Kosmologi og universet

Rapid Advances in Cosmology Reveal the Universe's SecretsCosmology has seen rapid advances in the last few decades, thanks to the collection and analysis of vast amounts of data about the universe. This has led to a more precise understanding of the universe's contents, which in turn has severely constrained theoretical speculations.One of the most important advances in cosmology has been the confirmation of the concordance model, ¿CDM. This model describes the universe as consisting of approximately 70% dark energy, 25% dark matter, and 5% ordinary matter. The concordance model is supported by a wide range of observations, including the cosmic microwave background, large-scale structure, and supernovae.Another important advance has been the discovery of exoplanets. Exoplanets are planets that orbit other stars, and they have been found in a wide variety of sizes and orbits. The discovery of exoplanets suggests that planets are common in the universe, and it raises the possibility that life may exist beyond Earth.The rapid advances in cosmology have led to a number of new insights into the universe. For example, we now know that the universe is expanding at an accelerating rate, and that dark energy is responsible for this acceleration. We also know that the universe is much older than previously thought, and that it has a flat geometry.The concordance model has also led to new constraints on theoretical speculations about the universe. For example, the model suggests that the universe is unlikely to be infinite in size or age. The model also suggests that the universe is unlikely to be cyclic, meaning that it will not go through an infinite number of Big Bangs and Big Crunches.The rapid advances in cosmology have revolutionized our understanding of the universe. We now have a more precise understanding of the universe's contents and evolution than ever before. This understanding has led to new insights into the universe and has constrained theoretical speculations.

Many types of variable stars obey strict relationships between their pulsation periods and brightnesses. The contributions in this volume offer significant new insights from a wealth of recent observations into the period-luminosity relations governing pulsating variables and their implications for the cosmic distance scale.

Explores the interplay between ancient wisdom and modern cosmology.

**AS SEEN ON BBC BREAKFAST**Will we ever truly understand our cosmic home? This is the story of the technologies that allow us to look up, to learn and to discover our place in the cosmos.'An electrifying new history of the universe' HANNAH FRY, author of Rutherford and Fry's Complete Guide to Absolutely EverythingWe are part of an incredible chain of events stretching 13.8 billion years into the past and even further into the future. But what does that future hold? And how do scientists study the entire universe?The Universe in a Box is Andrew Pontzen's tribute to simulations - the remarkable computer codes that, over the last century, have allowed us to grasp the distant past and far future of the universe. It reveals the stories of pioneering scientists who unlocked the mysteries of the cosmos, and reframes our understanding of galaxies, black holes and space itself.'I was enlightened, amazed, and profoundly impressed' SIR PHILIP PULLMAN, author of His Dark Materials'Compelling...a veritable treasure chest filled with captivating stories'SCIENCE

With a rare blend of scientific insight and writing as graceful as the theories it so deftly explains, The Elegant Universe remains the unrivaled account of the modern search for the deepest laws of nature: "a standard that will be hard to beat" (George Johnson, New York Times Book Review). In this new 25th anniversary edition, renowned physicist and author Brian Greene-"the single best explainer of abstruse concepts in the world today" (Washington Post)-updates his classic work with a new preface and epilogue summarizing the significant theoretical and experimental developments over the past quarter-century. From established science, including relativity and quantum mechanics, to the cutting edge of thinking on black holes, string theory, and quantum gravity, The Elegant Universe makes some of the most sophisticated concepts ever contemplated thoroughly accessible and entertaining, bringing us closer than ever to comprehending how the universe works.

This is the fourth lesson booklet of the first Mardukite Academy Basic Course on the Fundamentals of Systemology.

This is the third lesson booklet of the first Mardukite Academy Basic Course on the Fundamentals of Systemology.

This is the second lesson booklet of the first Mardukite Academy Basic Course on the Fundamentals of Systemology.

This is the first lesson booklet of the first Mardukite Academy Basic Course on the Fundamentals of Systemology.

If existing models of the structure of the universe are correct, then 85 percent of the cosmos comprises a substance called dark matter. Yet no direct evidence of dark matter exists. Award-winning science journalist Govert Schilling details the quest to detect dark matter and how the search has helped us to understand the universe we inhabit.

'If you want to remember why you once fell in love with the idea of the cosmos, or want to fall in love with it for the first time, then this book is for you' ObserverFrom Carlo Rovelli, the bestselling author of Seven Brief Lessons on Physics, this is a story of wonder, new worlds and why the end is just the beginningLet us journey into the heart of a black hole. Let us slip beyond its boundary, the horizon, and tumble - on and on - down this crack in the universe. As we plunge, we'll see geometry fold, we'll feel the equations draw tight around us. Eventually, we'll pass it: the remains of a star, deep and dense and falling further far. And then - the bottom. Where time and space end, and the white hole is born . . .With lightness and magic, here Carlo Rovelli traces the ongoing adventure of his own cutting-edge research, of the uncertainty and joy of going where we've not yet been. Guiding us to the edge of theory and experiment, he invites us to go beyond, to experience the fever and the disquiet of science. Here is the extraordinary life of a white hole.A BOOK OF THE YEAR ACCORDING TO THE FINANCIAL TIMES * SUNDAY TELEGRAPH * NEW STATESMAN * NEW SCIENTIST

"Splinters of Infinity is set in a paradigm-shattering era of physics and science, as a series of rapid-fire discoveries and new ideas completely upend humanity's conception of the universe. Among these revolutions, America's two foremost physicists, Robert Millikan and Arthur Compton, find themselves locked in an intense, often deeply personal, conflict about cosmic rays, one of the era's most fascinating and puzzling discoveries: cosmic rays seemed to promise a path into the deepest heart of science, a chance to answer questions that might just explain everything -- or reveal the mind of God"--

Life in its many forms is intertwined in manifold ways. Making the coexistence of different beings and worlds tangible through an exploration of objects, stories and works of art, this book shows that in many regions of the earth, our co-world is experienced as an animated being. Mountains and rivers are not just resources or backdrops to human endeavors, but powerful sources of life; plants and animals are not just food, but companions; ancestors and spirits influence everyday life. Understood in this way, local perspectives and alternative forms of social coexistence provide pathways to shared futures. A great variety of international authors tell stories of interwoven lives that invite us empathically and informed to rethink our relationships with the world.

Stephen hawking was born in 1942 in oxford, england, the son of isobel and frank hawking, a medical researcher. Hawking describes himself as having been an ordinary english schoolboy. He attended oxford university and went on to pursue his graduate studies in physics at cambridge university.It was during his college years that hawking first began to show the symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, the degenerative neurological disorder known in the united states as despite this ailment, he went on to marry, have three children, and all the while build his reputation as a physicist. Inside the book, you will find:The basics and history of quantum physics.You will meet the greatest scientists who helped make it wonderful and mysterious.Quantum computing.Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.Quantum entanglement.The fifth force of nature.What are black holes and paradoxes?In his written exam at oxford he had achieved neither a first nor a second degree. A first would have entitled him to undertake postgraduate studies at cambridge; a second at oxford.

Why are some drawn to wisdom and others into a wasteland? It took the sudden departure of the author's father to awaken questions, which he knew must have answers, but which science, religion and even his own family could not answer. In The Road To Find Out, William J Wilkins seeks out the original sources to expose the "reality" we have been presented, and lay hold of the trust required to overcome.

Von der Physik bis zur Informationstheorie und Kosmologie, von der Struktur tierischer Gesellschaften bis zur linguistischen Analyse der menschlichen Schrift zeigen Systeme, die aus vielen interagierenden Bestandteilen bestehen, oft ein kollektives Verhalten, das sich nicht aus der Interaktion der einzelnen Bestandteile vorhersagen lässt. In Mehr als die Summe der Teile befasst sich Helmut Satz mit verschiedenen Formen dieses komplexen Verhaltens, die erst in den letzten Jahrzehnten gründlich untersucht worden sind. Obwohl diese Studien ihren Ursprung in der Physik haben, erweist sich das Verhalten als universell und reicht von der Struktur des frühen Universums über die Bildung von Vogelschwärmen bis hin zur Häufigkeit von Wörtern in literarischen Texten. Die Komplexität wird somit zu einem immer wichtigeren interdisziplinären Bereich für die künftige wissenschaftliche Forschung.Auf konzeptionelle und nicht-technische Weise erschließt Satz dieses spannende Gebiet für eine allgemeine Leserschaft und für Studierende aller naturwissenschaftlichen Fächer.

By the star physicist and author of multiple #1 Sunday Times bestsellers, a major and definitive narrative work on black holes and how they can help us understand the universe. At the heart of our galaxy lies a monster so deadly it can bend space, throwing vast jets of radiation millions of light years out into the cosmos. Its kind were the very first inhabitants of the universe, the black holes.Today, across the universe, at the heart of every galaxy, and dotted throughout, mature black holes are creating chaos. And in a quiet part of the universe, the Swift satellite has picked up evidence of a gruesome death caused by one of these dark powers. High energy X-ray flares shooting out from deep within the Draco constellation are thought to be the dying cries of a white dwarf star being ripped apart by the intense tides of a supermassive black hole ? heating it to millions of degrees as it is shredded at the event horizon.They have the power to wipe out any of the universe's other inhabitants, but no one has ever seen a black hole itself die. But 1.8 billion light years away, the LIGO instruments have recently detected something that could be the closest a black hole gets to death. Gravitational waves given off as two enormous black holes merge together. And now scientists think that these gravitational waves could be evidence of two black holes connecting to form a wormhole ? a link through space and time. It seems outlandish, but today's physicists are daring to think the unthinkable ? that black holes could connect us to another universe.At their very heart, black holes are also where Einstein's Theory of General Relativity is stretched in almost unimaginable ways, revealing black holes as the key to our understanding of the fundamentals of our universe and perhaps all other universes.Join Professors Brian Cox and Jeff Forshaw in exploring our universe's most mysterious inhabitants, how they are formed, why they are essential components of every galaxy, including our own, and what secrets they still hold, waiting to be discovered.

Stephen Hawking, den verdensberømte teoretiske fysiker og kosmolog (1942-2018), har på Googles Zeitgeist Conference 2011 sagt, at naturfilosofien er død, ”philosophy is dead”. Et standpunkt, jeg er dybt uenig med ham i. Som et naturfilosofisk logisk tænkende menneske har jeg har altid haft en dyb skepsis overfor den teoretiske fysiks kønsløse matematiske behandling af de store grundvidenskabelige emner i universet – hvor kommer vi fra, og hvor går vi hen etc.! Den teoretiske fysik har efter mere end 75 års arbejde heller ikke kunnet blive enige om disse store spørgsmål, endsige overhovedet givet noget sikkert utvetydigt svar eller bevis på nogen af dem! De er dog kommet frem til noget, der kunne være en løsning, nemlig opdagelsen eller den teoretiske forudsigelse af en såkaldt virtuel partikel, som groft sagt konstant skifter fra en ikke eksistens til en eksistens – søvn/vågen?! Hvilket igen har givet nye spekulationer i vakuum genesis-teorier – altså et univers skabt ud af intet! Men denne såre naturfilosofisk logiske løsning har de ikke selv rigtigt villet tro på eller røre ved – mærkeligt nok. Denne mangel på interesse har jeg prøvet at råde bod på både med en konkret forklaring på universets logiske/nødvendige start ud af intet og bakket den op med en ligeledes logisk videre udvikling til det univers, som vi alle kender fra os selv og fra observationer omkring os helt ude i rummet – derom handler denne bog med en alternativ naturkonform teori om emnet.

This book treats the subject of gravitational waves (GWs) production in binary stars or black-holes and in the early universe, using tools of quantum field theory which are familiar to graduate students and researchers in particle physics. A special focus is given to the generation of templates of gravitational wave signals from Feynman diagram calculations of transition amplitudes, which interests active researchers in GWs. The book presents field theory concepts, like supersymmetry realized in spinning binaries and soft-graviton theorems, that can have practical applications in novel GW signals, like the memory effect. The book also aims at specialists in both GWs and particle physics addressing cosmological models of phase transition and inflation that can be tested in observations at terrestrial and space based interferometers, pulsar timing arrays, and the cosmic microwave anisotropy observations.

This book invites the reader to take a unique journey through the history of the Solar System, the Earth, its evolving biodiversity and ecosystems, and the current state of the planet.It is an attempt to stimulate the reader’s sense of wonder and fascination with our planet: how it was created, the eons before it was populated by ourselves, how organic life, including humans, developed and evolved, and some of the threats we face during the Late Holocene.The Origins of All Things is well suited for teaching purposes, as it offers a synoptic, well-supported overview of key issues in biology and geology, and an easy introduction to key publications that broaden the scope of each chapter. The book is relevant for students of biology, geography, geology and anyone interested in the origin of life on Earth and its evolution.

"An eye-opening account of the inexplicable phenomena that science has only recently glimpsed, and that could transform our understanding of the fundamental nature of reality"--

"We are obsessed with the multiverse. From blockbuster movies Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness and Everything, Everywhere, All at Once to television's The Man in the High Castle and Rick and Morty, the idea that there could be an infinite number of universes holding an infinite number of possibilities captivates us. And this fascination is not new - the fascination with these repetitions dates back to the philosophers of ancient Greece. In The Allure of the Multiverse, physicist Paul Halpern examines the theory of the universe we can't seem to let go; in an infinite universe, finite components are bound to repeat their patterns again and again. Halpern traces the multiverse from the ancient Greek debate over cosmic building blocks, to German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche's imagined eternal repetition of all events and lives in time, to Albert Einstein's special and general theories of relativity opening the door to the fourth dimension (another way of enlarging reality). All these ideas together culminated in Princeton graduate student Hugh Everett's 'Many Words Interpretation,' in which all possibilities of existence simultaneously exist. That imaginative idea led to numerous other multiverse notions, including the idea that the universe might be a collection of 'bubble universes,' each inflated from the primordial stuff of the cosmos. Yet the prospect of such a maddening labyrinth of parallel realities has led other researchers to propose alternatives, such as bouncing universes in multiple dimensions, that are every bit as perplexing. An epic through physics' history, The Allure of the Multiverse explores one of physics' most controversial - yet most persistent - ideas"

Have you ever wondered what happened before the Big Bang? Astronomers haven't even considered this before a possibility. I've written a story that imagines the seed of creation, beginning with the origins of energy and how it can be used to establish the outline of your universe. Begin your journey here to gain a new perspective on life.

This book provides a concise introduction to the physics of gravitational waves. It is aimed at graduate-level students and PhD scholars. Ever since the discovery of gravitational waves in 2016, gravitational wave astronomy has been adding to our understanding of the universe.Gravitational waves have been detected in the past few years from several transient events such as merging stellar-mass black holes, binary neutron stars, etc. These waves have frequencies in a band ranging from a few hundred hertz to around a kilohertz to which LIGO type instruments are sensitive. LISA will be sensitive to much lower range of frequencies from SMBH mergers. Apart from these cataclysmic burst events, there are innumerable sources of radiation which are continuously emitting gravitational waves of all frequencies. These include a whole mass range of compact binary and isolated compact objects and close planetary stellar entities. This book discusses the gravitational wave backgroundproduced in typical frequency ranges from such sources emitting over a Hubble time and the fluctuations in the h values measured in the usual devices. Also discussed are the high-frequency thermal background gravitational radiation from hot stellar interiors and newly formed compact objects. The reader will also learn how gravitational waves provide a testing tool for various theories of gravity, i.e. general relativity and extended theories of gravity, and will be the definitive test for general relativity.

Unlocking the Moon's Secrets tells the fascinating story of how scientists solved the mystery of the Moon's origin and the cause of the Moon's craters. By showing how science evolves, complete with misunderstandings, contentious arguments, difficult to relinquish assumptions, and shifting views as new facts come to light, we can finally understand our Moon.

This book systematically develops the mathematical foundations of the theory of relativity and links them to physical relations. For this purpose, differential geometry on manifolds is introduced first, including differentiation and integration, and special relativity is presented as tensor calculus on tangential spaces. Using Einstein's field equations relating curvature to matter, the relativistic effects in the solar system including black holes are discussed in detail. The text is aimed at students of physics and mathematics and assumes only basic knowledge of classical differential and integral calculus and linear algebra.