Atomfysik og molekylær fysik

The main objective of this book is to bring into light about the potential radiation shielding properties of few lan- thanide elements, commonly used solvents and glasses containing lead oxide using XCOM software. The energy range considered is between 0.001 MeV to 100000 MeV. Relevant parameters such as mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), Half value layer (HVL) and Mean free path (MFP) were computed for all the three different materials. Based on the obtained results, comparative analyses have been performed to recognize which type of materials can serve as the best absorber and thus shield radiation.

This book provides a comprehensive, systematic description of modern timekeeping and its specializations. Introductory chapters discuss the concept of time and its definition, then briefly look at pre-Atomic Era timekeeping to set the stage for the introduction of the atomic clock. Subsequent chapters focus on concepts such as frequency stability and measurement uncertainty, as well as computer network time-synchronization protocols including Network Time Protocol (NTP) and Precise Time Protocol (PTP). The book then delves into the nuts and bolts of the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), Two-Way Satellite Time and Frequency Transfer, and Optical Time and Frequency Transfer. Timescale theory is then described as a way to combine clock data, and the algorithms and procedures used to generate Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) are given. Finally, there is a look at modern applications of timekeeping and time transfer.Featuring a glossary of all key terms, this book is highly recommended for trained or incoming physicists, engineers, or mathematicians working, for example, in manufacturing or timing laboratories. Additionally, it is suitable for use in introductory university courses dealing with the subject of timekeeping.

The 8 MeV electron irradiation on GaN based LED chips creates significant changes in the I-V characteristics (upto 6.8x1014 e/cm2 ) only at the lower bias region. However, emission spectra reveal that there are some defects that are present in the pre-irradiated samples as well as in post irradiated samples. These defects correspond to those identified for n-GaN grown by MOCVD process. Three of these traps correspond to 1 MeV electron radiation induced traps previously reported in GaN. In addition, electron irradiation has introduced two more defects.The effect of high-energy Li ions (40 MeV) on the Green LED chips show a decrease in the operating voltage. The degradation was observed in the chip at the lowest fluence.For high (5x1012 ions/ cm2) fluence the I-V curve does not exhibit the turn-on voltage region. The degradation mechanism appears to be from creation of recombination centers and traps. This is confirmed by DLTS studies on green LED chips.From the emission spectra it can be seen that the wavelength increases as the fluence is increased. This suggests that irradiation has induced defects in, at least, the junction region, thereby degrading LED efficiency.

This book provides a comprehensive introduction to all aspects of low-energy ion-solid interaction from basic principles to advanced applications in materials science. It features a balanced and insightful approach to the fundamentals of the low-energy ion-solid surface interaction, focusing on relevant topics such as interaction potentials, kinetics of binary collisions, ion range, radiation damages, and sputtering. Additionally, the book incorporates key updates reflecting the latest relevant results of modern research on topics such as topography evolution and thin-film deposition under ion bombardment, ion beam figuring and smoothing, generation of nanostructures, and ion beam-controlled glancing angle deposition. Filling a gap of almost 20 years of relevant research activity, this book offers a wealth of information and up-to-date results for graduate students, academic researchers, and industrial scientists working in these areas.

Chaired by K Wüthrich (Nobel Laureate in Chemistry, 2002) and co-chaired by B Feringa (Nobel Laureate in Chemistry, 2016), this by-invitation-only conference gathered around 40 participants, who are well-recognized leaders in the diverse field of Chemistry. The highlights of the Conference Proceedings include short prepared statements by all the participants, and the recordings of lively discussions on the current and future perspectives in the field of chemistry, with topics ranging from renewable energy and new materials to vaccines.

This book describes the forcefields/interatomic potentials that are used in the atomistic-scale and molecular dynamics simulations. It covers mechanisms, salient features, formulations, important aspects and case studies of various forcefields utilized for characterizing various materials (such as nuclear materials and nanomaterials) and applications. This book gives many help to students and researchers who are studying the forcefield potentials and introduces various applications of atomistic-scale simulations to professors who are researching molecular dynamics.

Sensors and Instrumentation, Aircraft/Aerospace and Energy Harvesting, Volume 7:  Proceedings of the 40th IMAC, A Conference and Exposition on Structural Dynamics, 2020, the seventh volume of nine from the Conference brings together contributions to this important area of research and engineering. The collection presents early findings and case studies on fundamental and applied aspects of Shock & Vibration, Aircraft/Aerospace, Energy Harvesting & Dynamic Environments Testing including papers on:Alternative Sensing & AcquisitionActive ControlsInstrumentationAircraft/Aerospace & Aerospace Testing Techniques Energy Harvesting

This book adopts a novel, physics-first approach to quantum measurement, using physical experiments as the basis to describe the underlying mathematical formalism. The text is an excellent introduction for students wanting to learn more about measurement theory, and the wide selection of exercises make this book ideal for courses.

Density functional theory (DFT) provides the most widely used models for simulating molecules and materials based on the fundamental laws of quantum mechanics. It plays a central role in a huge spectrum of applications in chemistry, physics, and materials science.Quantum mechanics describes a system of N interacting particles in the physical 3-dimensional space by a partial differential equation in 3N spatial variables. The standard numerical methods thus incur an exponential increase of computational effort with N, a phenomenon known as the curse of dimensionality; in practice these methods already fail beyond N=2. DFT overcomes this problem by1) reformulating the N-body problem involving functions of 3N variables in terms of the density, a function of 3 variables, 2) approximating it by a pioneering hybrid approach which keeps important ab initio contributions and re-models the remainder in a data-driven way.This book intends to be an accessible, yet state-of-art text on DFT for graduate students and researchers in applied and computational mathematics, physics, chemistry, and materials science. It introduces and reviews the main models of DFT, covering their derivation and mathematical properties, numerical treatment, and applications.

This book presents the select proceedings of the 7th National Conference on Advances in Metrology (AdMet 2021) organized by Maharaja Surajmal Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India. The main theme of the conference was "e;Sensors and Advance Materials for Measurement and Quality Improvement"e;. The book highlights and discusses the technological developments in the areas of sensor technology, measurement, advance material for industrial application, automation and quality control. This book is aimed for all the personnel engaged in conformity assessment, quality system management, calibration and testing in all sectors of industry. The book will be a valuable reference for metrologists, scientists, engineers, academicians and students from research institutes and industrial establishments to explore the future directions in the areas of sensors, advance materials, measurement and quality improvement. 

This book introduces the background of scattering theory and discusses its latest applications to imaging ultrafast structural dynamics in gas-phase molecules and condensed matter.

This book describes the emergence and recent advances in the design and development of rhodium complexes as therapeutic agents. Different classes of anticancer rhodium complexes with particular emphasis on ligands containing nitrogen-oxygen donor atoms are presented. Anticancer rhodium complexes of N-heterocyclic carbenes are described, while half-sandwich, heterobimetallic, and multinuclear rhodium complexes are discussed. Therapeutic applications of rhodium complexes beyond cancer such as antibacterial agents or antiviral agents are also analyzed, among others. Their mechanism of action is overviewed in detail, and the authors thoroughly comment on the challenges and future outlooks of research in the development of rhodium metallodrugs. This title highlights the important research carried out in the development of therapeutic rhodium complexes and is of great interest to graduates and researchers working in the area of rhodium-based therapeutic drugs.

This book is intended to bring into light about the consequence of exposure to radon. Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. It is formed from the decay of uranium and radium in soil, rocks, and water. Radon can seep into buildings, including homes, through cracks in the foundation, gaps in floors and walls, and openings around pipes and cables.Radon is a hazardous substance and poses health risks when it accumulates in enclosed spaces. It is the second leading cause of lung cancer after smoking. The primary danger comes from breathing in radon gas and its decay products, which can damage lung tissue and lead to the development of cancer cells over time.The level of radon in a specific area or building can vary depending on factors such as soil composition, geology, and ventilation. It is important to note that radon levels can be high in any type of building, including old or new homes, well-sealed or drafty homes, and homes with or without basements.So, eventually, testing for radon is the only way to determine if a building has elevated levels and then adopt relevant mitigation procedure.

The word laser is made from the first letters of the phrase light amplification by the inductive emission of radiation in Latin, which is usually in the near infrared, visible and ultraviolet wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. Laser-like emissions of longer wavelengths in the microwave region are called "masers". Basically, laser is called a coherent and monochromatic light source. The proposal of using inductive emission from a system with inverse population for microwave amplification was independently given by weber, Gordon, Zeiger, Townes, Basov and Prokhorov. The first practical use of such boosters was done by the group of Jordon, Zeiger and Townes at the University of California. This group chose the name Mizer, which was formed from the beginning of the letters Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. The first maser was made using microwave transition in ammonia molecules. In 1958, the first suggestion of maser activity at light frequencies was made in an article by Scavolo and Townes. In 1960, less than two years later, Millman succeeded in making a pulsed ruby laser.

This book gives a comprehensive account of modern x-ray science, based on the use of synchrotron radiation and x-ray-free electron lasers (XFELs). It emphasizes the new capabilities of XFELs which extend the study of matter to the intrinsic timescales associated with the motion of atoms and chemical transformations and give birth to the new field of non-linear x-ray science. Starting with the historical understanding of the puzzling nature of light, it covers the modern description of the creation, properties, and detection of x-rays within quantum optics. It then presents the formulation of the interactions of x-rays with atomic matter, both, from semi-classical and first-principles quantum points of view. The fundamental x-ray processes and techniques, absorption, emission, Thomson, and resonant scattering (REXS and RIXS) are reviewed with emphasis on simple intuitive pictures that are illustrated by experimental results. Concepts of x-ray imaging and diffractive imaging of atomic and nano structures are discussed, and the quantum optics formulation of diffraction is presented that reveals the remarkable quantum substructure of light. The unique power of x-rays in providing atom and chemical-bond specific information and separating charge and spin phenomena through x-ray polarization (dichroism) effects are highlighted. The book concludes with the discussion of many-photon or non-linear x-ray phenomena encountered with XFELs, such as stimulated emission and x-ray transparency.

The reference book entitled: RADIOISOTOP SURVEY was written based on the results of research on the island of Timor which was supported by detailed literature review. The research was funded by the Ministry of Education and Culture, Research and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia. This book was written as the main reference in research on radioisotope surveys, especially for students who are taking their final thesis assignments in that field and is also useful for other scientists who are involved in radioisotope research. The results of the research presented in this book are focused on several locations on the Island of Timor which are suspected of containing natural radioactive elements. This type of study is oriented towards detailed mapping, mass-type activity analysis, and analysis of radioactive elements in rock samples through radiometric and thermal survey methods, sampling, spectrometry with multi-channel analyzer, and environmental radioactivity analysis. and analysis of neutron activation.

This book provides the reader with a modern and comprehensive overview of nuclear polarization theory. The understanding of polarization phenomena greatly enriches data obtained from scattering and nuclear reactions by providing information on the interaction that can change spin orientation as well as important verification data for the study of nuclear structures and reaction mechanisms. The author methodically derives the polarization theory of nuclear reactions for various types of elastic scattering and two-body direct reactions between particles of different spin and unpolarized target nuclei with arbitrary spin, as well as the reactions between two polarized light particles and the polarization theory for photon beams. In addition, the polarization theories of relativistic nuclear reactions are rigorously covered in great scope and detail. A chapter on polarized particle transport theory presents the Monte-Carlo method for describing the transport of polarized particles and formalizes the polarized particle transport equation. Here, the author also illustrates a novel and concrete scheme for establishing a polarization nuclear database.Nuclear polarization is important not only for microscopic nuclear structure and reaction studies but also for nuclear engineering, applied nuclear physics, and medical physics. With the development of radioactive beam facilities and, on the theoretical side, the development of consistent microscopic nuclear reaction and structure theories, this book on the polarization theory of nuclear reactions serves as a timely source of reference for students and researchers alike.

This textbook highlights the fundamentals, applications and research frontiers of the civil-use non-power nuclear technology, especially the radioisotopes and radiation technology. The wide scope of applications and the active research in the subject field calls for a comprehensive textbook that not only explains the basic principles but also links the fundamentals to the various application fields. The book systematically leads students from isotope preparation, to nuclear analysis, and to the civil applications in areas such as chemical engineering, agriculture, medicine, environmental protection and materials modification. The application in the energy field is briefly introduced. The book can be used as good teaching materials for upper undergraduate and graduate students in nuclear science and technology. It is also a handy reference book for researchers and engineers in the above mentioned fields.

This text describes a comprehensive adjoint sensitivity analysis methodology (nth-CASAM), developed by the author, which enablesthe efficient and exact computation of arbitrarily high-order functional derivatives of model responses to model parameters in large-scale systems. The nth-CASAM framework is set in linearly increasing Hilbert spaces, each of state-function-dimensionality, as opposed to exponentially increasing parameter-dimensional spaces, thereby overcoming the so-called ¿curse of dimensionality¿ in sensitivity and uncertainty analysis. The nth-CASAM is applicable to any model; the larger the number of model parameters, the more efficient the nth-CASAM becomes for computing arbitrarily high-order response sensitivities. The book will be helpful to those working in the fields of sensitivity analysis, uncertainty quantification, model validation, optimization, data assimilation, model calibration, sensor fusion, reduced-order modelling, inverse problems and predictive modelling.This Volume Two, the second of three, presents the large-scale application of the nth-CASAM to perform a representative fourth-order sensitivity analysis of the Polyethylene-Reflected Plutonium benchmark described in the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) International Criticality Safety Benchmark Evaluation Project (ICSBEP) Handbook. This benchmark is modeled mathematically by the Boltzmann particle transport equation, involving 21,976 imprecisely-known parameters, the numerical solution of which requires representative large-scale computations. The sensitivity analysis presented in this volume is the most comprehensive ever performed in the field of reactor physics and the results presented in this book prove, perhaps counter-intuitively, that many of the 4th-order sensitivities are much larger than the corresponding 3rd-order ones, which are, in turn, much larger than the 2nd-order ones, all of which are much larger than the 1st-order sensitivities. Currently, the nth-CASAM is the only known methodology which enables such large-scale computations of exactly obtained expressions of arbitrarily-high-order response sensitivities.

"Yes, the Universe is beautiful. And, despite all our scientific progress, it's still pretty mysterious. But you know what? The Universe is also kind of an asshole. Consider that you are just a group of atoms structured in a specific way that you can try to understand this thing we call existence. Those same atoms could have just as easily been used to make the dog shit you are cleaning off your shoes. The fact is, when you zoom out and look at the Universe and how it functions, you'll see that it's usually not in our favor. Many of the laws of physics are just kind of... dick-ish. In this book, you'll discover why: You're an aging mutant Most water will kill you The Universe could be deleted any second And 39 more reasons to hate the Universe-along with the one reason we have to love it despite all the shit it throws our way"--

This book presents the latest theoretical studies giving new predictions and interpretations on the quantum correlation in molecular dynamics induced by ultrashort laser pulses. The author quantifies the amount of correlation in terms of entanglement by employing methods developed in quantum information science, in particular applied to the photoionization of a hydrogen molecule. It is also revealed that the photoelectron-ion correlation affects the vibrational dynamics of the molecular ion and induces the attosecond-level time delay in the molecular vibration. Furthermore, the book also presents how molecular vibration can couple to photons in a plasmoic nanocavity.Physicists and chemists interested in the ultrafast molecular dynamics would be the most relevant readers. They can learn how we can employ the quantum-information-science tools to understand the correlation in the molecular dynamics and why we should consider the correlation between the photoelectron and the molecular ion to describe the ion's dynamics. They can also learn how to treat a molecule coupled to photons in a nanocavity. All the topics are related to the state-of-the-art experiments, and so, it is important to publish these results to enhance the understanding and to induce new experiments to confirm the theory presented.