Termodynamik og varme

The book provides an integrated energy/exergy analysis method to identify the energy utilization issues and systematically propose the cost-effective energy-saving and CO2 mitigation/capture solution. There is a strong market needs on energy-saving and greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction. CO2 mitigation/capture will achieve economic benefit of fuel, power, and carbon tax saving as well as environmental GHG reduction.The book is a professional book for energy-saving and GHG gas mitigation technology in oil & gas, oil refining, and chemical industry. It is an integrated technical book that combines energy utilization theory and practical method, including: thermodynamic analysis for unit operation and process units; energy and exergy calculation for various process streams and utilities; three-link energy/exergy analysis model; energy/exergy balance of equipment, process units, and entire plant; approach and technology of energy saving; optimization of pipeline and equipment; pinch energy-saving technology and its application; CO2 capture and utilization with 8 case studies incorporated for all different scenarios; key energy-saving technologies such gas turbine, FCCU regeneration CO combustion and energy recovery, flue gas turbine system optimization, low-grade heat recovery and utilization.  The book is intended for engineers and professional personnel who are working in process engineering, EPC companies, chemical and petrochemical plants, refineries, oil & gas production facilities, power generation plant. It can also be a professional reference or textbook for undergraduate or graduate-level university students and teaching personnel of chemical, energy, and process engineering faculties of universities. 

This book highlights the theories and research progress in gaseous detonation research, and proposes a universal framework theory that overcomes the current research limitations. Gaseous detonation is an extremely fast type of combustion that propagates at supersonic speed in premixed combustible gas. Being self-sustaining and self-organizing with the unique nature of pressure gaining, gaseous detonation and its gas dynamics has been an interdisciplinary frontier for decades. The research of detonation enjoyed its early success from the development of the CJ theory and ZND modeling, but phenomenon is far from being understood quantitatively, and the development of theories to predict the three-dimensional cellular structure remains a formidable task, being essentially a problem in high-speed compressible reacting flow. This theory proposed by the authors¿ research group breaks down the limitation of the one-dimensional steady flow hypothesis of the early theories, successfully correlating the propagation and initiation processes of gaseous detonation, and realizing the unified expression of the three-dimensional structure of cell detonation. The book and the proposed open framework is of high value for researchers in conventional applications such as coal mine explosions and chemical plant accidents, and state-of-the-art research fields such as supernova explosion, new aerospace propulsion engines, and detonation-driven hypersonic testing facilities. It is also a driving force for future research of detonation.

This book addresses research challenges in the rapidly developing area of nonequilibrium thermodynamics and fluctuation kinetics. This cross-disciplinary field comprises various topics, ranging from fundamental problems of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics and thermodynamics to multiple applications in plasma, fluid mechanics, nonlinear science, systems of dissipative particles, and high-Q resonators. The purpose of this book is to bring together world-leading experts in the above fields to initiate a cross-fertilization among these active research areas. The book is dedicated to and honours the memory of Professor Slava Belyi who passed away unexpectedly on May 20, 2020. He was pioneering the theory of nonequilibrium fluctuations, in particular the application of the Callen-Welton fluctuation-dissipation theorem to nonequilibrium systems and its generalization. This and related problems also feature in the book.

This book is a basic textbook of comprehensive thermal science and energy utilization technologies, which is divided into two parts: Engineering Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer. Engineering Thermodynamics mainly introduces the basic concepts and laws of thermodynamics, thermophysical properties of commonly used working medium, analysis of typical thermal processes and cycles and ways to improve the cycle efficiency. Heat Transfer mainly introduces the basic laws of heat conduction, convection and radiation, together with the solving methods and technical measures to control the heat transfer process, and design and check methods for heat exchangers. This book absorbs the experience and advantages of similar textbooks, enriches the discussion of basic concepts and laws, and expands the scope of knowledge of thermal engineering. Whether the readers are students embarking on their academic journey or seasoned engineers seeking to enhance their understanding of thermal phenomena, "Thermal Engineering: Engineering Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer" is an indispensable resource that bridges theory with practice, offering invaluable insights into the complexities of thermal systems and their relevance to modern engineering challenges.

This book presents a summary of high-pressure phase transitions of minerals and related inorganic compounds. The first part reviews the methods to investigate phase transitions by direct high-pressure and high-temperature experiments together with thermodynamic approaches that consist of calorimetric measurements and thermodynamic calculation. In the second part, phase relations and thermodynamic properties of olivine, pyroxene, garnet, spinel, perovskite, rutile, and related inorganic compounds with A2BO4, ABO3, AB2O4, and AO2 stoichiometries are described. Particular emphasis is placed on spinel- and perovskite-structured phases and their high-pressure polymorphs called post-spinel and post-perovskite phases. The last part of the book focuses on phase relations of mantle rocks and on natural high-pressure minerals from the Earth's deep mantle and in shocked meteorites.  

Für alle, die fasziniert vom Fliegen sind und ein tieferes Verständnis dafür entwickeln wollen, wie Vögel und Modellflugzeuge ihre Kreise in der Luft ziehen. Anschaulich und unterhaltsam führt der Autor in die komplexen Sachverhalte von Wirbel, Zirkulation und Auftrieb ein. Verständlich und begreifbar durch zahlreiche Diagramme und Videos. Es gelingt dem Autor die dem dynamischen Auftrieb zugrunde liegenden Gesetzmäßigkeiten besonders anschaulich darzustellen.

The thesis presents a systematic study of the Mpemba effect in a colloidal system with a micron-sized particle diffusing in a water bath. While the Mpemba effect, where a system's thermal relaxation time is a non-monotonic function of the initial temperature, has been observed in water since Aristotle's era, the underlying mechanism of the effect is still unknown. Recent studies indicate that the effect is not limited to water and has been studied both experimentally and numerically in a wide variety of systems. By carefully designing a double-well potential using feedback-based optical tweezers, the author demonstrates that an initially hot system can sometimes cool faster than an initially warm system. The author also presents the first observation in any system of another counterintuitive effect-the inverse Mpemba effect-where the colder of the two samples reaches the thermal equilibrium at a hot temperature first. The results for both the observations agree with theoretical predictions based on the Fokker-Planck equation. The experiments reveal that, for carefully chosen conditions, a strong version of both of the effects are observed where a system can relax to the bath temperature exponentially faster than under typical conditions.

"Introducing the state-of-the-art of hypervelocity shock tunnels, this complete reference features a variety of drivers and step-by-step introductions to their theories, physics, methods and testing. This book enables researchers and engineers in aerospace to design and improve wind tunnels that simulate flow qualities of real hypersonic flyers"--

This book gives an insight into the current developments in the field of continuum mechanics. Twenty-five researchers present new theoretical concepts, e.g., better inclusion of the microstructure in the models describing material behavior. At the same time, there are also more applications for the theories in engineering practice.In addition to new theoretical approaches in continuum mechanics and applications, the book puts an emphasis on discussing multi-physics problems.

The Water Reactor Fuel Performance Meeting (WRFPM) held in Asia has merged with TopFuel in Europe and LWR Fuel Performance in the United States to form the globally most influential conference in the field of nuclear fuel research. WRFPM2023 is organized by Chinese Nuclear Society (CNS) in cooperation with the Atomic Energy Society of Japan (AESJ), Korean Nuclear Society (KNS), European Nuclear Society (ENS), American Nuclear Society (ANS), the Interna-tional Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) with the support from China Nuclear Energy In¬dustry Corporation (CNEIC) and TVEL.Conference Topics:1. Advances in water reactor fuel technology and testing2. Operation and experience3. Transient and off-normal fuel behaviour and safety related issues4. Fuel cycle, used fuel storage and transportation5. Innovative fuel and related issues6. Fuel modelling, analysis and methodology

Die phänomenologische Thermodynamik ist von wenigen grundlegenden Observablen, Konzepten, und Zusammenhängen bestimmt, die nicht einfach zu vermitteln sind, besonders dann, wenn die notwendige mathematische Vorstellung und Fähigkeit der Studierenden an Grenzen stößt. Das vorliegende Lehr- und Übungsbuch "Chemische Thermodynamik" vermittelt Studierenden im Haupt- und Nebenfach Chemie anschaulich polytrope Zustandsänderungen, Reaktions- und Phasengleichgewichte, Oberflächen und Grenzflächen sowie Verfahren und Vergleich von herkömmlicher und moderner Energiegewinnung und Bioenergetik. Ideal zur Prüfungsvorbereitung sind die rund 500 explizit gelösten Fragen und Aufgaben, u.a. zu idealen und realen Gasen, zur Bioenergetik etc., und der lerndidaktisch förderliche Anspruch auf Parallelität von prägnanter Fassung der Theorie und extensiver fächerintegrierender Übung. Neu in der 4., umfassend überarbeiteten und ergänzten Auflage: - Zusätzliche Kapitel zu schadstofffreien Emissionen, thermischer Analyse und Umwandlungsketten von grünem Wasserstoff als klimaneutraler Brennstoff der deutschen Energiewende. - Zusätzliche Übungsaufgaben und Lösungen. - Optimal zur Prüfungsvorbereitung und darüber hinaus.

This book highlights introduction of thermodynamics; first law, second law, third law of thermodynamics and their applications; concepts of entropy, free energies, thermodynamic equilibrium, thermodynamic activity and fugacity; Maxwell relations; Gibbs-Helmholtz equation; Clausis-Clayperon equation, etc. have been discussed in detail and made easily understandable to the undergraduate students of metallurgy. Thermodynamics involved in formation of different types of solutions (ideal, real and regular solutions) has also been discussed in detail. This book also discusses the applications of various thermodynamic properties in different metallurgical operations. At the end of each and every chapter, different types of typical related problems have also been solved.

Nanotechnology for Hydrogen Production and Storage: Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces presents an evaluation of the various nano-based systems for hydrogen generation and storage. With a focus on challenges and recent developments, the book analyzes nanomaterials with the potential to boost hydrogen production and improve storage. It assesses the potential improvements to industrially important hydrogen production technologies by way of better surface-interface control through nanostructures of strategical composites of metal oxides, metal chalcogenides, plasmonic metals, conducting polymers, carbonaceous materials, and bio-interfaces with different types of algae and bacteria.In addition, the efficiency of various photochemical water splitting processes to generate renewable hydrogen energy are reviewed, with a focus on natural water splitting via photosynthesis, and the use of various metallic and non-metallic nanomaterials in anthropogenic/artificial water splitting processes is analyzed. Finally, the potential of nanomaterials in enhancing hydrogen generation in dark- and photo-fermentative organisms is explored, along with various nano-based systems for hydrogen generation and associated significant challenges and advances in biohydrogen research and development.

An objective, dynamic and physically justified concept of information is elaborated starting from Shannon's concept of entropy and applied to information technology, artificial intelligence (consciousness) and thermodynamics. The justification of an information conservation theorem acquires practical significance in information technology, especially as it moves into the quantum realm (photonics/quantum computing). The unconditional dynamics of information and its objectivity are critically examined and are the foundations of the considerations.We live in the information age, but the concept of information is still not defined objectively and physically. This book defines a dynamic concept of information that results in a conservation of information principle. Just as the principle of conservation of energy is essential to understanding energy, the principle of conservation of information leads to a deeper understanding of information.Information is strongly related to entropy, always in motion, cannot disappear, and is independent of subjects.

This monograph presents the molecular theory and necessary tools for the study of solvent-induced interactions and forces. After introducing the reader to the basic definitions of solvent-induced interactions, the author provides a brief analysis of the statistical thermodynamics. The book thoroughly overviews the connection of those interactions with thermodynamics and consequently focuses on specifically discussing the hydrophobic-hydrophilic interactions and forces. The importance of the implementation of hydrophilic interactions and forces in various biochemical processes is thoroughly analyzed, while evidence based on theory, experiments, and simulated calculations supporting that hydrophilic interactions and forces are far more important than the corresponding hydrophobic effects in many biochemical processes such as protein folding, self-assembly of proteins, molecular recognitions, are described in detail. This title is of great interest to students and researchers working in the fields of chemistry, physics, biochemistry, and molecular biology.¿