Videnskabelige standarder, målesystem osv.

Mange praktikere skal undersøge, dokumentere og formidle deres eget eller andres arbejde. Men hvordan designer man en god videnskabelig undersøgelse? Hvordan får man styr på undersøgelsens elementer? På forskningsspørgsmål, disposition, metode, evidens, referencer, krav til videnskabelighed, effekt og implikationer for praksis mv. Og hvordan formidler man resultaterne på en tilfredsstillende måde? Det giver denne bog svar på. UNDERSØG beskriver lettilgængeligt, kort og overskueligt, hvordan man kommer godt i gang med opgaven. Bogen præsenterer en model for design af undersøgelser, metoder til vurdering af undersøgelsers evidensniveau, idéer til udarbejdelse af projektbeskrivelser og ansøgninger samt en oversigt over de formelle regler, der gælder for henvisninger og referencer, herunder elektroniske. Den afsluttende formidling af undersøgelsens resultater er i fokus hele vejen. UNDERSØG henvender sig til dig, der er travl praktiker og ønsker at genopfriske din viden, før du giver dig i kast med at undersøge egen praksis. Bogen henvender sig også til dig, der er studerende og står foran en empirisk baseret opgave – uden helt at vide, hvordan du skal gribe den an.

Fluorescence is the most popular technique in chemical and biological sensing and this book provides systematic knowledge of basic principles in the design of fluorescence sensing and imaging techniques together with critical analysis of recent developments. Its ultimate sensitivity, high temporal and spatial resolution and versatility enables high resolution imaging within living cells. It develops rapidly in the directions of constructing new molecular recognition units, new fluorescence reporters and in improving sensitivity of response, up to the detection of single molecules. Its application areas range from the control of industrial processes to environmental monitoring and clinical diagnostics. Being a guide for students and young researchers, it also addresses professionals involved in basic and applied research. Making a strong link between education, research and product development, this book discusses prospects for future progress.

This thesis describes two groundbreaking measurements in the precision frontier at the LHC: the first ever differential measurement of the Z-associated single top quark (tZq) production, and the luminosity measurement using Z boson production rate for the first time in CMS. Observed only in 2018, the tZq process is of great importance in probing top quark electroweak couplings. These couplings are natural places for new phenomena to happen in the top quark sector of the standard model. Yet, they are the least explored directly. One has to obtain a firm understanding of the modeling of sensitive distributions to new top-Z interactions. The present analysis marks a major milestone in this long-term effort. All distributions relevant for new phenomena, and/or modeling of tZq, are studied in full depth using advanced Machine Learning techniques.The luminosity and its uncertainty contributes to every physics result of the experiment. The method minutely developed in this thesis provides a complementary measurement that results in a significant overall reduction of uncertainties.

The book covers in particular state-of-the-art scientific research about product quality control and related health and environmental safety topics, including human, animal and plant safety assurance issues. These conference proceedings provide contemporary information on the general theoretical, metrological and practical issues of the production and application of reference materials.Reference materials play an integral role in physical, chemical and related type of measurements, ensuring their uniformity, comparability and the validity of quantitative analysis as well as, as a result, the objectivity of decisions concerning the elimination of technical barriers in commercial and economic, scientific and technical and other spheres of cooperation. The book is intended for researchers and practitioners in the field of chemistry, metrologists, technical physics, as well as for specialists in analytical laboratories, or working for companies and organizations involved in the production, distribution and use of reference materials.

This book comprises the proceedings of the Conference and Exhibition on Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE 2021) organised by the Indian Society for Non-destructive Testing (ISNT). This book covers topics from wide domains from conventional to advanced NDE, including conventional and advanced NDE methods, drone-based inspections, thermal wave imaging, NDT data fusion, material characterization, waveguide sensors, inspections of civil structures, medical applications such as bone density and cancer diagnosis, periodic maintenance, life estimation, as well as structural integrity and related areas. This book serves as a useful reference for students, researchers, and practitioners alike.

This thesis describes how the rich internal degrees of freedom of molecules can be exploited to construct the first ¿clock¿ based on ultracold molecules, rather than atoms. By holding the molecules in an optical lattice trap, the vibrational clock is engineered to have a high oscillation quality factor, facilitating the full characterization of frequency shifts affecting the clock at the hertz level. The prototypical vibrational molecular clock is shown to have a systematic fractional uncertainty at the 14th decimal place, matching the performance of the earliest optical atomic lattice clocks. As part of this effort, deeply bound strontium dimers are coherently created, and ultracold collisions of these Van der Waals molecules are studied for the first time, revealing inelastic losses at the universal rate. The thesis reports one of the most accurate measurements of a molecule¿s vibrational transition frequency to date. The molecular clock lays the groundwork for explorations into terahertz metrology, quantum chemistry, and fundamental interactions at atomic length scales.

This book highlights issues related to the organization and improvement of the efficiency of training system in technical operation of radio-electronic equipment currently used in civil aviation. The increasing intensity of air traffic around the world leads to a quantitative increase in old problems and the emergence of qualitatively new ones that can only be solved by trained people, whose training process should be carried out on a systematic basis. Modern approaches to improving the human resources potential of civil aviation, as a rule, are based only on modernizing the management mechanisms of the training system. One of the main advantages of this book is the unique integrated approach to building a system for training aviation personnel in the field of technical operation of radio-electronic equipment and air traffic control, which consists in taking into account various factors that affect the training of specialists, promising areas of development of civil aviation based on the analysis of various guidance documents and the construction of mathematical models that give a qualitative assessment of existing methods and the proposed new methodology. The book contains a large amount of visual illustrative material showing the existing structure of the system of training in the field of civil aviation.

This comprehensive guide invites nations worldwide to embark on a transformative journey, implementing independent third-party verification systems that ensure medical devices comply with both international and national regulations. Prepare to be captivated as we delve into the intricate processes, unveil essential procedures, and illuminate the paramount importance of establishing traceability for medical device measurements.Imagine a world where medical devices undergo rigorous independent safety and performance verification, guaranteeing the utmost reliability for patient diagnoses and treatment. This book takes you on a compelling exploration of precisely that vision. Focusing on cutting-edge diagnostic and therapeutic devices, it captures the very essence of the latest international directives and regulations, ensuring you stay ahead of the curve.This new edition goes beyond the conventional, delving into the realms of innovation and progress. Unveiling in-depth maintenance regimes within healthcare institutions, we provide you with invaluable insights into post-market surveillance. As the world embraces the transformative potential of artificial intelligence, we pave the way for evidence-based management of medical device maintenance¿a concept poised to reshape the healthcare landscape.Imagine a future where medical devices are seamlessly integrated into the legal metrology system, while fully operational national laboratories for medical device inspection set new standards of excellence. This book vividly illustrates how such a powerful union can elevate the reliability of medical devices in diagnosis and patient care. Brace yourself for a paradigm shift that not only enhances efficacy but also leads to significant cost reductions within your country's healthcare system.Join us on this extraordinary journey as we unveil the untapped potential of medical device inspection. With our innovative approach and unrivaled expertise, together we can revolutionize healthcare, transforming the lives of countless patients worldwide. Get ready to be inspired, informed, and empowered¿welcome to the future of healthcare!

This thesis presents significant new observations of nuclear wobbling, and thus expands our understanding of nuclear triaxiality and its prevalence in the nuclear chart. Triaxial nuclear shapes are a very rare phenomena and their experimental identification often relies on two unique signatures - nuclear wobbling motion and chiral rotation. While nuclear chirality is a well-studied phenomenon, experimental observations of wobbling nuclei are rather limited. With the identification of 135Pr and 187Au as wobblers, this work establishes triaxiality to be a general phenomenon present in different regions of the nuclear chart, irrespective of any particular spin or deformation. A major focus of this work is the detailed investigation of the different kinds of wobbling modes. Depending on the geometry of the nuclear system, wobbling can be classified into two types - longitudinal and transverse. This work has, for the first time, reported evidence of the possible coexistence of both forms of wobbling in a single nucleus. Another important result reported in this work is the very first observation of co-existing chiral and wobbling modes in the 135Pr nucleus. This thesis details the experimental methods that led to this breakthrough, along with pertinent theoretical interpretations.

Sensors & Instrumentation and Aircraft/Aerospace Testing Techniques, Volume 8: Proceedings of the 41st IMAC, A Conference and Exposition on Structural Dynamics, 2023, the eighth volume of ten from the Conference brings together contributions to this important area of research and engineering. The collection presents early findings and case studies on fundamental and applied aspects of Shock & Vibration, Aircraft/Aerospace Testing Techniques including papers on:Alternative Sensing & AcquisitionActive ControlsInstrumentation

This thesis makes significant advances in the use of microspheres in optical traps as highly precise sensing platforms. While optically trapped microspheres have recently proven their dominance in aqueous and vacuum environments, achieving state-of-the-art measurements of miniscule forces and torques, their sensitivity to perturbations in air has remained relatively unexplored. This thesis shows that, by uniquely operating in air and measuring its thermally-fluctuating instantaneous velocity, an optically trapped microsphere is an ultra-sensitive probe of both mass and sound. The mass of the microsphere is determined with similar accuracy to competitive methods but in a fraction of the measurement time and all while maintaining thermal equilibrium, unlike alternative methods. As an acoustic transducer, the air-based microsphere is uniquely sensitive to the velocity of sound, as opposed to the pressure measured by a traditional microphone. By comparison to state-of-the-art commercially-available velocity and pressure sensors, including the world¿s smallest measurement microphone, the microsphere sensing modality is shown to be both accurate and to have superior sensitivity at high frequencies. Applications for such high-frequency acoustic sensing include dosage monitoring in proton therapy for cancer and event discrimination in bubble chamber searches for dark matter. In addition to reporting these scientific results, the thesis is pedagogically organized to present the relevant history, theory, and technology in a straightforward way.

This book offers up-to-date information and guidance on the application of metrology in legal proceedings, clarifying the limits of validity of scientific evidence and presenting an illuminating series of case studies in which measurement uncertainty has played an important role. The fundamental concepts of metrology are discussed, and it is explained how metrology is capable of quantifying the reliability of measurement results and thereby contributing to appropriate decision making. With the aid of the presented case studies, this book will assist readers in understanding how legal decisions should be made in the presence of uncertainty. Areas covered in those studies include breath alcohol concentration analysis, and DNA profiling. Nowadays, decisions in most legal cases are based on evidence obtained through scientific analysis involving the acquisition of accurate measurements. Against this background, Forensic Metrology will be of value for lawyers and judges in both civil and common law countries, as well as engineers and other scientists with an interest in the subject.

This book emphasizes simple and concise coverage of the fundamental aspects of measuring systems. It is designed to provide the reader with essential knowledge regarding signals, signal analysis, signal conditioning circuits, and data acquisition systems. The prerequisites are a basic knowledge of multivariable calculus, introductory physics, and a familiarity with basic electrical circuits and components. Delivers topics and techniques that are fundamental to the understanding of the measurement process. These include standards, dynamic characteristics of measuring devices, statistical analysis of data, uncertainty analysis, signal conditioning devices, transistors,and logic circuits, analog to digital converters. To aid in the understanding of the subject matter and related applications, the book chapters are complemented with examples and problems. Careful attention was paid to the details of figures and illustration to help enforce the learning objectives of this book.

This book tells the story of a unique scientific and human adventure, following the life and science of Bruno Touschek, an Austrian born physicist, who conceived and built AdA, the first matter-antimatter colliding-beam storage ring, the ancestor of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN where the Higgs Boson was discovered in 2012. Making extensive use of archival sources and personal correspondence, the author offers for the first time a unified history of European efforts to build modern-day particle accelerators,  from the dark times of war-ravaged Europe up to the rebuilding of science in Germany, UK, Italy and France through the 1950s and early 1960s. This book, the result of several years of scholarly research work, includes numerous previously unpublished photos as well as original drawings by Bruno Touschek.