Jura, teori og metode. Retsfilosofi

One of the constitutional obligations of states is the defence of human rights. Such state activities encompass providing free pre-litigation legal aid. In search for solutions allowing to improve Polish model, the authors employed a comparative method. As a result, they analysed solutions adopted in international law, Sweden, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom.Swedish law is an example of a system with a rich legislative history in the area of free legal aid and contemporary solutions based on the model of legal aid with a ¿discount¿. The choice of Ukraine was based on the fact that its regulations are very modern, elastic and put to the ultimate test of war. The United Kingdom was chosen as an example of a country with a common law system, where pre-litigation-free legal aid has its unique form based on grant financing.In the summary of the book, the authors strive for presenting the proposal of a model of free pre-litigation legal aid for the polish legal system based on the experience of compared legal systems.

This book discusses the fundamental issues of public law in the area of statelessness from the perspectives of comparative law and international law standards. The author proposes an approach in which statelessness is not a homogeneous concept but is best analysed and responded to through the lens of different categories of statelessness. This accounts not only for the existence of different categories of stateless persons (e.g., voluntary or involuntary) but also for different assessments and needs of their respective situations for purposes such as prevention mechanisms. The book demonstrates the conceptual and regulatory relevance of this important differential aspect of the international law on statelessness (with implications for domestic legal systems).

Stellt der § 138 BGB das angemessene zivilrechtliche Mittel zur rechtlichen Beurteilung nachvertraglicher Wettbewerbsverbote mit GmbH-Geschäftsführern dar? Um diese Frage zu beantworten, geht diese Arbeit zunächst der Frage der möglichen analogen Anwendung der §§ 74 ff. HGB zugunsten ¿arbeitnehmerähnlicher" Geschäftsführer nach. Im Weiteren erfolgt dann eine induktive Herleitung allgemeiner Rechtsgedanken der §§ 74 ff. HGB, auf deren Grundlage die Diskussion bezüglich der im Vergleich zur bisherigen Rechtsprechung sach- und systemgerechteren Konkretisierung des § 138 BGB sowie der möglichen teilanalogen Anwendung der §§ 74 ff. HGB zugunsten aller Geschäftsführer geführt wird.

This book deals with consensual mechanisms in criminal proceedings analyzed comparatively. In the first place, it addresses the common systemic foundations of consensual mechanisms and the observation of most up-to-date supranational trends in their development. In the second place, it presents phenomenon of negotiated justice outside the common law systems through examples of Poland, Germany and Brazil. The combination of these two approaches provides a good basis for observation on the general advantages and disadvantages of negotiated justice. It also helps for balancing the optimal extensiveness of its use in the contemporary criminal proceedings.

Am Anfang war die Frage, wie unsere rationalen Wissenschaften auf die Psychologie und Soziologie antworten, auf deren Befreiung des Willens, des Unbewussten und der Archetypen.Ergänzend zu der Bekundung der modernen Physik, dass es eine nur vorgestellte Kausalität real (mechanisch) nicht gäbe, sogar auf Bemerkungen über die Schönheit in den Naturwissenschaften.Die Antwort ist: Sie äußern sich, in der Jurisprudenz jedenfalls, überhaupt nicht, vermutlich haben sie das nicht einmal gelesen.Sie igeln sich vielmehr ein, in Vorstellungen über mittelalterliche Himmelfahrten zur eigenen, illusionären Legitimation, oft sogar noch in der Vorstellung eigener Göttlichkeit zur Beherrschung der ¿Tiere¿, der Sachen, der Natur und (früher) der kolonisierten Länder, die heute mit Flüchtlingen zurückkommen.Die meisten leben bewusst in einer Schizophrenie des beliebigen Hin und Her zwischen objektiv und subjektiv, ohne zu zögern, die Subjektivität, die sie selbst anwenden, vorab als Beliebigkeit zu verachten.Fortgeschrittene anerkennen diese Subjektivität, sogar die Einzelfallentscheidung, entgegen der verfassungsrechtlichen Gesetzesbindung, aber finden keinen Anschluss an die bisherige rationale System.Demzufolge hielten wir es für sinnvoll, Wege eventueller Lösungen anzudeuten, um anderen den viel härteren Weg über oder durch Berge von Literatur zu erübrigen.Vielleicht möchten Leserinnen oder Leser sich, auf diese Art, einfache Informationen verschaffen, über uralte westliche Schein-Probleme von Illusion und Realität, die uns aber auch das Bewältigen viel dringenderer Fragen der Gegenwart erleichtern sollten.Nicht weniger dürfen wir anbieten.

Im Rahmen dieser Untersuchung wird der von der Rechtsprechung vor Jahrzehnten entwickelte Begriff des unerlaubten Handeltreibens mit Betäubungsmitteln auf den Prüfstand gestellt, insbesondere werden die erheblichen systematischen Friktionen sowie der nur unzureichend ausgeprägte Rechtsgutsbezug vom Autor eingehend herausgearbeitet. Um diese Strafnorm mit den dogmatischen Grundkonstanten des Strafrechts zu reharmonisieren, wird vom Rechtsgut der staatlichen Drogenverkehrshoheit ausgehend der Begriff des Handeltreibens neu interpretiert. Mit diesem Ansatz wird der bislang überbordende Tatbestand de lege lata wohldosiert heruntergefahren, sodass sowohl die Täterschaft von der Teilnahme als auch die Deliktsverwirklichungsstufen wieder nachvollziehbar voneinander abgegrenzt werden können.

This book explores innovative and context-driven political and legal policy measures designed to expand the powers of the African Union (AU) in order to meaningfully drive the continental integration process. In this regard, the book addresses issues of context, political will, and innovative and inclusive approaches as essential elements that must be considered. Africa is currently experiencing one of the most critical phases of its integrative development. Since 2015, there have been increasing efforts to develop policies and practices that grant the AU broader powers to coordinate and create binding rules regarding the regional integration process. In other words, these processes seek to endow the AU with supranational powers like those exercised by the European Union, which, despite its internal problems, remains the most successful experiment in supranationalism in the world.This has included the decision to finance the AU through a 0.2% tax on eligible imports into member states; the decision to reduce the number of AU Commission portfolios from eight to six; the adoption and entry into force of the much touted Agreement establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area; the adoption of the Protocol to the Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community Relating to Free Movement of Persons, Right to Residence and Right of Establishment; and the adoption of the AU Agenda 2063 policy framework in 2015. How these processes will change the direction of regional integration in Africa, the book argues, largely depends on the existence of quality-driven institutions.

The expression "e;transitional justice"e; emerged at the end of the Cold War, during the transition from dictatorships to democracies, and serves as a central concept in dealing with systemic injustice. This textbook examines the basic principles of transitional justice and explores its core mechanisms, including prosecutions, amnesties, truth commissions, reparations, and vetting the public service. It elaborates the substance and legal framework of these mechanisms and discusses current challenges.The book provides extensive material illustrating a wide variety of transitional justice situations.  "e;This book summarizes the subjects of transitional justice and Vergangenheitsbewaltigung systematically and clearly"e; (Joachim Gauck, German Federal President, 2012-2017).

This book approaches education as a vital human good, both because it fosters the development of intellectual, moral and civic virtues, and because it promotes the development of valuable skills for work and for life. Accordingly, debates on justice, democracy, equality and inclusion often focus on questions concerning the kind of education people should receive, how scarce educational goods should be distributed, and the role of education in responding to historical and ongoing injustices. This volume collects 16 new essays that explore these pressing ethical, political and legal issues.

This edited volume analyzes participatory practices in art and cultural heritage in order to determine what can be learned through and from collaboration across disciplinary borders. Following recent developments in museology, museum policies and practices have tended to prioritize community engagement over a traditional focus on collecting and preserving museal objects. At many museal institutions, a shift from a focus on objects to a focus on audiences has taken place. Artistic practices in the visual arts, music, and theater are also increasingly taking on participatory forms. The world of cultural heritage has seen an upsurge in participatory governance models favoring the expertise of local communities over that of trained professionals. While museal institutions, artists, and policy makers consider participation as a tool for implementing diversity policy, a solution to social disjunction, and a form of cultural activism, such participation has also sparked a debate on definitions, and on issues concerning the distribution of authority, power, expertise, agency, and representation. While new forms of audience and community engagement and corresponding models for "e;co-creation"e; are flourishing, fundamental but paralyzing critique abounds and the formulation of ethical frameworks and practical guidelines, not to mention theoretical reflection and critical assessment of practices, are lagging.This book offers a space for critically reflecting on participatory practices with the aim of asking and answering the question: How can we learn to better participate? To do so, it focuses on the emergence of new norms and forms of collaboration as participation, and on actual lessons learned from participatory practices. If collaboration is the interdependent formulation of problems and entails the common definition of a shared problem space, how can we best learn to collaborate across disciplinary borders and what exactly can be learned from such collaboration?

This book presents novel approaches and perspectives to scholarship on epistemic injustice and particularly, testimonial injustice and their connections with public trust. It will appeal to scholars and students in critical social and political epistemology.

This collection discusses the concept of fraternity and examines the issue of its role in law.Since the end of World War II, fraternity has been cited in several national constitutional charters, in addition to the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. But is there space for fraternity in law? The contributions to this book form an ideal "bridge" between the past and present to trace the different pathways taken to address the meaning of fraternity, and to identify its possible legal relevance. The book lays out paths that have placed fraternity in varied and challenging legal contexts in an age of globalization and conflict, where the multiplicity of national and supranational sources of law seems to show its inadequacy to govern complexity, and coexistence between diversities that appear irreconcilable. The purpose is not to recover fraternity as a forgotten principle, but to reimagine it today to address the aim and force of law within a plurality of cultures. The analysis considers a possible universal dimension that models unity within diversity, and aspires to serve as a prologue to a transition from research to dialogue between different legal systems and traditions.The book will be of interest to academics and researchers working in the areas of Comparative Law, Legal History and Legal Philosophy.

This edited volume sheds light on law reform. It examines the process of law reform and explains the need for a constant appraisal to keep its wheels optimally operational.

This book provides an in-depth guide to researchers and practitioners who are interested in analyzing the evolution of EU law from a national and comparative constitutional law perspective.

This book offers a distinctive approach to the right not to be subjected to enforced disappearance. Over the last decade, the entry into force of the UN Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance has brought to the forefront of legal discussion the need to effectively address the practice of disappearance. Yet, there are still obstacles to combatting it, which are in part due to a limited understanding of the right¿s underlying concept, content and scope.This book examines the phenomenon and definition of enforced disappearance and sheds new light on the right against disappearance. Presenting a doctrinal appraisal of the norm¿s legal value, it suggests that the right against enforced disappearance holds a customary value, while also arguing that it has since attained a jus cogens status. Lastly, it examines in detail the rights to truth and reparation and how regional and national courts have interpreted these norms. It assesses the UN Convention¿s dynamics and considers whether the lack of a right against disappearance embedded in regional human rights systems affects individuals¿ protection.The book provides an overview of key jurisprudence on disappearances, making it of benefit to both practitioners and theorists of international law.

"Corporations and states are creatures of law that claim rights, trade roles, and avoid responsibility based on legal concepts in international and domestic law. Using the concept of "attribution" as a touchstone, this cross-disciplinary book explores the law's diverse ways of constructing the identities and responsibilities of firms and states"--

One of the main goals of this book is to determine if, in the works of some of the key authors in the history of Italian political philosophy, a notion of ¿efficacy¿ can be found. In legal philosophy, ¿efficacy¿ is the capacity a norm has to effectively influence citizens¿ behavior. The ¿principle of efficacy¿ is that according to which an order or rule exists as such when it is followed effectively in practice. Here by ¿efficacy¿ I mean the idea that normative phenomena are self-justifying, without reference to extrinsic systems of value (such as ¿natural law¿). The examinations of several texts undertaken here constitute reflections on this theme, without any claim to systematicity. They have been grouped together, roughly in historical order, by their common respect for the contexts within which they reason and reach decisions, which lends them a characteristic flavor of harsh realism that at times relies on a minimalist use of traditional normative categories.The second theme that emerges through the respective chapters (each of which constitutes the text for a lesson in a course for Ph.D. students) is that of the relationship between ¿equality¿ and ¿vulnerability.¿ Here the idea is to elaborate a concept of ¿vulnerability¿ that is not underpinned by what we in Italy call an ¿anthropology,¿ that is, a fixed notion of human nature. Instead this concept should be comprehensible and graspable solely on the basis of the recognition of decisions and actions that are merely ¿efficacious,¿ that function ¿for what they are, and what they do.¿ This recognition doesn¿t even need to be explicitly articulated by these authors with any specific, deliberately conscious awareness.The goal is not to identify a precise tradition of thought, one which elaborates a given line of reflection, but rather to highlight certain ¿themes¿ that emerge in the texts examined, even as the authors write with and for their own specific,contingent set of motives, which differ from time to time and place to place. These authors include some who are widely known, such as Dante, Machiavelli, and Beccaria. At times they are figures who typify certain key historical episodes, such as the Risorgimento (Giuseppe Mazzini) or Fascism (Cesare Lombroso and Santi Romano), while others reflect certain aspects of a contemporary debate (Pasolini and the ¿Braibanti affair¿).The book is based on lectures given for a 2021 Ph.D. Course at the University of California, Berkeley¿s Department of Italian Studies.

Juli Zeh verbindet zwei öffentliche Rollen: Sie ist Schriftstellerin und Juristin; sie trägt maßgeblich zur deutschsprachigen Gegenwartsliteratur bei, nimmt aber auch aktiv als ¿public intellectual¿ an öffentlichen Debatten teil. Der vorliegende Band untersucht daher gattungs- und literaturgeschichtliche Themen ebenso wie intertextuelle und theoretische Referenzpunkte, etwa zu Recht und Staat oder aktuellen gesellschaftlichen Aushandlungsprozessen.Juli Zehs Werk, für Bühne und Film adaptiert sowie in zahlreiche Sprachen übersetzt und inzwischen auch Schullektüre, umfasst ein breites Spektrum an Texten: Einige arbeiten mit den Mustern der Spannungsliteratur (¿Adler und Engel¿, ¿Schilf¿), andere lassen sich als dystopische Romane verstehen (¿Corpus Delicti¿, ¿Leere Herzen¿). Jüngst sind mehrere Gesellschaftsstudien zu verzeichnen (¿Unterleuten¿, ¿Über Menschen¿, ¿Zwischen Welten¿). Der Band untersucht dies sowohl in Einzeltextanalysen als auch in systematischen Beiträgen, die Juli Zehs Werke vergleichend sowie im ästhetischen, medialen oder politischen Kontext in den Blick nehmen.

A law professor's memoir of his own ascendancy from prosecutor to influential legal thinker. From prosecuting murderers in Chicago, to arguing before the Supreme Court, to authoring more than a dozen books, Georgetown University law professor Randy Barnett has played an integral role in the rise of originalism-the movement to identify, restore, and defend the original meaning of the Constitution. Thanks in part to his efforts, by 2018 a majority of sitting Supreme Court justices self-identified as "originalists." After writing seminal books on libertarianism and contract law, Barnett pivoted to constitutional law. His mission to restore "the lost Constitution" took him from the schoolhouse to the courthouse, where he argued the medical marijuana case of Gonzeles v. Raich in the Supreme Court-a case now taught to every law student. Later, he devised and spearheaded the constitutional challenge to Obamacare. All this earned him major profiles in such publications as the  Washington Post, Wall Street Journal, and New York Times. Now he recounts his compelling journey from a working-class kid in Calumet City, Illinois to "Washington Power Breaker," as the Congressional Quarterly Weekly called him. In A Life for Liberty, Barnett writes candidly about his career strategies, and how he overcame his outsider status, his insecurities, and the mistakes he made along the way. The engaging story of his rise from obscurity to one of the most influential thinkers in America is an inspiring how-to guide for anyone seeking real-world advancement of justice and liberty for all.

This book offers a comprehensive summary of extant international law scholarship on the topics of self-determination and secession and positions the concepts among present-day theory and relevant practice, illustrated through various ongoing cases and historical examples. The right to self-determination is among the least understood rights within international law. Theoretical dilemmas ¿ as to whether there is a link between self-determination and secession ¿ are nothing new. In essence, self-determination is a much broader concept than secession and obtaining independent statehood. Unilateral secession is not prohibited by international law, but neither is it per se welcomed or accepted in practice. Beyond the context of decolonization, secession claims have long been viewed with disapproval in international law, and lawyers have been extremely skeptical about the issue. Although this is still the case, there are also new trends and opportunities to explore situations in which secession can be accepted, legitimized, or even legally permissible. The yardstick for this is the diplomatic response to secessionism and the growing involvement of the international community in mediation and conflict resolution. Though finding solutions can be difficult, within the existing frame, the ongoing tension between the duty of every society to recognize pluralism and diversity on the one hand, and the inherent desire of every culture ¿ whether majority, minority or indigenous ¿ to protect its values and ensure conformity on the other, must be resolved. The practices and modalities that envisage the internal dimension of the right to self-determination as a right that is exercised within the state borders can offer such opportunities. The appropriate role of the state and the international community is to serve as mediators between competing forces and to set parameters that can transform destructive conflicts into productive political models.

Kann man Verfassungspolitik als rechtswissenschaftliche Disziplin betreiben? Für die einen stellt sich die Frage nicht, weil Verfassungsdogmatik immer schon unausweichlich rechtspolitisch arbeitet. Für die anderen zeichnet sich Dogmatik just als Gegenüber zur Politik aus, ist dementsprechend wissenschaftlich betriebene Verfassungspolitik eine contradictio in adiecto. Im Rahmen des 11. "Grundlagen"-Gesprächs anlässlich der Bremer Staatsrechtslehrertagung im Oktober 2022 haben sich dazu- im Hauptreferat - Brun-Otto Bryde sowie - in Kommentaren - Martin Nettesheim und Laura Münkler Gedanken gemacht.