Solsystemet: solen og planeterne

Der sker hele tiden noget nyt og spændende inden for rumforskningen. I 2022 lykkedes det forskerholdet Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration at optage et billede af det sorte hul i Mælkevejen. James Webb Teleskopet leverer billeder af galakser, der ligger 13 milliarder lysår borte. De opdagelser, som den danske forsker Albert Sneppen har gjort omkring neutronstjerners sammenstød, kan måske bruges til at beregne universets udvidelseshastighed. I ”Det gådefulde univers” giver Danmarks mest anerkendte astrofysiker et overblik over himmelrummet fra Solsystemet og ud til de fjerneste galakser og over universets udvikling fra Big Bang frem til i dag.Universet blev skabt for 13,7 milliarder år siden. Et lysår er ca. 9,5 billioner kilometer, og afstanden til de fjerne kvasarer er 12 milliarder lysår. Når man beskæftiger sig med universet, handler det om svimlende tidshorisonter og afstande; men Anja C. Andersen formår at gøre det uoverskuelige begribeligt. Stor gavebog med fantastisk billedmateriale.

Der er ikke otte, men milliarder af planeter i Universet, og mange af dem ligger i et lunt smørhul, hvor de potentielt kan huse liv. Den opdagelse er en af de største i den moderne astronomi, og vi er kun lige begyndt at forstå, hvad der egentlig gemmer sig derude i kosmos af bizarre kloder. 'Fjerne kloder' beskriver erkendelsesrejsen, fra Giordano Bruno blev brændt på bålet i år 1600 for sin kætterske idé om uendelig mange planeter – og til konstruktionen af små satellitter, som måske kan besøge de nærmeste af disse exoplaneter og lede efter livstegn på dem. Undervejs møder vi forskerne ved fronten, som kigger hinsides solsystemet og kæmper for at besvare det ultimative spørgsmål: Er vi alene?

Hvorfor er vores univers, som det er? Hvordan begyndte alting? Hvordan vil det ende? Fysikeren Thomas Hertog granskede disse store spørgsmål sammen med Stephen Hawking og fik derved et helt særligt kendskab til de forbløffende indsigter, som Hawking, trods enorme fysiske udfordringer, arbejdede med sent i livet. Denne yderst velskrevne bog af Hawkings tætteste samarbejdspartner gennem 20 år giver et unikt indblik i et ekstraordinært menneske, hvordan kreative processer fungerer, samt omfanget og begrænsningerne af vores nuværende forståelse af kosmos. Tidens oprindelse er en tankevækkende beretning om videnskaben og de personligheder, der medvirkede i Stephen Hawkings ihærdige forsøg på at forstå kosmos.

Velkommen til planeternes museum! Her kan du finde en række udstillinger af kosmiske fænomener, fra Solen og Solsystemet til stjernernes livscyklus, Mælkevejen og universet som helhed. Tag en tur gennem museets udstillinger, når som helst du vil – det er altid åbent! Ledsaget af oplysende tekst indeholder kapitlerne smukke illustrationer af en lang række himmellegemer og fænomener i rummet, og du kan lære om alle de fascinerende ting, der får universet til at fungere.

Teorien om Big Bang er den bedste model, vi i øjeblikket har om universets skabelse; men det betyder ikke, at det er den endelige sandhed. Men hvorfor er der stort set enighed om, at universet for 13,7 milliarder år siden blev skabt af en tætpakket klump, der rummede al energi og alt stof? Og eksisterede der noget inden Big Bang? Astrofysikeren Anja C. Andersen formidler teorier og forskningsresultater udogmatisk og letforståeligt.

In the late fifteenth century, the earth stood motionless at the center of a small, ordered cosmos. Around us, it was believed, the moon, the sun, and the planets revolved in crystalline spheres, their orbits perfect, eternally unchanging circles. Just over a century later, the sun was now the center of creation; the earth just another planet hurtling through empty, near-infinite space. This is the story of an astonishing change, a transformation in human thought, about both the universe and our place within it, told through the words of the astronomers and mathematicians at its heart.

Mennesket har altid været optaget af Mars. Planeten kan som én af de eneste ses med det blotte øje fra Jorden, og helt fra Galileis opfindelse af teleskopet i 1600-tallet og frem til nu er det blevet debatteret, om der er eller har været liv på Mars.Mars er afbildet på 70.000 år gamle hulemalerier i Botswana og fascinerer stadig den dag i dag, hvor 600.000 danskere i 2021 fulgte med i live-sendingen af roveren Perseverances landing på Mars.I den rigt illustrerede bog gennemgår Tina Ibsen myterne om den røde planet, Mars-forskningens historie, de unikke geologiske og atmosfæriske forhold på planeten, vores missioner til Mars og den imponerende teknologi, der ligger bag opsendelserne af rumsonder og rovere - og ikke mindst det store spørgsmål: Er der liv på Mars - og kan mennesket bo der engang i fremtiden?I bogen er der interview med tre danske forskere:Morten Bo Madsen, der er lektor på Niels Bohr Instituttet og har deltaget i seks af NASAs Mars-missioner.Jens Frydenvang, der er adjunkt ved Globe Institute på Københavns Universitet og deltager i både Perseverance- og Curiosity-missionerne.Line Drube, der er ph.d. i astrofysik fra Niels Bohr Institutet og har deltaget i Phoenix-Marsmissionen, hvor hun styrede landerens robot-arms kamera fra NASAs kontrolcenter i Tucson."Mars - myter, magi og missioner" er skrevet af astrofysiker Tina Ibsen, kendt fra den populære podcast Rumsnak.

Terraforming af Mars – Science eller fictionTerraforming er et kontroversielt begreb, fordi det synes uden for de tekniske muligheder i dag. Men der er tradition for at overveje og udregne mulighederne inden for den verden, som både Dansk Selskab for Rumfartsforskning og British Interplanetary Society er vokset ud af.Dansk Selskab blev grundlagt i 1949 – otte år før den første kunstige satellit Sputnik. Den gang var rumfart noget forholdsvis hypotetisk baseret på udregninger ud fra fysikkens love. Det samme kan man sige om terraforming i dag. Men hvordan ser det så ud? Bogen gennemgår en række problemstillinger i den forbindelse.

'Fun, action-packed and wildly original' CULTUREFLY 'Five Stars, Would Recommend' GRADY HENDRIX'Lord of the Flies crashes headfirst into The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy' BENJAMIN STEVENSON> Passport> Suncream> Apocalypse???What happens when you're on holiday and the sun explodes? Professional underachiever Dan Foster is finally taking a break. Sure, his life has been average at best and, yes, he has never has quite lived up to his potential. But after a few Bud Lights in paradise with his girlfriend Mara, things are starting to look up. Then the sun explodes. With the island suddenly plunged into darkness, the ultra-rich guests hijack the remaining supplies and declare themselves the new ruling class. Led by a fitness influencer turned ruthless dictator, martial law is declared and the hoi polloi are press-ganged into service. And it's just Dan's luck that he could land an even worse job while on holiday. As temperatures drop and class tensions rise, Dan might have found a way for himself and Mara to escape the island. But sneaking away would also mean abandoning the burgeoning revolution that he might-have-kind-of-sort-of single-handedly started.'A must-read' BOOKLIST'Totally original' ALICE BELL'Fresh, fun and completely brilliant' SARAH BONNER

Gas monsters, otherwise called gas goliath planets, are enormous planets fundamentally made out of hydrogen and helium, with hints of different gases and unpredictable mixtures. These enormous divine bodies, like Jupiter and Saturn in our nearby planet group, have one of a kind qualities that make them charming subjects for energy investigation. While the essential focal point of current space investigation is on understanding these far off planets, the idea of outfitting energy from gas monsters remains generally speculative and hypothetical. The tremendous gravitational powers and environmental states of gas goliaths present huge difficulties to any potential energy investigation attempts. Jupiter, for instance, is a goliath planet with a measurement of around 86,881 miles, and its climate is made predominantly out of hydrogen and helium. The extreme strain and tempestuous atmospheric conditions, including strong tempests like the Incomparable Red Spot, present impressive impediments for space apparatus and tests. One speculative thought for gas monster energy investigation includes taking advantage of the immense measures of hydrogen present in their airs. Hydrogen, in its sub-atomic structure, is a possible wellspring of clean energy through processes like combination. Combination responses, like those happening in the center of stars, discharge gigantic measures of energy. While current innovation faces various difficulties in tackling combination for viable use on The planet, the idea of extricating hydrogen from gas goliaths and using it for energy creation stays an entrancing idea for the far off future. One more charming part of gas goliath investigation is the potential for using their moons as stages for energy-related exercises. For example, certain moons of gas monsters, like Europa and Titan, have caught the interest of researchers because of the chance of subsurface seas and extraordinary air conditions. These moons might offer assets like water ice and hydrocarbons, which could be utilized for different energy applications. The possibility of gas monster energy investigation is at present inside the domain of logical hypothesis and advanced ideas. Trend setting innovations and forward leaps in space investigation would be important to conquer the considerable difficulties introduced by the outrageous states of gas monsters. As how we might interpret these far off planets extends and our mechanical capacities advance, the fantasy about taking advantage of the energy assets of gas monsters might turn into a reality, adding to the development of humankind's venture into the universe.

The main theme of the book is the presentation of techniques used to identify chaotic behavior in the evolution of conservative mechanical systems and their application to astronomical systems. It results from graduate courses given by the author over the years both at university and at several international summer schools.Along the book surfaces of section, Lyapunov characteristic exponents, frequency maps, MEGNO, dense grid maps, etc., are presented and discussed in connection with the applications. The initial chapter is devoted to the presentation of the main ideas of the chaotic dynamics of conservative systems in plain language so that they can be accessible to a wide range of professionals and students of physical sciences. The applications are mainly related to the motions in the solar system and extrasolar planetary systems.Another chapter is devoted to the applications to asteroids showing how the asteroidal belt is sculpted by chaos and resonances. The contrasting existence of gaps in the distribution of the asteroids and groups of asteroids in resonances is thoroughly discussed. The interest in applications to planetary systems is growing since the discovery of systems of resonant planets around some stars of the solar neighborhood. Exoplanets added a lot of cases to a problem that was before restricted to the planets of our solar system. The book includes an account of results already existing about compact systems.

This book is about solar ponds for energy storage from various perspectives, including fundamentals, efficiencies, system designs, local applications and details about what have been done in the world in the field of solar ponds for generating energy and storage it for useful purposes.

Guided by genius engineer Hideo Itokawa, Japan¿s space program began with small scientific satellites more than 50 years ago. Since then, its space probes have travelled to the Moon, Venus, the asteroids and even a comet. The country launched weather satellites to warn of typhoons, communications satellites to connect the Japanese archipelago and remote sensing technology to observe the Earth and warn of climate change. Engineering technology satellites became the basis of Japan¿s electronic industry as Japanese astronauts flew into space, working on their Kibo module on the International Space Station.Now, Japan is one of Asiäs leading space powers, alongside China and India, vying for influence in the region. Its solid and liquid-fueled rockets are estimated to be among the most advanced and reliable in the world, its technology among the best. This book examines the history of Japan¿s space program, the country¿s current state of development and its future. It describes the extensive infrastructure that has gone into the forging of Japan¿s picturesque oceanside launch sites, training centers, testing facilities and tracking stations. This book also outlines the politics of space in Japan, financial difficulties, its space industry, the symbiotic relationship with the United States and the recent sharp change-of-course to invest in military satellites.From the role of influential personalities, such as Hideo Shima and Shinichi Nakasuka, to political leaders, such as Yasuhiro Nakasone and Takeo Kawamura, you will read about how Japan has paved its own star-lit path to space. The future may expect to send Japanese probes to Mercury and the moons of Mars, all while the first Japanese astronauts set foot on our own Moon and drive innovative rovers across its surface.

Porphyrin Sensitizers for Solar Cells" by Jonnadula V S Krishna is a comprehensive guide to the applications of porphyrin-based dyes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The book covers the various aspects of porphyrin sensitizers and their potential use in solar cells, including their synthesis, characterization, and performance in solar cells. The book begins with an introduction to the principles of solar energy conversion and an overview of different types of solar cells. It then focuses on the design and synthesis of porphyrin sensitizers, including their electronic and photophysical properties. The author also discusses various techniques for characterizing porphyrin sensitizers, such as UV-vis absorption, fluorescence, and electrochemical methods. The book then delves into the performance of porphyrin sensitizers in solar cells, including their efficiency, stability, and compatibility with different types of electrolytes. The author also explores the various factors that can affect the performance of porphyrin-based solar cells, such as the nature of the sensitizers, the thickness of the dye layer, and the composition of the electrolyte. Overall, "Porphyrin Sensitizers for Solar Cells" is an essential resource for researchers and engineers working in the field of solar energy conversion, as well as for graduate students and advanced undergraduates in chemistry, materials science, and physics. The book provides a thorough and up-to-date overview of the latest research on porphyrin sensitizers, making it an invaluable reference for anyone interested in this exciting field.

Like in the past cosmic rays (CR) may help us extend our knowledge of Particle Physics. Such a case is the nature of Dark Matter (DM). That question lies in the intersection of particle physics and astrophysics. It involves both questions of particle physics modeling, as well as of production and propagation of cosmic rays.Cold dark matter (CDM) has been established by many evidence as the stan-dard paradigm for the missing matter of the universe. Beginning with early obser-vations of velocity dispersions of galaxies in clusters [358], and later measurements of galactic rotation curves [296, 295], CDM has been supported by numerous ad- ditional observations. These include strong lensing of background galaxies [339],x-ray emission from galaxy clusters [91], the combination of CMB and type Ia supernovae data [313], measurements of the distributions of galaxies [118, 334], as well as the highly remarkable recent study of the bullet cluster [117].Measurementsof the CMB, the need for early structure growth, and the success of big-bang nu-cleosynthesis rule out baryonic matter as being the dark matter, necessitating anew particle beyond the standard model.

Multi-messenger science has a long history in solar astronomy, as direct measures of "in-situ" particles emanating from the Sun, like the solar wind, have long been used alongside remote observations to shape our understanding of the heliosphere. Still, the recent advent of several major observational facilities, such as Parker Solar Probe, Solar Orbiter, and the Inouye Solar Telescope, among many others, is now heralding an exciting new era of scientific opportunities within multi-messenger solar physics. This volume collects the proceedings of IAU Symposium 372 held during the XXXIst IAU General Assembly in Busan, Republic of Korea. Its main goal is to highlight how these facilities can address many of the pressing questions facing contemporary solar physics, with a special emphasis on their coordinated operation and the resulting synergies. Graduate students and researchers in solar physics will benefit from the many new results presented within.

Winds form an integral part of astronomy - from regulating rotation of stars through enriching galaxies with fresh materials. Outflowing winds persist during the entire lives of stars and play a key role in shaping the exoplanet demographics we observe. In massive stars, their winds are a vital ingredient of their evolution, from the main sequence to the pre-supernova stage, determining black hole masses as measured from gravitational waves. In the case of low-mass stars, their winds dictate rotational evolution, which affect angular momentum distribution within the stellar interior and thus the generation of magnetic fields. In the case of planets, winds take the form of atmospheric escape, which can strongly affect their atmospheric evolution. IAU Symposium 370 brings together researchers on winds of exoplanets and stars, including the solar wind, to share insights into the physics and modelling tools used by these different communities.

NASA's Mars 2020 mission successfully landed the Perseverance rover in Jezero crater on February 18, 2021.This book provides the definitive pre-landing documentation of the Mars 2020 mission, its scientific payload elements, and its exploration area.The chapters in this volume include detailed descriptions of: The Perseverance mission, and its relationship to a possible Mars Sample Return campaign; The geology of the mission's exploration environment in Jezero crater; and The purpose, design and operation of all seven instruments aboard the rover (Mastcam-Z, SHERLOC, RIMFAX, Supercam, MOXIE, PIXL, and MEDA) as well as the engineering cameras and the Mars helicopter Ingenuity. NASA's ambitious Mars 2020 mission extends a long arc of Martian exploration by seeking evidence that life may once have existed on Mars, and by preparing a collection of samples for possible return to Earth by a future mission. Mars 2020 will also enable future exploration by characterizing modern weather conditions and by demonstrating new technologies.Previously published in Space Science Reviews in the Topical Collection "The Mars 2020 Mission"

A series of increasingly capable spacecraft were sent to explore the inner planets Venus and Mercury. The history of that planetary exploration is traced in this book along with the evolution of sophisticated spacecraft that unveiled long-sought secrets of the planets. The spacecraft were ingenious and reflected the best efforts of talented people working with the available technology of the day. Additionally, this book showcases engineering involved in those capable machines.A consecutive series of 34 planetary spacecraft, which span the time period 1961 to 2021, are described. This includes the unsuccessful missions of several early spacecraft that paved the way for a better understanding of Venus¿ hostile environments. This book will describe many successful spacecraft sent to Venus by the Soviet Union and many successful spacecraft sent to Venus and to Mercury by the United States.The recent exploration of Venus by the European Space Agency¿s Venus Express and the Japanese spacecraft Akatsuki can also be found in this book.The author draws on over 50 years of experience on aircraft and spacecraft systems to tell the story of these planetary spacecraft. The spacecraft experience includes being the technical lead for the landing radars on the Surveyor and Apollo lunar landers as well as providing analyses for the rendezvous radar for the Space Shuttle. Practical engineering experience is augmented by Master¿s degrees in electrical engineering, physics, and business administration.

There is a huge gulf between the real physics of space travel and the way it is commonly portrayed in movies and TV shows. That¿s not because space physics is difficult or obscure ¿ most of the details were understood by the end of the 18th century ¿ but because it can often be bafflingly counter-intuitive for a general audience. The purpose of this book isn¿t to criticize or debunk popular sci-fi depictions, which can be very entertaining, but to focus on how space physics really works. This is done with the aid of numerous practical illustrations taken from the works of serious science fiction authors ¿ from Jules Verne and Arthur C. Clarke to Larry Niven and Andy Weir ¿ who have taken positive pleasure in getting their scientific facts right.

By the star physicist and author of multiple #1 Sunday Times bestsellers, a major and definitive narrative work on black holes and how they can help us understand the universe. At the heart of our galaxy lies a monster so deadly it can bend space, throwing vast jets of radiation millions of light years out into the cosmos. Its kind were the very first inhabitants of the universe, the black holes.Today, across the universe, at the heart of every galaxy, and dotted throughout, mature black holes are creating chaos. And in a quiet part of the universe, the Swift satellite has picked up evidence of a gruesome death caused by one of these dark powers. High energy X-ray flares shooting out from deep within the Draco constellation are thought to be the dying cries of a white dwarf star being ripped apart by the intense tides of a supermassive black hole ? heating it to millions of degrees as it is shredded at the event horizon.They have the power to wipe out any of the universe's other inhabitants, but no one has ever seen a black hole itself die. But 1.8 billion light years away, the LIGO instruments have recently detected something that could be the closest a black hole gets to death. Gravitational waves given off as two enormous black holes merge together. And now scientists think that these gravitational waves could be evidence of two black holes connecting to form a wormhole ? a link through space and time. It seems outlandish, but today's physicists are daring to think the unthinkable ? that black holes could connect us to another universe.At their very heart, black holes are also where Einstein's Theory of General Relativity is stretched in almost unimaginable ways, revealing black holes as the key to our understanding of the fundamentals of our universe and perhaps all other universes.Join Professors Brian Cox and Jeff Forshaw in exploring our universe's most mysterious inhabitants, how they are formed, why they are essential components of every galaxy, including our own, and what secrets they still hold, waiting to be discovered.

From earthquakes to the northern lights and tsunamis to glacier movement, the author explains thousands of phenomena in the world around us. All of this is done using language that is simple and understandable, and at the same time this book does not try to deceive the reader, as materials of this nature often do, but uses exact physical formulas where they are needed.This book serves as an invaluable reference for physics teachers and should inspire high school students to study physics. Many of them will very likely be able to understand that riveting events and phenomena lie behind those very same formulas that just yesterday seemed so boring.This is an excellent and unique way of easily submerging oneself into the world of science and a non-stop intellectual challenge that lures the reader in much more than any game of chess.Sir Andre Geim, 2010 Nobel Prize Laureate in PhysicsThere are plenty of high school students who continue to find science interesting today. Dmitry Livanov¿s book, which is both useful and held in high regard, is written precisely with these young people in mind.This book can be used by teachers who want to expand the narrow scope of subject material in their classes and enable students to broaden their perspective about how to apply the laws of physics in order to understand such a complex natural object as planet Earth. This book will be of interest to high school students and graduates of high schools, specialized high schools and preparatory schools who want to test their understanding of physics, astronomy and geography. This book strengthens the foundation of scientific knowledge in today¿s world, which repeatedly tests the strength of the collective body of science.Evgeniy Yamburg,Member of the Russian Academy of EducationPrincipal, School #109, Moscow Dmitry Livanov was able to write a book thatis interesting both for those who are just beginning to become familiar with physics, and for those who for various reasons have forgotten much of what they knew at one time. He succeeded in doing this because he himself knows and loves physics and because physics¿as the most important part of human culture¿is interesting to him.I hope that readers of this book will not only recognize the usefulness and importance of physics, but also appreciate its beauty and allure.Andrey Furchenko,Doctor of Physics and Mathematics,Aide to the President of the Russian Federation

Ein Wegweiser für Sternfreunde durch das Jahr 2024 mit Daten zur Sichtbarkeit von Sternen und Planeten sowie der Auflistung aller wichtigen astronomischen Ereignisse im Jahreslauf.