Videnskabsfilosofi

Viden og fænomen undersøger en udviklingslinje fra tysk fænomenologi (Husserl) til fransk epistemologi (Koyré og Bachelard) og forsøger derigennem at fastholde den opfattelse, at videnskaberne må bygge på et ontologisk grundlag, som det er op til filosofien at belyse. Dermed er afhandlingen solidt placeret uden for videnskabsteoretisk mainstream. Viden og fænomen er krævende læsning, men den er en ressource, hvis man søger et grundigt kendskab til fænomenologien eller epistemologien. Derudover udgør bogen et kvalificeret indlæg i diskussionen om forholdet mellem videnskaberne og filosofien.Afhandlingen udkom på tysk i 1997 og blev forsvaret for habilitationsgraden (den internationale doktorgrad) på fransk i 1998. Den foreligger hermed for første gang på dansk. Søren Gosvig Olesen (født 1956) læste filosofi hos Gérard Granel og tog embedseksamen i filosofi og filosofihistorie fra Sorbonne i 1982. Derefter var han i en årrække ansat ved universiteterne i Odense og Århus. I 1996-1999 var han forskningsbibliotekar på Det kongelige Bibliotek, og siden da har han været lektor ved Afdeling for filosofi på Københavns Universitet. Han debuterede med essayet La philosophie dans le texte (1982). Hans hovedværk er Transcendental historie fra år 2000, et værk der kom i udvidet udgave på tysk og engelsk i 2012. Desuden har han skrevet indføringer og monografier som Vejledning til Heidegger (1990, rev.udg. 2013) og Filosofien i Frankrig (1993, rev.udg. 2021).

I 1869 og 1880 udgav den franske geograf, forfatter og anarkist Élisée Reclus (1830-1905) Historien om et vandløb og Historien om et bjerg, der nu begge foreligger på dansk i Troels Hughes Hansens oversættelse. De to bøger havde i sin tid en bred appel og stærk indvirkning på den almene forståelse af naturen. Elisée Reclus plæderede for et vildt og harmonisk naturbegreb, hvilket stod i skarp kontrast til den industrielle civilisations udvikling i slutning af 1800-tallet.Bogen er i høj grad relevant i dag, fordi den tilbyder os et frisk og bejaende blik på natur­en som noget, der ikke ligger uden for os selv. Naturen hos Reclus er ikke den store Anden, som man enten kan passe på eller ødelægge. Den er ikke udelukkende et objekt, men optræder i menneskets historie og kultur som en drivende kraft. Bjerget og vandløbet er som resten af naturen evigt forbundet med mennesket på godt og ondt, og det løber som en understrøm i bogen, at det er essentielt for mennesket at vedligeholde denne forbindelse.På den led flyder Reclus’ poetiske projekt sammen med hans politiske over­bevisning. Den geografisk præcise og poetisk sanselige indoptagelse af naturen bliver en modstandskamp for digteren. Naturen er både et middel til at genoplade batterierne og samle kræfter til den store kamp for frihed og retfærdighed, men den har også en iboende værdi for os som del af vores fælles historie og udvikling.

VIDEN, VIDENSKAB OG FORSKNING I SYGEPLEJENy, grundig og relevant grundbog om sygeplejeforskning og videnskabsteori inden for sygepleje. Bogen henvender sig til sygeplejestuderende, cand.cur. og kliniske sygeplejersker, der ønsker at udvikle praksis og udvikle ny viden inden for sygepleje. Et relevant og nyt indspark i grundbøger i sygeplejeforskning og videnskabsteori, som præsenterer dig for ny, aktuel forskning og metodologiske overvejelser.Gennem bogens 17 kapitler får du en grundig indføring i forskellige, udvalgte videnskabsteoretiske retninger, som benyttes inden for sygeplejeforskning. Hvert kapitel tager afsæt i konkrete forskningsprojekter med udgangspunkt i et videnskabsteoretisk ståsted og gennemgår relevante metodologiske og teoretiske overvejelser for dig, som ønsker at anvende en af disse videnskabsteoretiske positioner til at udvikle ny, praksisnær viden.

På maskinmesterstudiet undervises der i faget videnskabsteori, men faget er mere end kun videnskabsteori. Det handler i lige så høj grad om metodekendskab, og hvordan samspillet mellem teori og metode skal anvendes i de skriftlige opgaver.Bogen sammenfletter de formelle krav til en skriftlig opgave med det at skabe en videnskabelig undersøgelse på professionsbachelorniveau.De skriftlige opgaver på maskinmesterstudiet er nemlig ikke kun redegørende, men skal også være en formidling af den studerendes egne undersøgelsesresultater inden for maskinmestrenes fagområde med afsæt i en videnskabsteoretisk tilgang.

This book provides a solution to the problem with the energy concept. This problem manifests itself in the fact that physicists clearly diverge regarding the question of what energy is. Some define it but others state that we do not know what it is. Although this is a problem for physicists who need to explain the concept, it is not a problem for physics that can be solved by laboratory means. Penetrating into the origin of the notion of energy, this book offers a clear idea of what was discovered and what was invented to interpret the findings.Following the development of the concept, it provides an explanation of the trends in contemporary textbooks. The author's repetition, in his "History and Philosophy of Physics Laboratory", of Joule¿s famous experiment ¿ the paddle wheel experiment ¿ with a calorimeter as originally used by Joule and with a calorimeter as proposed in textbooks, is presented, yielding new insight into the phenomenon. Thus, science teachers andstudents will benefit from reading the book as well as historians, philosophers, students of the history and philosophy of science, and all who are interested in knowing about what it is that we call energy.

Over time, philosophers and historians of science have introduced different notions of 'ways of thinking'. This book presents, compares, and contrasts these different notions. It focuses primarily on Ian Hacking¿s idea of 'style of reasoning' in order to assess and develop it into a more systematic theory of scientific thought, arguing that Hacking¿s theory implies epistemic relativism. Luca Sciortino also discusses the implications of Hacking¿s ideas for the study of the problem of contingency and inevitability in the development of scientific knowledge

This volume commemorates the scientific contributions of Detlef Dürr (1951¿2021) to foundational questions of physics. It presents new contributions from his former students, collaborators, and colleagues about their current research on topics inspired or influenced by Dürr. These topics are drawn from physics, mathematics, and philosophy of nature, and concern interpretations of quantum theory, new developments of Bohmian mechanics, the role of typicality, quantum physics in relativistic space-time, classical and quantum electrodynamics, and statistical mechanics. The volume thus also gives a snapshot of present research in the foundations of physics.

Universities have long been dominated by a philosophy of inquiry that may be called knowledge-inquiry. This holds that, in order to do justice to the basic humanitarian aim of helping to promote human welfare, academic inquiry must, in the first instance, seek knowledge and technological know-how. First, knowledge is to be acquired; once acquired, it can be applied to help promote human welfare. But this philosophy of knowledge-inquiry is an intellectual and humanitarian disaster. It violates three of the four most elementary rules of rational problem solving conceivable, and as a result fails to give priority to the task of helping humanity resolve those conflicts and problems of living, such as the climate and nature crises, that need to be resolved if we are to make progress to a better world ¿ a world in which there is peace, democracy, justice, liberty, and sustainable prosperity, for all. Very few academics today are aware of this rationality scandal. We urgently need to bring about a revolution in universities around the world, wherever possible, so that academic inquiry puts all four rules of rational problem solving into practice, and becomes rationally devoted to helping humanity learn how to make progress towards a better world. Knowledge-inquiry needs to become wisdom-inquiry, rationally devoted to helping humanity create a wiser world.

This book explores indigenous sub-Saharan African agrarian thought. Indigenous African agrarian philosophy is an uncharted and largely overlooked area of study in the burgeoning fields of African philosophy and philosophy of nature. The book shows that wherever human beings have lived, they have been preoccupied with exploring ways to ensure the sustainable management of limited resources at their disposal, to attain to their basic needs: food, shelter, and security. The book also shows that agriculture and the way people relate with nature are an essential, but generally neglected, determinant of the emergence and orientation of all philosophical traditions. In traditional, pre-colonial African culture, it was difficult to separate agriculture from African relational ontology. Agriculture and the use of natural resources were at the centre of community life and influenced the social, political, economic, and spiritual worldviews of the people. In their contact with nature through agriculture, different beliefs, knowledge systems, norms, moral outlooks, cultural practices and institutions emerged and have been valorized to guide societies on how to sustainably manage the environment. As a way of life, then, agriculture was deeply connected with indigenous beliefs, values, and practices which transcended a wide range of issues related to ecological ethics, food ethics, religion, traditional medicine, political economy, social organisation, biological reproduction and species survival, indigenous knowledge, and property rights. This book will thus be a valuable resource for policy makers and researchers in diverse fields such as philosophy, geography, sociology, anthropology, and development studies.

In the face of the anthropogenic threats to the singular planetary habitat we share with other human beings and non-human species, humanities scholars feel a renewed sense of urgency 1) to acknowledge the ways our species has funded particular histories of environmental exploitation, alienation, and collapse, 2) to unpack inherited assumptions that impact our views of nature and interspecies relations, and 3) to suggest ways of thinking and acting that seek to repair the damage and promote mutual flourishing for all of earth inhabitants. This volume brings together scholars in philosophy, theology, and religion who take up this urgent ethical task from a broad range of perspectives and locations.

"In science, it frequently happens that researchers look for something and find something else: understanding why leads us to the heart of how scientific method works and to the root of its wonder"--

This book presents a unique, feminist approach to ¿sex¿ dolls and ¿sex¿ robots, taking a critical look at the academic and business narratives that serve to rationalise them. As new forms of pornography (porn robots), this edited volume provides an urgent women¿s centred critique.The emergence of ¿sex¿ robots is situated within the wider context of the attack on women¿s rights and the relentless rise of techno-pornography. As an outgrowth of the industries of prostitution, pornography and child sex abuse, these objects offer new ways to dehumanise women and girls. While support for ¿sex¿ robots is positioned as progressive and emancipatory, the contributors in this volume argue they reduce women to consumable parts. They explore how law, the arts, ethics, economy, politics and culture are interconnected with harmful technological developments.

This book explores René Descartes¿s attempts to describe particular bodies, such as rocks, minerals, metals, plants, and animals, within the mechanistic interpretation of nature of his philosophical program. Despite his early rationalistic epistemology, Descartes¿s increasing attention to collections, histories, lists of qualities, and particular bodies results in a puzzling ¿short history of all natural phenomenä contained in the Principles of philosophy (1644). The present book outlines the role of Descartes's observations and experimentation as he aimed to construct a universal science of nature, ultimately revealing the mechanization of nature in detail, and for curious bodies such as the Bologna Stone or the sensitive herb. What results is a theoretical natural history consistent with the mechanical principles of his philosophy, ultimately shedding new light on his attempt to produce a complete philosophy of nature.

This book connects recent developments in speculative realism, new materialism, and eco-phenomenology to articulate an approach to wonder that escapes the connected traps of anthropocentrism and correlationism. Brian Onishi argues that wonder has explanatory power for the constitution of the world and the organization of meaning. To do this, he appeals to both fiction (speculative and Weird fiction in particular) and quantum physics. More specifically, he argues that the focus of Weird fiction on impossible experiences and a feeling of something just beyond the limits of one¿s grasp dramatizes the speculative reach beyond the limits of our understanding. But more than a tool for knowledge acquisition, wonder is an organizing property of objects. Like the collapse of superposition in quantum physics, reality is constituted when objects reveal themselves to other objects and thereby organize themselves into complex objects. Since no relation is exhaustive, the capacity to wonder remains at a material level, and the possibility of reorganization is ever present. Ultimately, Onishi argues for a speculative eco-phenomenology with wonder as an engine for a Weird environmental ethics.

"The untold story of how the cosmic microwave background radiation was interpreted following its discovery is a modern case study of theory building within the history and philosophy of science. It examines the epistemological factors at play between the emerging scientific orthodoxy of the Big Bang theory and its alternatives"--

Takes a multicultural, interdisciplinary approach to the rhetoric of science to expand our toolkit for the collective management of global risks like climate change and pandemics.

The first standalone edition of Aquinas's ground-breaking treatment of the passions (Summa 1-2.22-48): indispensable for students, teachers and scholars.

Heilberufler, d.h. Ärzt*innen, Pflegende und Vertreter anderer Professionen, die in der Versorgung sterbender Menschen und deren Angehöriger tätig sind, haben Vorstellungen vom Tod ausgebildet. Diese leiten die Behandlungsweise von sterbenden Menschen, da sie Antworten auf fundamentale Fragen geben. Was ist der Tod? Wann tritt ein Mensch in seine letzte Lebensphase ein? Todesvorstellungen sind meist Mischkonzepte. Wissenschaft, Berufserfahrung, Mythologie, Religion, allgemeine Werte gehen in sie ein. Die vorliegende Publikation erforscht die Todesvorstellungen von Heilberuflern und stellt sie in ihrer Diversität dar. Der Band führt dabei Methoden der Literaturzusammenfassung vor, die von fortgeschrittenen Studierenden, Doktoranden und jungen Forscher*innen verwendet werden können, um einen relevanten Forschungsstand zu dokumentieren. Eine wissenschaftshistorische und methodische Reflexion fundiert diese Vorstellung.