Solsystemet: solen og planeterne

This books presents a brief review of modern concepts of the Sun-Earth problem and proposed physical mechanisms of solar-terrestrial relations (STR). This field covers a wide range of fundamental and actual applied problems of paramount importance (Space Weather, radiation hazard in space, functioning of space-borne and ground-based technological systems, heliobiology etc.). It is also closely tied with some general gnosiological problems.The author provides state-of-the-art information about existing problems and discusses different channels for extraterrestrial influences at the up-to-date level: electromagnetic waves and fields, total solar irradiance, solar wind, energetic solar particles, galactic cosmic rays, cosmic dust, etc. Some of the well-known and suggested STR effects and corresponding physical mechanisms are illustrated by several examples. In particular, a number of different external ¿signals¿ in observed changes of terrestrial climate and weather are considered. Especially, an expected impact of geophysical disturbances on the accuracy of some precise physical measurements and experiments is analysed. Due attention is paid to the heliobiological aspects of STR. Particular emphasis is on the multifactor nature of magneto-biological effect (MBE), its non-stationary and non-linear behaviour. The author also discusses main features of different physical mechanisms (electromagnetic fields, ionising radiation, triggers, rhythmic and resonances in solar-terrestrial systems) and their applicability to the Sun-Earth problem. The most of them are still needed in more sophisticated theoretical development and experimental confirmation. The main goals of interdisciplinary studies in this field are to determine partial impacts of solar-geomagnetic variability on the terrestrial environments and estimate (separate) relative contributions of different factors into various STR phenomena.The book is based on lectures given on advanced undergraduate leveland will also benefit newcomers (physicists and engineers) to the field.

Welcome to Pluto: My Journey from Last to First! Discover Pluto's impact on the lives this little world has touched: · Percival Lowell - Flagstaff Observatory & Passion for All Things Pluto · Clyde Tombaugh - Sketches which led to Pluto's Discovery· Venetia Burney - Breakfast conversation which led to Pluto's Name· James Christy - The "bump" which became Pluto's Largest of 5 Moons · International Astronomical Union Astronomers - defining the word "planet"· Alan Stern - 29-cent Challenge & Leading a Precision Team Fly-By in 2015· Rock Stars and the World - participation in New Horizons' Ongoing Mission Written in Easy-to-Understand-Conversational-Language, the author presents Science, Technology, Engineering, Art and Math (STEAM) Concepts throughout, Enhanced with related Bonus Stories: The Wright Brothers, Undersea Explorer Jacques Cousteau, Thomas Edison, NASA JPL's Mars Helicopter Team, Specs of Light, the Law of Cause & Effect, Goal-Setting and the Scientific Method itself!Much More than a Non-Fiction Photo History, Pluto's Fascinating True Story shares the AdventureOf Scientific Exploration and Discovery, and reveals practical Kuiper Belt Wisdom which the readercan Leverage for a Successful Life on Earth! Enjoy the Ride! An Ongoing Adventure Awaits You Inside!

Written by expert researchers, this book covers all the major aspects of research in Jupiter's moon Io, from the interior to its space environment. Io is one of the Solar System¿s most exotic satellites. The book discusses Io's interior, geology, atmosphere, and, in particular, its active volcanism, which was discovered from observations by the Voyager 1 spacecraft in 1979, confirming a possibility suggested from theoretical studies based on Iös orbit. Our knowledge of Iös volcanism, composition, and space environment was significantly increased as a result of observations by other spacecrafts, including Galileo.More than a decade after the 1st edition, ¿Io After Galileö, this 2nd edition of the book now includes results obtained by the New Horizons mission and, more recently, Juno. It also presents observational results from ground-based telescopes using adaptive optics having provided resolutions that rival those of spacecraft.The book provides a review of the current status of Io research and gives an outlook to planned future observations. It thus serves as reference for researchers in the field and an introduction for PhD students and newcomers planning to study this exotic Solar System moon.

¿Mangalyaan was launched on November 5, 2013, to Mars by Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). On October 2, 2022, ISRO declared that Mangalyaan had lost communications with Earth. Mars Color Camera (MCC) on-board Mangalyaan has taken thousands pictures of Mars. A full disk of Mars image observed by Viking is shown on the cover page of this book. Mars is covered by the dust as observed by Mangalyaan (from Arya et al., 2015). This book presents the atmospheric and ionospheric results obtained from all missions to Mars. It also covers various atmospheric and ionospheric models of Mars. Broadly speaking, the planet¿s atmosphere can be divided into two regions: lower and upper. These two regions can be coupled due to the propagation of energy from the lower to the upper atmosphere. The first-ever book on the aeronomy of Mars, this work is intended to help students and researchers familiarize themselves with the field of aeronomy. In addition, it helps planetary probe designers, engineers, and other users in the scientific community, e.g., planetary geologists and geophysicists¿.

Earth has limited material and energy resources, while these resources are virtually unlimited in space. It is only a matter of time, before planetary resources are mined and used in-situ to sustain human and robotic exploration or returned to Earth for commercial gain. This book covers a number of aspects related to space resources. In particular, subjects related to mission concepts, exploration approaches, mining and extraction technologies, commercial potential, and regulatory aspects of space resources are covered in detail. This book is therefore a good resource for readers who seek background and deeper understanding of space resources related activities.

This book, the world's first complete (and stereoscopic) atlas of an asteroid, is the result of a unique collaboration between OSIRIS-REx mission leader Dante Lauretta and Brian May's London Stereoscopic Company. Lauretta's colleagues include Carina Bennett, Kenneth Coles, and Cat Wolner, as well as Brian May and Claudia Manzoni, who became part of the ultimately successful effort to find a safe landing site for sampling. The text details the data collected by the mission so far, and the stereo images have been meticulously created by Manzoni and May from original images collected by the OSIRIS-REx cameras.

This book provides a complete overview of the development of cosmic ray physics, with historical and educational considerations, from early evidence of the existence of extraterrestrial radiation up to the most recent applications of cosmic ray muons in different aspects of daily life.Many of the original results that contributed to the study of cosmic radiation are presented and discussed, accompanied by bibliographic references, numerous in-depth appendices, about 200 illustrations and a large chapter dedicated to the overall impact of cosmic rays.The book includes sections on, among other topics: the debate on the corpuscular or radiative nature of cosmic radiation; the development of early techniques for detecting cosmic particles; the properties and composition of primary and secondary radiation; and the interaction of cosmic muons in matter and a long list of their recent applications, ranging from the muon tomography techniques to the investigation of the stability of civil buildings. The book is addressed to a wide audience, and thus, while it is used for introductory cosmic ray physics courses at the bachelor's or master's level, high school students and teachers involved in educational projects around cosmic rays also benefit from its many historical and educational aspects.

Focus On Elementary Astronomy Student Textbook, 3rd Edition introduces young students to the scientific discipline of astronomy. Students will learn about the history of astronomy, the telescope, constellations, the Moon and the Sun and their effects on Earth, solar and lunar eclipses, planets and their characteristics, our solar system, neighboring stars, our Milky Way Galaxy, other galaxies, comets, asteroids, nebulae, other objects in space, and more.The Focus On Elementary Astronomy Student Textbook, 3rd Edition has 12 full color chapters, a glossary-index, and pronunciation guides. 112 pages. Grades K-4.

This book explores the possibility of life on the Red Planet, Mars. Through a careful analysis of scientific data and observations, the author presents compelling evidence that suggests that Mars may be habitable for some forms of life. He discusses the geological and atmospheric conditions that could support life as we know it, as well as the potential for microbial life to exist in underground water reservoirs. The author also examines the implications of finding life on Mars for our understanding of the universe and our place in it. With clear and concise writing, this book offers a fascinating glimpse into one of the most exciting scientific inquiries of our time.

This book presents an easy-to-use tool for time series analysis and allows the user to concentrate upon studying time series properties rather than upon how to calculate the necessary estimates. The two attached programs provide, in one run of the program, a time and frequency domain description of scalar or multivariate time series approximated with a sequence of autoregressive models of increasing orders. The optimal orders are chosen by five order selection criteria. The results for scalar time series include time domain stochastic difference equations, spectral density estimates, predictability properties, and a forecast of scalar time series based upon the Kolmogorov-Wiener theory. For the bivariate and trivariate time series, the results contain a time domain description with multivariate stochastic difference equations, statistical predictability criterion, and information for calculating feedback and Granger causality properties in the bivariate case. The frequency domain information includes spectral densities, ordinary, multiple, and partial coherence functions, ordinary and multiple coherent spectra, gain, phase, and time lag factors. The programs seem to be unique and using them does not require professional knowledge of theory of random processes. The book contains many examples including three from engineering.

Following on from Part 1, which was highly acclaimed by the space community, this peer-viewed book provides detailed insights into how space and popular culture intersect across a broad spectrum of areas, including cinema, music, art, arcade games, cartoons, comics, and advertisements. This is a pertinent topic since the use of space themes differs in different cultural contexts, and these themes can be used to explore various aspects of the human condition and provide a context for social commentary on politically sensitive issues. With the use of space imagery evolving over the past sixty years of the space age, this topic is ripe for in-depth exploration. Covering a wide array of relevant and timely topics, the book examines the intersections between space and popular culture, and offers accounts of space and its effect on culture, language, and storytelling from the southern regions of the world.

This book is a collection of contributions covering the major subjects in numerical simulation of space and astrophysical plasma. It introduces the different approaches and methods to model plasma, the necessary computational codes, and applications in the field. The book is rooted in the previous work Space Plasma Simulation (Springer, 2003) and includes the latest developments. It is divided into three parts and all chapters start with an introduction motivating the topic and its use in research and ends with a discussion of its applications. The chapters of the first part contain tutorials of the different basic approaches needed to perform space plasma simulations. This part is particularly useful for graduate students to master the subject. The second part presents more advanced materials for students and researchers who already work with pre-existing codes but want to implement the recent progresses made in the field. The last part of the bookdiscusses developments in the area for researchers who are actively working on advanced simulation approaches like higher order schemes and artificial intelligence, agent-based technologies for multiscale and multi-dimensional systems, which represent the recent innovative contributions made in space plasma research.

This book addresses the problems of Geocosmos and provides a snapshot of the current research in a broad area of Earth Sciences carried out in Russia and elsewhere.The themes covered include solar physics, physics of magnetosphere, ionosphere and atmosphere, solar-terrestrial coupling links, seismology, geoelectricity, paleomagnetism and rock magnetism, as well as cross-disciplinary studies.The proceedings are carefully edited, providing a panoramic outlook of a broad area of Earth Sciences. The readership includes colleague researchers, students and early career scientists. The proceedings will help the readers to look at their research fields from various points of view.Problems of Geocosmos conferences are held by Earth Physics Department, St. Petersburg University bi-annually since 1994. It is the largest forum of this kind in Russia/former Soviet Union attracting up to 200 researchers in Earth and magnetospheric physics.

Militarizing Outer Space explores the dystopian and destructive dimensions of the Space Age and challenges conventional narratives of a bipolar Cold War rivalry. Concentrating on weapons, warfare and viölence, this provocative volume examines real and imagined endeavors of arming the skies and conquering the heavens. The third and final volume in the groundbreaking ¿European Astroculture trilogy, ¿Militarizing Outer Space zooms in on the interplay between security, technopolitics and knowledge from the 1920s through the 1980s. Often hailed as the site of heavenly utopias and otherworldly salvation, outer space transformed from a promised sanctuary to a present threat, where the battles of the future were to be waged. Astroculture proved instrumental in fathoming forms and functions of warfare¿s futures past, both on earth and in space. The allure of dominating outer space, the book shows, was neither limited to the early twenty-first century nor to current American space force rhetorics.

In September 1969, several months after the Apollo 11 lunar landing, President Richard M. Nixon established the Space Task Force to chart NASA¿s path for the decades to come. This imaginative vision was shattered less than six months later when, on January 13, 1970, NASA Administrator Dr. Thomas Paine announced that, owing to funding cuts, only the reusable Space Shuttle could be afforded -- there would be no space station, no return to the Moon, and no missions to Mars.This is a story never before told about the missions and technologies that NASA had begun to plan but never fully realized. The book is a companion to the author¿s previous two works on the Space Shuttle. Whereas the first two books showed how the Space Shuttle flew in space and what the program accomplished, this book explains what more the Space Shuttle could have achieved and how the space transportation system could have further matured if circumstances had been otherwise. A final chapter also discusses howsome of these plans might be resurrected in future programs.

Die Erforschung des erdnahen und interplanetaren Raumes ist nur möglich geworden durch den Pioniergeist von Theoretikern und den Mut von Praktikern, die an ihre Ideen geglaubt haben. Dieses Sachbuch zeichnet die Entwicklung der Raumfahrt nach: von den Anfängen der Raketentechnik zum ersten bemannten Raumflug mit Juri Gagarin, gefolgt von Mehrfachumrundungen der Erde, Parallelflügen mit mehreren Kapseln, der ersten Frau im Weltraum, dem Ausstieg eines Kosmonauten aus seiner Kapsel und manuellen Rendezvousmanövern sowie den Mondlandungen. Die Autoren bieten einen Blick auf Marsmissionen und Sondenexpeditionen innerhalb des Sonnensystems und schließen mit einer kurzen Bestandsaufnahme aktueller Zukunftsprojekte.Im Rahmen der zweiten Auflage wurde das Sachbuch aktualisiert und um neueste Entwicklungen der Raumfahrt ergänzt. Zusätzlich enthalten sind nun unter anderem Informationen über das James-Webb-Weltraumteleskop, das Raumschiff Crew Dragon der Firma Space-X sowie das Artemis-Programm der NASA.

This open access book serves as textbook on the physics of the radiation belts surrounding the Earth. Discovered in 1958 the famous Van Allen Radiation belts were among the first scientific discoveries of the Space Age. Throughout the following decades the belts have been under intensive investigation motivated by the risks of radiation hazards they expose to electronics and humans on spacecraft in the Earth¿s inner magnetosphere.This textbook teaches the field from basic theory of particles and plasmas to observations which culminated in the highly successful Van Allen Probes Mission of NASA in 2012-2019. Using numerous data examples the authors explain the relevant concepts and theoretical background of the extremely complex radiation belt region, with the emphasis on giving a comprehensive and coherent understanding of physical processes affecting the dynamics of the belts. The target audience are doctoral students and young researchers who wish to learn about the physicalprocesses underlying the acceleration, transport and loss of the radiation belt particles in the perspective of the state-of-the-art observations.

Tina Ibsen interviewer Jens Frydenvang, der har deltaget i styringen af Marsrobotterne, Morten Bo Madsen, der har udviklet eksperimenter til undersøgelse af Marsstøvets sammensætning, og Line Drube, der har deltaget i projektet Mars Desert Research Station i Utah, hvor man undersøger, hvordan man kan bo og arbejde sammen under fremtidens Marsmissioner.

Owing to the increased accuracy requirements in fields such as astrometry and geodesy the general theory of relativity must be taken into account for any mission requiring highly accurate orbit information and for practically all observation and measurement techniques. This book highlights the confluence of Applied Mathematics, Physics and Space Science as seen from Einstein's general theory of relativity and aims to bridge the gap between theoretical and applied domains. The book investigates three distinct areas of general relativity: Exact solutions of the Einstein field equations of gravitation. Dynamics of near-Earth objects and solar system bodies. Relativistic orbitography. This book is an updated and expanded version of the author¿s PhD thesis which was awarded the International Astronomical Union PhD prize in Division A: Fundamental Astronomy. Included is a new introduction aimed at graduatestudents of General Relativity and extended discussions and results on topics in post-Newtonian dynamics and general relativistic spacecraft propagation.

Every night, above our heads, a drama of epic proportions is playing out. Diamond planets, zombie stars, black holes heavier than a billion Suns. The cast of characters is extraordinary, and each one has its own incredible story to tell.