the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference to the abandonment of the gold standard in 1971. The crucial role of the United States as a superpower and its economic and political interests in maintaining dollar dominance will also be scrutinized.Each country is examined individually to analyze its specific economic, political, and social developments. While all five countries face different challenges and opportunities, they all strive to have their voices heard in the global economic order. Their efforts to build alternative currency and financial structures are also thoroughly examined.Furthermore, the conflicts and tensions between the US dollar and the BRICS nations are closely examined. I aim to illustrate how the United States defends its dominance in the world economy by all means and takes measures to preserve the dollar's status. Simultaneously, the BRICS nations are forming their own economic alliance and seeking ways to break free from dollar dependency. This power struggle has implications for global stability and may potentially lead to a reconfiguration of the international financial architecture.Additionally, a glimpse into the future is provided. What might the world economy look like in the next few decades? What role will the BRICS nations and the dollar play? What scenarios are conceivable, and how might they affect various actors? These questions are discussed based on current developments and trends, exploring both optimistic and pessimistic scenarios.It is important to emphasize that this book cannot provide definitive answers. The dynamics between the US dollar and the BRICS nations are complex and multifaceted, and developments are still ongoing. Instead, this book aims to encourage contemplation about the current world order and the potential changes that directly affect each and every one of us. This book offers a wealth of information, analysis, and perspectives that allow readers to form their own opinions and stimulate further discussions.The dominance of the dollar and the rising BRICS nations are topics that concern not only economic and financial experts but all of us. The decisions made in the coming years could profoundly shape the global economy and realign geopolitical relations. It is up to us to understand these developments and actively participate. It is up to us to connect the dots between the present-day events that directly impact us and these global events. We must comprehend that the current developments in politics and economics are closely tied to the struggles between these two contenders.This book is an invitation to engage with this topic and take a look behind the scenes of the global economy. It invites you to explore the history, present, and future of dollar dominance and the BRICS nations. It is an invitation to immerse yourself in this world with me, a world full of challenges, opportunities, and uncertain perspectives. The decisions made by these two contenders could directly impact each and every one of us - therefore, we should strive to understand them, discuss them, and potentially influence them.Hermann Selchow

Der BRICS-Gipfel fand im August 2023 statt. Die fünf BRICS-Staaten planen weiterhin ¿ so wird gemunkelt ¿ eine eigene goldbasierte Leitwährung. Unterstützt wird dieses Gerücht durch mehrere Ereignisse. Aktuell erfährt die Welt massive strukturelle Veränderungen. Die Nato wird in Europa weiter in Richtung Osten und Norden erweitert. Eine unmittelbare Folge der NATO-Osterweiterung sind die militärischen Auseinandersetzungen in der Ukraine. In Afrika wehren sich zunehmend mehr Länder gegen ihre ehemaligen Kolonialmächte. Militärputsche, wie in Niger und Gabun, stürzen die zivilen Regierungen, die sich mit dem Westen konform zeigen.Darüber hinaus treten anlässlich des oben genannten BRICS-Gipfels weitere Erdöl-fördernde Länder dem BRICS-Verbund bei. Darunter Länder wie Argentinien, Ägypten, Äthiopien, Iran, Saudi-Arabien sowie die Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate. Diese Länder planen ihr Erdöl in anderen Währungen als dem Petro-Dollar zu handeln. Was eine weitere Schwächung des US-Dollar nach sich ziehen würde.Es ist also nicht verwunderlich, wenn das Gerücht um eine ¿ möglicherweise Yuan-basierte ¿ neue Leitwährung angeheizt wird. Hinzu kommt der offensichtlich erfolglose Besuch des amerikanischen Außenministers Blinken in China. Unmittelbar darauf sank der Börsenwert des US-Dollars um etliche Punkte. China hält immense Dollarreserven auf Grund seines Exportüberschusses.Danach besuchte der ehemalige US-Außenminister Henry Kissinger China, offiziell privat und ohne jeglichen diplomatischen Auftrag.Der inzwischen 100-jährige Henry Kissinger wird in China sehr respektiert, hauptsächlich aufgrund seiner Rolle bei der Normalisierung der Beziehungen zwischen den Vereinigten Staaten und der Volksrepublik China in den 1970er Jahren. Als damaliger US-Außenminister spielte er eine entscheidende Rolle in den geheimen Verhandlungen mit dem chinesischen Führer Zhou Enlai.Mein Buch ¿Der US-Dollar und die BRICS-Herausforderung¿ will den Lesern die Geschichte der Dollar-Vorherrschaft und die aufstrebenden BRICS-Staaten, als mögliches Gegengewicht, näher bringen. Es will als ein Versuch angesehen werden, die aktuellen Vorgänge in der Welt beleuchten und helfen so die gegenwärtigen Umwälzungen und Umstrukturierungen besser zu verstehen. Das Buch beleuchtet die Hintergründe, die zu den Machtkämpfen dieser Zeit geführt haben, und es wirft einen Blick in eine mögliche Zukunft, um die Auswirkungen auf die globale Wirtschaft zu analysieren. Dabei werden die verschiedenen Aspekte der Thematik beleuchtet, angefangen bei den historischen Ereignissen, die zur Entstehung der Dollar-Dominanz führten, bis hin zu den aktuellen Bemühungen der BRICS-Staaten, sich dieser Vorherrschaft zu entziehen und ihre eigene Position zu stärken.Wir werden die Wurzeln der Dollar-Vorherrschaft untersuchen. Von der Bretton-Woods-Konferenz im Jahr 1944 bis zur Aufhebung der Goldbindung im Jahr 1971 werden die entscheidenden Meilensteine auf dem Weg zur weltweiten Akzeptanz des Dollars als Leitwährung behandelt. Dabei wird auch die Rolle der Vereinigten Staaten als Supermacht und ihr wirtschaftliches und politisches Interesse an der Aufrechterhaltung der Dollarherrschaft hinterfragt.

This book explores both the history and current diplomatic and foreign policy challenges in Turkish-French relations. By critically analyzing Turkish and French government and archival documents, as well as other primary sources, it reviews the evolution of Turkish-French relations and offers a better understanding of various diplomatic issues, foreign policy decisions, and geopolitical questions. Furthermore, it sheds new light on the significance of domestic political demands for foreign policy decisions and the importance of mutual perceptions in shaping the two countries' relations.The book is divided into three parts, the first of which studies the history of Turkish-French relations, including the Ottoman Empire's trade relations with France, France's relations with the modern Republic of Turkey, and relations during the Cold War and its aftermath. The second part analyzes various dimensions, including diplomatic challenges, the two countries' foreign policy concepts, geopolitical aspects, economic and trade relations, and their cultural relationship. In turn, the third part presents case studies on more specific issues related to Franco-Turkish relations, including Turkey's EU accession process, the Armenian and Kurdish issues, and French and Turkish perspectives on the MENA region.

This book addresses one of the most pressing geopolitical inquiries of our era: how will China's ambition manifest on the global stage? To address this question, the book considers China's long tradition of statecraft. By doing this, it provides a unique and novel insight into the "why" behind China's actions and sparks a crucial dialogue on "how" to best navigate China's global rise.   Through a keen analytical lens, the book illuminates both the constraints and the flexibility inherent in Chinese policy-making. It underscores the geographic and historical factors that constrain China's actions, forcing its leaders into trade-offs. It also highlights the system's inherent flexibility, expanding the range of strategic options available when dealing with China. The most unique contribution consists in framing the pre-occupations of contemporary China in the context of both long-standing Chinese trends and unprecedented global changes.This book offers a nuanced and realistic guide for senior policy makers, business leaders, academic researchers, and global citizens who seek to decipher the enigma of China's ascent and channel its trajectory towards a more positive and responsible direction.

Жак Бо объясняет политические и экономические потрясения в мировом порядке.