Elektricitet, elektromagnetisme og magnetisme

The main difficult in present power system is that, it fails to meet increasing load demand and growing of population. The Distributed Energy System like renewable systems plays a key role in the present electrical generation system due to eco-friendly and freely available in nature. Here, this project considers PV and Wind energy-based hybrid system. To extract maximum power from the DG systems, an MPPT based DC-DC converter is implemented for both PV and wind energy systems. Different MPPT techniques like P&O technique implemented for hybrid systems and comparative analysis done for efficiency. The dc link voltage of inverter controller is implemented with neuro-fuzzy technique to improve power quality. This hybrid system is tested in MATLAB/Simulink and compared the results for various load conditions and fault analysis with different MPPT Techniques.

DC motors are widely used in systems with high control requirements. Thus, rolling mills, double-hulled tankers, and high-precision digital tools can be mentioned as examples of such systems. Generally, to control the step less velocity and smoothness, adjustment of the armature voltage of the motor is used; while, certainly, applying pulse width modulation (PWM) signals with respect to the motor input voltage is one of the methods most employed to drive a DC motor.

Harmonic phenomena in three phase transformers are quite important. It is because under certain conditions, the exciting current harmonics may cause inadvertent operation of the protective equipment and may also cause interface with communication circuits. The study is to discuss the harmonics in three phase transformers. For the harmonic analysis of power systems, it is essential to have all compenents represented in the harmonic frequency domain. This study shows how nonlinear elements can be directly represented in the harmonic domain by using a convolution equivalent to time domain multiplications. The procedure is then applieed to power transformers. The three-phase models with the specially connected transformers offered in this study distinctly represent the feeding system by means of the physical three-phase circuirt and the symetrical¿compenent equivalent circuit. The three-phase model could be joined to three-phase load flow program to exactly analyse the system imbalance in the future. Transformer models for harmonic studies based on rated parameters are presented.

The main difficult in present power system is that, it fails to meet increasing load demand and growing of population. Consideration of environmental problems and greenhouse effect, renewable energy sources are alternative to meet this requirement. So that, DG systems to become a future energy source due to advantage of environmental conditions and energy costs linked with addition of existed energy systems. Out of all DG systems, PV and Wind energy systems are alternative to each other to maintain the load supply reliability. A DC-DC converter with MPPT technique is used to regulate the DG systems. A INC algorithm is proposed as MPPT technique in this paper. The inverter of hybrid system is implemented with Fuzzy technique to improve power quality. This hybrid system is tested in Matlab/Simulink environment and verified the results for various load conditions to meet the demand.

Molecules of compounds are made of more than one type of atom. A simple example of a small molecule is water which contains two hydrogen atoms and one of oxygen. Polymers are very large molecules with many more atoms ranging from 10,000 to 100,000 atoms per molecule. The word polymer is derived from the Greek root poly-, meaning is many and mer- meaning is part or segment. Many of the same units (or mers) are connected together to form a long chain called polymer. Polymers can be extremely large, often made up of hundreds of thousands of atoms. So, they are also referred to as macromolecules. Partly because of their size, polymers have interesting behavior and special properties. Small molecules of water do not tend to get tangled with each other and each one of them is separate and distinct from the others. Whereas, the large molecules of polymers become enmeshed with each other, much like a single strand of cooked spaghetti (noodles) gets tangled up with other strands. The long polymer chains (molecules) intermingle with one another and become entangled. It is very difficult to separate one chain from the remaining chains.

This book covers electrostatic properties of hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs), a fascinating class of metamaterials which combine dielectric and metal components. Due to the hyperbolic topology of the isofrequency surface in HMMs, the so-called resonance cone direction exists, and as a result, propagation of quasi-electrostatic waves, or more commonly, electrostatic waves close to the resonance cone with large wave vectors, is possible. However, the investigation of electrostatic wave properties in HMMs is largely overlooked in most works on the subject, and the purpose of this monograph is to fill this gap. This book gives a thorough theoretical treatment of propagation, reflection, and refraction of electrostatic waves in HMMs of various dimensions and geometries. It will be of interest to students and researchers who work on electrical and optical properties of metamaterials.

The technique described in this book can be used to analyse all the mechanisms involved in the propagation of Electromagnetic Interference (EMI), avoiding the need to invoke the complexities of electromagnetic computation. The book is aimed at electrical and electronic circuit design engineers and EMI/EMC design consultants.

Among various photovoltaic technologies, Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) have gained attention as an efficient and commercially viable option. DSSCs belong to the third generation of solar cells and have become a prominent research area within solar photovoltaics. They are particularly appealing due to their simpler fabrication procedures and cost-effectiveness compared to Si-based solar cells. It is aimed to fabricate Dye Sensitized Solar cell using Screen Printing technique using N719 photosensitizer and CDCA as co-adsorbent. Then, the values of short circuit current density (Jsc), open circuit voltage (Voc), fill factor (FF), Power conversion efficiency (Pce) before and after degradation of 30 days duration are calculated. It is analysed for J-V plot and P-V plot using cyclic voltammetry analysis before and after degradation. Efforts to improve the efficiency of DSSCs focus on selecting dyes with higher adsorption coefficients and broader absorption wavelength ranges, enabling better utilization of solar energy.

This thesis describes the design, manufacturing, and testing of a high voltage power supply for an electron spectrometer to be used on a small spacecraft. The challenge was reducing complexity, size, and power consumption enough to be useful for a CubeSat or a sounding rocket sub-payload.The power supply has two purposes: i) it produces DC at roughly 2000 V for a microchannel plate detector and ii) it produces exponential voltage sweeps from about +4000 V to below 5 V for an electrostatic analyzer. This power supply uses solid state relays for a charge pump and for producingvoltage sweeps with capacitive discharge. The detector power supply is software and hardware regulated to provide tunable output up to 2400 V, with voltage drift and ripple of around ±1%. The power supply is managed by an MSP430 microcontroller

ABOUT THE BOOKNigeria, with over 200m people, is the fastest and largest growing black nation on Earth. The backbone of political and economic development is electrical power to drive industries, homes and businesses. This book is a compilation of published regulations, standards and practices governing electric power sector reforms, electrical installations, electricity distribution and management as well as communications systems development. It is a great resource and an indispensable working tool for students, lecturers, researchers, engineering personnel, public servants and practitioners at large who would like to succeed in the business, practice and profession.

Wireless Power Transfer [WPT] using the magnetic induction technology which could avoid human from the hazardous accident caused due to the using of cables. By the using of MOSFET switches in the inverter, it creates the output with high frequency improves the efficiency of power transfer between the coils. Due to this creation of output with higher frequency the charging of battery will be very fast and efficient. By connecting the solar panel to the supply battery, it will be charged continuously using this panel. This will help the users for the non-stop driving. These advances make the WPT very attractive to the electric vehicle charging application in both stationary and dynamic charging. By introducing WPT in electric vehicle, the obstacles of charging time, range, and cost can be easily managed. WPT technology is developing rapidly in recent years.

This textbook, based on the author¿s classroom-tested lecture course, helps graduate students master the advanced plasma theory needed to unlock results at the forefront of current research. It is structured around a two semester course, beginning with kinetic theory and transport processes, while the second semester is devoted to plasma dynamics, including MHD theory, equilibrium, and stability. More advanced problems such as neoclassical theory, stochastization of the magnetic field lines, and edge plasma physics are also considered, and each chapter ends with an illustrative example which demonstrates a concrete application of the theory. The distinctive feature of this book is that, unlike most other advanced plasma science texts, phenomena in both low and high temperature plasma are considered simultaneously so that theory of slightly ionized and fully ionized plasmas is presented holistically. This book will therefore be ideal as a classroom text or self-study guide for a widecohort of graduate students working in different areas like nuclear fusion, gas discharge physics, low temperature plasma applications, astrophysics, and more. It is also a useful reference for more seasoned researchers.

Dieses für die zweite Auflage gründlich überarbeitete Buch erklärt, warum es verschiedene Varianten der Maxwell¿schen Gleichungen gibt und was genau die physikalische Bedeutung der in ihnen vorkommenden Größen ist. Gezeigt wird ferner, wie sich die Bestimmungsgleichungen für statische elektrische und magnetische Potenziale aus den Maxwell¿schen Gleichungen ergeben. Dabei ist die Rolle der dem Feld ausgesetzter Materie immer von Anfang an integraler Bestandteil der Diskussion. Multipolentwicklungen werden begründet und hergeleitet. Ferner wird dargelegt, welches Vereinfachungspotenzial in der Formulierung der dynamischen Theorie als Eichfeldtheorie liegt. Die Gesetze der Optik werden aus denen der Elektrodynamik hergeleitet. Für quasi-stationäre Rechnungen werden Begründungen geliefert, Grenzen formuliert und technische Beispiele und Gegenbeispiele gezeigt. Am Schluss wird auf weiterführende Literatur hingewiesen.

This book consists of chapters written by international experts on various aspects of single molecule toroics (SMTs).The chapters cover a broad range of relevant topics and highlight the latest advances performed in the field. An up-to-date overview of the emerging SMT architectures is presented while particular attention is given to not only the magnetism and relaxation effects involved but also to the respective applications in advanced electronics and memory devices. The role that lanthanides play -especially that of dysprosium- is discussed, while a thorough analysis using theoretical/ab initio calculations is provided. Since SMTs have grown out of single molecule magnetism (SMM), it is an expanding and topical subject and the present book will engender excitement and interest amongst chemists, physicists, theoreticians and materials scientists. The volume will be of great interest to researchers and graduates working on this topic and particularly those involved in lanthanide chemistry, magnetism and theory. 

The current Standard Model of elementary particles leaves many questions unanswered. For example, it does not provide a quantum mechanical explanation of the mass distribution of elementary particles in the universe. Why are we still not able to prove the existence of gravitons? Is there a connection between elementary particles and dark matter and dark energy? Do we have to include the time axis? The gravitation? So many questions!The answer to all of these questions could be the existence of a new particle, the master particle, which moves faster than the speed of light on the time axis ¿ and is beyond our reach. Through this, a new parallel reality is created, without reference to the world we perceive as real and with a completely different idea of stable states. Two different worlds, one confined by the speed of light, the other surpassing it. This master particle might be part of the elementary particles we know today and would therefore lead to a new model. Essentially, it created the assumption that our physical constants, especially the speed of light, might not be constants at all but change with the increasing age of our universe.

Dieses Lehrbuch behandelt präzise und ausführlich die klassische Elektrodynamik, wie sie für das Physik-Studium erforderlich ist. Es beginnt mit einer detaillierten Beschreibung der Maxwell-Gleichungen, so dass die Grundlagen für die verschiedenen Anwendungsgebiete geschaffen sind: Elektro- und Magnetostatik im Vakuum und in Materie und die Strahlung elektromagnetischer Wellen. Gerade der dynamischen Theorie der Röntgenstrahlung und der speziellen Relativitätstheorie wird dabei ein längerer Abschnitt eingeräumt. Zudem schlägt das Werk in vielen Bereichen eine Brücke zu den entsprechenden Fragestellungen der Festkörperphysik.Die Herleitung einiger Formeln sowie weitere Fragestellungen finden sich am Ende eines jeden Kapitels in den Übungsaufgaben. Im Anhang findet sich eine umfangreiche Zusammenfassung der notwendigen mathematischen Grundlagen. In der vorliegenden vierten Auflage ist die Quantisierung des elektromagnetischen Feldes hinzugekommen.Aus dem InhaltDie Maxwell'schen Feldgleichungen ¿ Ruhende elektrische Ladungen und die Verteilung der Elektrizität auf Leitern ¿ Randwertprobleme in der Elektrostatik ¿ Magnetostatik im Vakuum ¿ Elektromagnetische Vorgänge in Materie ¿ Elektrostatik in Materie ¿ Magnetostatik in Materie ¿ Felder von bewegten Ladungen ¿ Quasistationäre Ströme ¿ Elektromagnetische Wellen ¿ Röntgenstreuung ¿ Spezielle Relativitätstheorie ¿ Kovariante Elektrodynamik ¿ Relativistische Mechanik

This is the first book providing overview of magnetism in curved geometries, highlighting numerous peculiarities emerging from geometrically curved magnetic objects such as curved wires, shells, as well as complex three-dimensional structures. Extending planar two-dimensional structures into the three-dimensional space has become a general trend in multiple disciplines across electronics, photonics, plasmonics and magnetics. This approach provides the means to modify conventional and even launch novel functionalities by tailoring the local curvature of an object. The book covers the theory of curvilinear micromagnetism as well as experimental studies of geometrically curved magnets including both fabrication and characterization. With its coverage of fundamental aspects, together with exploration of numerous applications across magnonics, bio-engineering, soft robotics and shapeable magnetoelectronics, this edited collection is ideal for all scientists in academia and industry seeking an overview and wishing to keep abreast of advances in the novel field of curvilinear micromagnetism. It provides easy but comprehensive access to the field for newcomers, and can be used for graduate-level courses on this subject.

Within these pages, we begin on a trip across the diverse worlds of the digital era. We dig into the historical currents that have carried us into this new age, following the strands of invention, communication, and social transformation. Through each chapter, we strive to illustrate not just the remarkable achievements that have altered our world but also the ethical imperatives that must follow them. This book is not a simple catalog of technical miracles, but a summons to contemplation and action. It encourages us to evaluate the repercussions of our technological choices, to defend the values that define our humanity, and to create inclusion in a digital universe that knows no borders. It is an invitation to think critically, to engage with the intricacies of our digital life, and to envisage a future where technology is a force for social good. As we navigate through chapters that explore the internet's vast ecosystem, the transformative power of information technology, and the profound societal shifts driven by artificial intelligence, we are guided by a central conviction: that the potential for a brighter digital future lies within our grasp. By adopting ethical ideals, supporting inclusion, and emphasizing sustainability, we can design a future where technology serves as a light of progress, enhancing the lives of people and communities.

This book presents concepts for radio engineers to ensure electromagnetic compatibility based on the methodological approaches to reduce the probability of failures of radio equipment and improve the flight safety of complex aerospace systems. The book deals with issues related to methods for assessing the electromagnetic compatibility of integrated ground and on-board complexes, methods for obtaining information about unintentional interference, the theory of predicting unintentional interference, experimental studies of the characteristics that determine electromagnetic compatibility, methods for calculating reference systems, the influence of the method of generating the output signals of the transmitting path on the relative level of spurious radiation, electromagnetic compatibility of ultrahigh-frequency devices with phase modulation, with the features of industrial noise, with the calculation of electromagnetic fields scattered elements of the airframe, with direction finding errors caused by the scattering of electromagnetic fields by elements of the airframe, with the evaluation of isolation between antennas in the presence of an electromagnetic screen, solving problems of electromagnetic compatibility of antenna devices with the model electromagnetic interference radio systems, calculation of electromagnetic compatibility of specific navigation systems, with the provision of electromagnetic compatibility in civil aviation, taking into account modern requirements.

This book discusses the principles of forming and analysis of mathematical models of a wide class of antenna systems, new scientific directions in the development and application of computational algorithms for the study of mathematical models for antenna arrays of radio navigating systems. The book is presented for specialists in antenna system design; it may be useful for students of radio engineering specialties. This book consequentially uses the asymptotic correspondence of two-dimensional and three-dimensional problems to antenna engineering, that includes the influence of the placement objects for a given limited class of problems. Rigorous electrodynamics formulations of models and the use of efficient numerical methods provide the reliability and accuracy of modeling.

This book describes most recent progress in the properties, synthesis, characterization, modelling, and applications of nanomaterials and nanodevices. It begins with the review of the modelling of the structural, electronic and optical properties of low dimensional and nanoscale semiconductors, methodology of synthesis, and characterization of quantum dots and nanowires, with special attention towards Dirac materials, whose electrical conduction and sensing properties far exceed those of silicon-based materials, making them strong competitors. The contributed reviews presented in this book touch on broader issues associated with the environment, as well as energy production and storage, while highlighting important achievements in materials pertinent to the fields of biology and medicine, exhibiting an outstanding confluence of basic physical science with vital human endeavor. The subjects treated in this book are attractive to the broader readership of graduate and advanced undergraduate students in physics, chemistry, biology, and medicine, as well as in electrical, chemical, biological, and mechanical engineering. Seasoned researchers and experts from the semiconductor/device industry also greatly benefit from the book's treatment of cutting-edge application studies.