Naturvidenskabens historie

In 'The Advance of Science in the Last Half-Century', written in 1887, Thomas Henry Huxley explores the scientific and technological advancements of the previous fifty years, comparing them to the progress of earlier eras. Despite being written over a century ago, Huxley's philosophy of science still holds relevance and offers valuable insights. Huxley delves into the advancements in science that led to improvements in industrial production, technical processes, and the emergence of new processes. He also provides a fascinating discussion of the contributions of Descartes, Newton, Leibnitz, Tyndall, Darwin, and Bain, among others. This book provides a comprehensive and insightful look at the history of scientific progress and its impact on humankind, paving the way for even greater discoveries in the centuries to come. Huxley was a prominent 19th-century biologist, known as "Darwin's Bulldog" for his staunch support of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. Huxley wrote extensively on various scientific topics, but the specific title you mentioned doesn't correspond to any well-known work by him.

Takes a multicultural, interdisciplinary approach to the rhetoric of science to expand our toolkit for the collective management of global risks like climate change and pandemics.

"What was believable in one era is no longer acceptable in another. What one culture finds utterly incredible elsewhere becomes an article of faith. This disjuncture forms the basis of Peter Harrison's masterful, expansive intervention in intellectual history, as he challenges misconceptions about modernity in relation to supernaturalism and belief"--

"A fascinating window into the secret life of epidemiology, weaving together stories of triumph and tragedy, with a boots-on-the-ground perspective on how we can avert the next public health crisis There are few visible markers of the accomplishments of public health. If epidemiologists do their jobs, nothing happens. An outbreak does not grow into an epidemic. A child does not go hungry. A would-be smoker never lights up. These achievements are rarely noticed or celebrated, but Caitlin Rivers lives for such victories. By making sure that things don't happen, she and legions of scientists, practitioners, and policymakers change the course of history. We have many of the tools and experiences needed to prevent the next crisis, but countless challenges remain, including constantly emerging pathogens, the rapid growth of biotechnology, and the inconsistent cycles of funding for government organizations like the CDC. Progress can be slow, even with the next pandemic potentially right around the corner, but the unsung heroes in public health remain focused on their missions. Crisis Averted is their story-from the eradication of smallpox in the 20th century to today's safeguards against extraterrestrial germs. By taking a candid look at how we solve problems in public health, Caitlin Rivers illuminates the role of epidemiology in all our lives and lays out the case for what can be accomplished, given sufficient vision, leadership, and resources. Crisis Averted is an inspiring and galvanizing clarion call for us to work together towards a healthier, more resilient future"--

Cosmology's journey to the present day has been a long one. This book outlines the latest research on modern cosmology and related topics from world-class experts. Through it, readers will learn how multi-disciplinary approaches and technologies are used to search the unknown and how we arrived at the knowledge used and assumptions made by cosmologists today. The book is organized into four parts, each exploring a theme that has troubled humankind for centuries. Since the dawn of time, looking at the sky, humans have tried to understand their origin, the laws governing it, and what influence it all has on human life. In most ancient civilizations, astronomers embodied the power of knowledge. This knowledge was not compartmentalized, and scientists often found philosophical implications within their quests, many of which destroyed the borders between the natural sciences. Even now, as observers and scientists continue to use conjecture to generate theoretical assumptions and laws that then have to be confirmed experimentally, said theoretical and experimental searches are being linked to philosophical thinking and artistic representation, as they were up until the 18th century. This multi-disciplinary book will appeal to anyone with an interest in the fields of Astronomy, Cosmology or Physics.

The formation of modern European states during the long 19th century was complicated and challenged by the integration of completely different territories and populations. The Science of State Power in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1790-1880 builds on recent research to investigate the means of administrative, legal, and educational structures overlooked as part of the German sciences of the state. Integral to shaping imperial power for the process of Habsburg state-building, the science of Statistik (statistics) dissected and translated the states disparate territories it into empirically perceptible components.

This symposium honors the contributions of Charlotte Moore Sitterly as a pioneer of spectroscopy, and astronomical spectroscopy in particular. The need for precise and accurate laboratory data in astrophysics has not diminished. Every time better spectrographs are built or new wavelength domains explored, we find critical information missing that is needed for analyses to derive abundances or to compare models of stars and planets to observations, in order to more fully understand the universe that we observe. IAU Symposium 371 encompassed nearly all the science themes that the IAU covers, from near to far in the universe, and at all wavelengths. But it concerned more than lab work in and of itself and brought together laboratory astrophysicists with the people who use that information, to learn about current advances and limitations, and future needs. A broad spectrum of the IAU's membership can benefit from these proceedings.

This book represents the first systematic study of the certification of lunacy in the British Empire. Considering a variety of legal, archival, and published sources, it traces the origins and dissemination of a peculiar method for determining mental unsoundness defined as the ¿Victorian system¿. Shaped by the dynamics surrounding the clandestine committal of wealthy Londoners in private madhouses, this system featured three distinctive tenets: standardized forms, independent medical examinations, and written facts of insanity. Despite their complexity, Victorian certificates achieved a remarkable success. Not only did they survive in the UK for more than a century, but they also served as a model for the development of mental health laws around the world. By the start of the Second World War, more than seventy colonial and non-colonial jurisdictions adopted the Victorian formula for making lunacy official with some countries still relying on it to this very day. Using case studies from Europe, the Americas, and the Pacific, this book charts the temporal and geographical trajectory of an imperial technology used to determine a person¿s destiny. Shifting the focus from metropolitan policies to colonial dynamics, and from macro developments to micro histories, it explores the perspectives of families, doctors, and public officials as they began to deal with the delicate business of certification. This book will be of interest to scholars working on mental health policy, the history of medicine, disability studies, and the British Empire.

Behavioral neuroendocrinologists are interested in the interactions between hormones and behaviors. This unique book tracks the development of behavioral neuroendocrinology from the first recognized paper in the field by Arnold Berthold in 1849 to the major contributors of the past century. It traces the history and development of the field by exploring the women and men who conducted the studies that revealed these hormone-behavioral relationships. Most chapters are written by the individuals who knew these pioneers best, and describe their stories and discuss the ways in which their work has shaped the field. Now is the perfect time for this book. The field is burgeoning and interest in the development of theoretical perspectives is thriving. Moreover, although this field was dominated by men early on, it has become a field with near sexual parity among its faculty, society membership, and leadership, and thus serves as an example of equitable science, training, and advocacy.  

This book provides a detailed history of meteorology as a natural science, from an understanding of the Earth's early atmosphere to present-day advancements. In three parts, the book synthesizes developments in quantitative meteorology starting from its very early stages and progressively covers the invention of basic meteorology instruments while highlighting the various turning points and key figures who played roles along the way. The first part addresses the treatment of meteorology during early civilization. Part two goes into the early development of meteorology as a science. Part three covers the science's rapid progression and present-day status while addressing the primary technologies and methodologies used in a variety of areas like weather forecasting, remote sensing, and radar instrumentation. The target audience for the book is students and researchers interested in the history of meteorology as a science, and also general enthusiasts of the subject who have some background on the topic.

Alexander von Humboldts Essay über Kuba, der auf Französisch verfasste ¿Essai politique sur l¿île de Cubä (1825-1826), beschreibt und vermisst die Insel sehr genau, weshalb der Verfasser in Lateinamerika als ¿zweiter Kolumbus¿ angesehen wurde. Er war zugleich sein umstrittenstes Werk, da Humboldt in ihm vehement die Sklaverei verurteilte. Dies wurde zum Tagesgespräch, als sich Humboldt selbst in amerikanischen Zeitungen gegen eine englische Übersetzung wehrte, die das Sklaverei-Kapitel weggelassen und die abolitionistische Haltung des Werks umgefälscht hatte. Obwohl Humboldt im frühen 20. Jahrhundert in Kuba gerne gefeiert wurde, hatten hundert Jahre zuvor die kubanischen Kolonialregierungen die erste spanische Übersetzung des Essai kurzerhand verboten. In diesem öffentlichen Bekenntnis lag damals und liegt heute noch die Bedeutung dieses höchst kontroversen Textes, in dem Humboldts Anspruch auf eine weltweite Konvivenz, auf ein friedliches Zusammenleben aller Völker und Ethnien deutlich wird. Die zweibändige französische Referenzausgabe ist bis heute nicht komplett übersetzt worden. Eine deutschsprachige Fassung von 2002, die einzige neuere deutsche Übersetzung, kürzt Humboldts Text und verändert ihn auch anderweitig. Das vorliegende Vorhaben beabsichtigt, diese deutliche Lücke mit einer wissenschaftlich fundierten Übersetzung von Humboldts revidierter Ausgabe aus dem Jahr 1826 zu schließen.

This book addresses the challenge of understanding human life. It compares our life experience with the attempts to grasp it by astrologers, eugenicists, psychologists, neuroscientists, social scientists, and philosophers. The main opposition among these specialties lies between understanding and misunderstanding. The book also addresses the central methodological difficulty of capturing a human life.It is first examined how certain approaches may lead to a misunderstanding of human life. The book contrasts the example of astrology-an accepted practice in ancient civilizations, but now classified among the pseudosciences-with astronomy, a full-fledged science since Galileo's time. Another, more recent approach regards human life as predetermined by genes: the methods used by eugenicists, and later by political regimes under the name of hereditarianism, came to compete with genetics. A broader analysis shows how astrology and eugenicism are not truly scientific approaches.Next, the book looks at the ways of capturing an imaginary or real human life story. A comprehensive approach will try to fully understand their complexity, while a more explanatory approach considers only certain specific phenomena of human life. For example, demography studies only births, deaths, and migration. Another crucial factor in the collection of life histories is memory and its transmission. Psychology and psychoanalysis have developed different schools to try to explain them.The book concludes with a detailed discussion of the concepts and tools that have been proposed in more recent times for understanding the various aspects of life stories: mechanisms, systems, hermeneutics, and autonomy.

Astronomy is a field concerned with matters very distant from Earth. Most phenomena, whether observed or theorized, transcend human spaces and timescales by orders of magnitude. Yet, many scientists have been interested not just in the events that have occurred millennia before Earth's inception, but also in their very own society here and now.Since the first half of the twentieth century, an increasing number of them have pursued parallel careers as both academics and activists. Besides publishing peer-reviewed papers, they have promoted a great variety of underrepresented groups within their discipline. Through conferences, newsletters and social media, they have sought to advance the interests of women, members of racial and ethnic minorities, LGBTQ+, and disabled people. While these activists have differed in the identities they focus on, they have come to share a conviction that diversity and inclusion are crucial for scientific excellence as well as social justice.In this book, you will read of the biographies and institutional contexts of key agents in the diversification of modern astronomy. As most are recent figures whose discoveries have not been commemorated by Nobel Prizes, they are relatively unknown among historians of science. They have, however, been central to discussions about who has privileged access to the tools of astronomical inquiry, including powerful telescopes and extensive databases. As such, they have also significantly shaped views of our universe.

The year 2022 is the 50th anniversary of Alfred Crosby's celebrated book - The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492. In the book, Crosby was the first to discuss the impact that the Spanish and Portuguese colonial period had on world agriculture and human culture. How the crops of the world became homogenized, and how an indigenous culture was destroyed by disease after Columbus landed. His landmark study broke new ground in its broad conceptualization of the Atlantic exchange.Building on what Crosby so succinctly and brilliantly presented, the main goal of this new work is to present the depth of information that has emerged since "e;The Columbian Exchange"e; and to discuss more fully the development of crops and agriculture before and after the Iberian contact. It follows the journey of crops and livestock in the Old and New Worlds and end's with their distribution in today's world.

This volume emphasizes the diversity and fruitfulness of early modern mechanism as a program, as a concept, as a model. Mechanistic study of the living body but also of the mind and mental processes are examined in careful historical focus, dealing with figures ranging from the first-rank (Bacon, Descartes, Spinoza, Cudworth, Gassendi, Locke, Leibniz, Kant) to less well-known individuals (Scaliger, Martini) or prominent natural philosophers who have been neglected in recent years (Willis, Steno, etc.). The volume moves from early modern medicine and physiology to late Enlightenment and even early 19th-century psychology, always maintaining a conceptual focus. It is a contribution to a newly active field in the history and philosophy of early modern life science. It is of interest to scholars studying the history of medicine and the development of mechanistic theories.

This book brings together a selection of papers by George Gerstein, representing his long-term endeavor of making neuroscience into a more rigorous science inspired by physics, where he had his roots. Professor Gerstein was many years ahead of the field, consistently striving for quantitative analyses, mechanistic models, and conceptual clarity.  In doing so, he pioneered Computational Neuroscience, many years before the term itself was born.  The overarching goal of George Gerstein's research was to understand the functional organization of neuronal networks in the brain. The editors of this book have compiled a selection of George Gerstein's many seminal contributions to neuroscience--be they experimental, theoretical or computational--into a single, comprehensive volume .The aim is to provide readers with a fresh introduction of these various concepts in the original literature.  The volume is organized  in a series of chapters by subject, ordered in time, each one containing one or more of George Gerstein's papers.

This book explores how the writers, poets, thinkers, historians, scientists, dilettantes and frauds of the long-nineteenth century addressed the "e;limit cases"e; regarding human existence that medicine continuously uncovered as it stretched the boundaries of knowledge. These cases cast troubling and distorted shadows on the culture, throwing into relief the values, vested interests, and power relations regarding the construction of embodied life and consciousness that underpinned the understanding of what it was to be alive in the long nineteenth century. Ranging over a period from the mid-eighteenth century through to the first decade of the twentieth century-an era that has been called the 'Age of Science'-the essays collected here consider the cultural ripple effects of those previously unimaginable revolutions in science and medicine on humanity's understanding of being.

Der Band ist eine Biografie des ersten Lehrkanzelinhabers für Prähistorische Archäologie im deutschen Sprachraum. Nach einer längeren Zeit von Forschungen in Bosnien und der Herzegowina fand Hoernes eine Anstellung in der Prähistorischen Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums in Wien. Hier erst entschied er sich für urgeschichtliche Forschungen. Er habilitierte sich für das Fach 1892 und wurde bereits 1899 zum außerordentlichen Univ.-Professor an der Universität Wien ernannt. 1911 erfolgte dann seine Berufung als ordentlicher Univ.-Professor an dieser Universität. Hoernes verfasste einige bedeutende Übersichtswerke zur Urgeschichte in Europa, die noch heute Geltung haben, und zahlreiche Fachbeiträge.

¿Wer sich nicht mehr wundern und nicht mehr staunen kann, der ist sozusagen tot und sein Auge erloschen¿, hat Albert Einstein einmal geschrieben, und diese Worte haben einen Knaben ermutigt, sich in die Welt der Wissenschaft zu begeben, um hier das Staunen zu lernen. Er wollte und will mit den Wundern der Wissenschaft leben, die den Menschen das Dasein erleichtert und ihr Weltbild ausschmückt. Aus seinem Leben wird hier erzählt und wie er sich in diese faszinierende Sphäre des Geistes hineinträumt. Dabei entsteht ein Roman der Naturwissenschaften, der von den Überraschungen im Innersten der Dinge handelt, die dort zu erleben sind und sich auf die Bedingungen der menschlichen Existenz auswirken. Der Roman stellt in persönlichen Begegnungen und Gesprächen Akteure auf dem Feld der Forschung vor, die nicht nur den Atomen, sondern zum Beispiel auch dem Geheimnis des Lebens und dem Erwachen der Intelligenz auf die Spur gekommen sind und heute versuchen, Maschinen damit auszustatten. Man versteht die Gegenwart besser, wenn man die historischen Erfolge der Wissenschaften kennt, die den modernen Alltag mit digitalen Medien dominieren und auf Fragen zum Klimawandel und zur Energieversorgung antworten können. In diesem Buch kann man beginnen, das zum Verstehen führende Staunen zu lernen, mit dem die Menschheit ihren eingangs von Einstein befürchteten Tod vermeiden und die Welt erleben kann.Ernst Peter Fischer beleuchtet spannend und unterhaltsam die Geschichte der Naturwissenschaft und ihrer Akteure.

Jagadis Chandra Bose was a renowned Indian scientist and inventor who made significant contributions to the field of plant physiology. In this groundbreaking work, Bose investigates the mechanism by which plants transport water and nutrients from their roots to their leaves, shedding new light on this fundamental process.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.